Ectopic overexpression of CD133 in HNSCC makes it resistant to commonly used chemotherapeutics.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy is a major cause of mortality in patients with HNSCC. A small subset of cancer cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be key contributors to drug resistance and tumor recurrence in HNSCC. The aim of this study was to determine whether CD133, which maintains properties of CSCs, promotes chemoresistance by arresting cell cycle transition and reducing apoptosis in HNSCC cells. CD133 overexpression was examined in KB cells, and colony forming and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity assays were performed. To investigate the role of CD133 in chemoresistance, cell death was analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Diff-Quick, flow cytometry, and western blot of apoptosis-related protein expression in fluorouracil (5-FU)- or cisplatin-treated cells. In addition, microarray and related protein expression assessments were performed to investigate the mechanism of chemoresistance against 5-FU and cisplatin in KB cells. Moreover, chemoresistance against 5-FU or cisplatin in a KB-inoculated mouse model was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical study of CD133, and immunofluorescence of tumor tissue. In this study, we demonstrate that ectopic overexpression of CD133 significantly promotes properties of stemness in KB cell lines. Furthermore, CD133 promotes chemoresistance by arresting transition of the cell cycle and reducing apoptosis, which results in inhibition of tumor growth in 5-FU- or cisplatin-injected mouse tumor model. Taken together, our findings show that elevated levels of CD133 lead to HNSCC chemoresistance through increased stemness and cell cycle arrest.

Comparison of the alendronate and irradiation with a light-emitting diode (LED) on murine osteoclastogenesis.

Photomodulation therapy (PBMT) using light-emitting diode (LED) has been proposed as an alternative to conventional osteoporosis therapies. Our aim was to determine the effect of irradiation with a light-emitting diode on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated differentiation of mouse bone marrow macrophages into osteoclasts and compare it to alendronate treatment. The cells were irradiated with LED at 635±10 nm, 9-cm spot size, 5 mW/cm2, and 18 J for 60 min/day in a CO2 incubator. The differentiation of irradiated and untreated RANKL-stimulated bone marrow macrophages into osteoclasts was evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and by molecular methods. These included assessing messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of osteoclastic markers such as TRAP, c-Fos, Atp6v0d2, DC-STAMP, NFATc1, cathepsin K, MMP9 and OSCAR; phosphorylation of various MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1/2, P38, and JNK; NF-κB translocation; and resorption pit formation. Results were compared to those obtained with sodium alendronate. Production of reactive oxygen species was measured by a 2',7'-dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. LED irradiation and alendronate inhibited mRNA expression of osteoclast-related genes, such as TRAP, c-Fos, and NFATc1, and reduced the osteoclast activity of RANKL-stimulated bone marrow macrophages. LED irradiation, but not alendronate, also inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); phosphorylation of ERK, P38, and IκB; and NF-κB translocation. These findings suggest that LED irradiation downregulates osteoclastogenesis by ROS production; this effect could lead to reduced bone loss and may offer a new therapeutic tool for managing osteoporosis.

Effects of light-emitting diode irradiation on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Bone homeostasis is maintained by a balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption, where intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial mediators of osteoclastogenesis. Recently, low-level light therapy (LLLT), a form of laser medicine used in various clinical fields, was shown to alleviate oxidative stress by scavenging intracellular ROS. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of 635 nm irradiation from a light-emitting diode (LED) on osteoclastogenesis from receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of LED irradiation on osteoclastogenesis were assessed in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), cell viability, and resorption pit formation, respectively. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot analyses were also performed to assess mRNA expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2), p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). NF-κB activity was assayed by luciferase reporter assay and Intracellular ROS generation was investigated by the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2 DCF-DA) detection method. RESULTS: LED irradiation significantly inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation from BMMs and mRNA expression of TRAP, osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor (OSCAR), and dendrocyte-expressed seven-transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). Exposure to LED light likewise significantly decreased RANKL-facilitated NF-κB activity, p38 and ERK phosphorylation and intracellular ROS generation, and increased gene expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the results presented herein show that LED irradiation downregulates osteoclastogenesis by reducing ROS production. Therefore, LED irradiation/LLLT might be useful as an alternative, conservative approach to osteoporosis management.

Three-dimensional templating arthroplasty of the humeral head.

BACKGROUND: No anatomical study has been conducted over Asian population to design humeral head prosthesis for the population concerned. This study was done to evaluate the accuracy of commercially available humeral head prosthetic designs, in replicating the humeral head anatomy. METHODS: CT scan data of 48 patients were taken and their 3D CAD models were generated. Then, humeral head prosthetic design of a BF shoulder system produced by a standardized, commercially available company (Zimmer) was used for templating shoulder arthroplasty and the humeral head size having the perfect fit was assessed. These data were compared with the available data in the literature. RESULTS: All the humeral heads were perfectly matched by one of the sizes available. The average head size was 48.5 mm and the average head thickness was 23.5 mm. The results matched reasonably well with the available data in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The humeral head anatomy can be recreated reasonably well by the commercially available humeral head prosthetic designs and sizes. Their dimensions are similar to that of the published literature.

Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Epicondylitis, Elbow: Simultaneous Lateral and Medial Versus Lateral Versus Medial.

OBJECTIVE: Lateral and medial epicondylitis are relatively common diseases, but they do not improve quickly and are known to reduce patients' quality of life. Much research has been done on Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) as a treatment for lateral epicondylitis, but research on medial epicondylitis is lacking. The purpose of this study is to compare: (i) the pain intensity; and (ii) the functional outcome between the simultaneous treatment of medial and lateral epicondylitis and the treatment of only lateral or medial epicondylitis using PRP. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 209 patients treated with PRP on epicondylitis between March 2018 and December 2021 were enrolled. Simultaneous treatment was underwent 68 patients (group I). Seventy patients were treated for lateral epicondylitis (group II). The remaining 71 patients were treated for medial epicondylitis (group III). The visual analogue scale for pain (VAS) and the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) were evaluated for clinical outcomes at the initial visit and 6 months after injection. RESULTS: VAS for pain and MEPS showed significant improvement in all three groups compared to before treatment. There was no significant difference between three groups on -ΔVAS (P > 0.05). However, in case of ΔMEPS, group III showed significantly lower compared to groups II and III (P < 0.05). No patients showed worsening of symptoms or complications during the treatment. CONCLUSION: PRP injection for the patient with elbow medial and lateral epicondylitis can be treated effectively simultaneously in terms of pain. From a functional point of view, the effect of simultaneous treatment may be lessened than in the case of only lateral and medial treatment.

Portable document format file showing the surface models of cadaver whole body.

In the Visible Korean project, 642 three-dimensional (3D) surface models have been built from the sectioned images of a male cadaver. It was recently discovered that popular PDF file enables users to approach the numerous surface models conveniently on Adobe Reader. Purpose of this study was to present a PDF file including systematized surface models of human body as the beneficial contents. To achieve the purpose, fitting software packages were employed in accordance with the procedures. Two-dimensional (2D) surface models including the original sectioned images were embedded into the 3D surface models. The surface models were categorized into systems and then groups. The adjusted surface models were inserted to a PDF file, where relevant multimedia data were added. The finalized PDF file containing comprehensive data of a whole body could be explored in varying manners. The PDF file, downloadable freely from the homepage (http://anatomy.co.kr), is expected to be used as a satisfactory self-learning tool of anatomy. Raw data of the surface models can be extracted from the PDF file and employed for various simulations for clinical practice. The technique to organize the surface models will be applied to manufacture of other PDF files containing various multimedia contents.

Sonographic probe induced tenderness for lateral epicondylitis: an accurate technique to confirm the location of the lesion.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hypothesis that ultrasonographic probe-induced tenderness is a useful adjunct to the simple sonography in confirming the location of the pathology within the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon in patients with lateral epicondylitis of the elbow. We conducted a case controlled study by evaluating 27 consecutive patients in the age group of 37-59 years (median 44) who had typical symptoms of lateral epicondylitis and a visual analogue score of more than 4 and evaluating a same number of asymptomatic healthy volunteers in the age group of 37-59 years (median 43) by means of ultrasound examination of the lateral elbow in a period of 5 months from 2007 to 2008. When we identified sonographic anechoic or hypoechoic lesions within the common extensor tendon we compressed it with the ultrasound probe to elicit tenderness so as to confirm the site of lesion within the affected tendon. We observed that the abnormal lesion detected by ultrasonography corresponded to the point of maximal tenderness when compressed by the probe in all the symptomatic patients. We therefore conclude that as it is essential to accurately detect the lesion within the extensor carpi radialis brevis for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment of lateral epicondylitis of elbow the technique of inducing tenderness at site of abnormal shadow on ultrasound within the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon improves the accuracy of identifying the site of lesion, prevents the misinterpretation of anisotropy as pathological lesion and also can be useful to maximize the efficacy of interventions aimed in treating the lateral epicondylitis.

The Volume of Subscapularis Muscle Remains Unaffected by Supraspinatus Tendon Tears: Three-dimensionally Reconstructed Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the subscapularis muscle volume between the intact groups (group I) and supraspinatus tendon tear groups (group T) based on the sex and three different age groups. METHODS: Subjects with a group I and subjects with group T without any other lesions were retrospectively evaluated from among patients who received a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan between January 2011 and December 2013. The MRI scans were studied by a consultant radiologist. The subscapularis muscle volume was compared according to the age and sex; the age groups were categorized as patients in their 40s, 50s, and 60s. The volume of subscapularis muscle was measured by three-dimensional reconstructed images acquired through the axial section of 1.5T MRI. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between subscapularis muscle volume of the group I and group T, except for male patients in their 50s (group I: 100,650 mm3 vs. group T: 106,488 mm3) and 60s (group I: 76,347 mm3 vs. group T: 99,549 mm3) (p<0.05). Males had a larger mean volume of subscapularis muscle than females, and the subscapularis muscle volume decreased in a linear manner with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS: Decrease in subscapularis muscle volume was observed with increasing age, and the impact of supraspinatus tear on subscapularis muscle volume is age and sex dependent.

Autologous bone marrow plasma injection after arthroscopic debridement for elbow tendinosis.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of tendinosis of elbow can be challenging, yet rewarding. Nevertheless, for the patients who failed conservative management and develop persistent recalcitrant symptoms, surgical intervention should be considered. The hypothesis of this study is iliac bone marrow plasma injection after arthroscopic debridement of degenerative tissue will bring along biological cure. Thus, it will not only reduce pain but also improve function in patients with resistant elbow tendonitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients (26 elbows) with significant persistent pain for a mean of 15 months, despite of standard rehabilitation protocol and a variety of other nonsurgical modalities were treated arthroscopically. We applied autologous iliac bone marrow plasma injection following arthroscopic debridement. This material is produced by centrifugation of iliac bone marrow blood at 1,800 rpm for 20 to 30 minutes. Patients were allowed full range of motion (ROM) exercise after 2 to 3 days. Cytokine analyses for this injective material were done. Outcome was rated by postoperative sonography, visual analog pain scores (VAS) and Mayo elbow performance scores (MEPS) at 8 weeks and 6 months follow-up. Informed consent had been obtained from the subjects, and the study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Chosun University Hospital, Korea. RESULTS: All patients in this study noted improvement both in their VAS and MEPS. No complication occurred in any patient. Evidence of tendon healing was observed in postoperative sonographic examination. Predominant cytokines of this study were interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and RANTES. CONCLUSION: Biologic treatments in orthopaedics are just beginning to evolve. In the present investigation, the injection of iliac bone marrow plasma after arthroscopic debridement in severe elbow tendinosis demonstrated early recovery of daily activities and clear improvement.

Three-dimensional Capsular Volume Measurements in Multidirectional Shoulder Instability.

BACKGROUND: In a previous study undertaken to quantify capsular volume in rotator cuff interval or axillary pouch, significant differences were found between controls and patients with instability. However, the results obtained were derived from two-dimensional cross sectional areas. In our study, we sought correlation between three-dimensional (3D) capsular volumes, as measured by magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA), and multidirectional instability (MDI) of the shoulder. METHODS: The MRAs of 21 patients with MDI of the shoulder and 16 control cases with no instability were retrospectively reviewed. Capsular areas determined by MRA were translated into 3D volumes using 3D software Mimics ver. 16 (Materilise, Leuven, Belgium), and glenoid surface area was measured in axial and coronal MRA views. Then, the ratio between capsular volume and glenoid surface area was calculated, and evaluated with control group. RESULTS: The ratio between 3D capsular volume and glenoid surface area was significantly increased in the MDI group (3.59 ± 0.83 cm3/cm2) compared to the control group (2.53 ± 0.62 cm3/cm2) (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: From these results, we could support that capsular volume enlargement play an important role in MDI of the shoulder using volume measurement.

Real-time in vivo imaging of metastatic bone tumors with a targeted near-infrared fluorophore.

Tumors of the prostate or breast are particularly likely to metastasize to the bone, and early diagnosis of metastatic bone tumors is important for designing an effective treatment strategy. Imaging modalities for the detection of bone metastasis are limited, and radiation-based techniques are commonly used. Here, we investigated the efficacy of selective near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence detection of metastatic bone tumors and its role in the detection of bone metastasis in prostate and breast cancer cell lines and in a xenograft mouse model. A targeted NIR fluorophore was used to monitor metastatic bone tumors using a NIR fluorescence imaging system in real time, enabling the diagnosis of bone metastasis in vivo by providing the location of the metastatic bone tumor. The NIR fluorescence imaging technique using targeted NIR contrast agents is a potential tool for the early diagnosis of bone tumors.

PFGE-based epidemiological study of an outbreak of Candida tropicalis candiduria: the importance of medical waste as a reservoir of nosocomial infection.

Between November 2002 and March 2003, an outbreak of candiduria occurred in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of a university-affiliated hospital in South Korea. This outbreak affected 34 patients and was caused by Candida tropicalis. To determine the source of the epidemic and the risk factors, surveillance cultures from the SICU, genotyping of Candida isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and a case-control study were performed. The surveillance cultures revealed that 6 environmental samples related to the urine disposal route were positive for C. tropicalis. The PFGE analysis of genomic DNA demonstrated identical band patterns for all of the C. tropicalis isolates obtained from SICU patients and the 6 environmental samples during the outbreak period, while epidemiologically unrelated strains showed unique PFGE band patterns. Although no risk factors were identified by the case-control study, this epidemiological investigation involving the use of molecular techniques suggests that improper disposal of infectious medical waste led to the cross-transmission of a single clone that was responsible for the outbreak of C. tropicalis candiduria in this SICU. After implementing a better urine disposal system and thorough hand washing procedures, no further clusters of candiduria were detected in the SICU.

Bilateral arthroscopic rotator cuff repair using a single-stage procedure.

Bilateral rotator cuff tears requiring repair are not uncommon. Typically, these tears have been treated with staged surgeries. However, in appropriately selected cases, single-stage repair is preferable because it reduces costs, the number of admissions, total hospitalization, and rehabilitation time. It can also reduce patient suffering by providing relief with a single procedure. The authors compared 10 patients with a mean age of 55 years who had bilateral symptomatic rotator cuff tear and underwent single-stage bilateral arthroscopic cuff repair (group A) with 17 patients with a mean age of 55 years who had unilateral symptomatic rotator cuff tear and underwent unilateral arthroscopic cuff repair (group B). Clinical assessment was performed preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively with the visual analog scale, the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score, and the Korean shoulder score. Overall function, pain, and strength were improved significantly in both groups. Although the difference in visual analog scale score between both groups decreased during follow-up, this score was significantly lower in group B (P=.026). At initial follow-up, the UCLA score was higher in group A. However, at the last follow-up, this score was significantly higher in group B (P<.001). The Korean shoulder score was significantly higher in group A at all follow-up times (P<.001). The study findings showed that single-stage bilateral rotator cuff repair is a preferable option in appropriately selected patients. It can provide satisfactory results without additional complications, and it does not lead to longer hospitalization or rehabilitation than unilateral repair.

Bursoscopic evaluation for degree of rotator cuff tear using an air-infusion method.

This article presents a method of bursoscopic examination with use of a glenohumeral air-infusion technique for the detection of full-thickness tears hidden by bursal tissue. We inflated the glenohumeral joint with 50 to 60 mL of air while simultaneously observing the joint with bursoscopy for the detection of air bubble leakage. The air-infusion technique is valuable in detecting full-thickness tears and useful for evaluating the patency of repair.

Expression of cancer stem cell marker during 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis.

One of the theories regarding oral carcinogenesis is that the tumor growth is initiated from cancer stem cells (CSCs) that self-renew and give rise to differentiated tumor cells, like stem cells do in normal tissues. The most common methods of CSC identification are based on CSC marker expression in carcinogenesis. This study examined the expression of CD133 and CD44, the most commonly used CSC biomarkers in oral squamous cell sarcoma (SCC), with the goal of identifying molecular biomarkers whose expression is associated with the multistep oral carcinogenesis. The expression of CD133, CD44, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Cytokeratin (CK) was examined by Western blot analysis and confirmed by immunohistochemistry in a 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis model. Also, the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), OCT-4 and Nanog were investigated for alteration of cancer cell stemness by Western blot. Along with the progress of multistep carcinogenesis, there were slight increases of CD133 and CD44 expression in the dysplasia group compared with normal rats. However, CD133 protein level was significantly overexpressed in SCC. The expression of PCNA and CK were low in normal group, but sequentially increased in SCC. ALDH1, Nanog and OCT-4 expression were significantly increased according to SCC grade during carcinogenesis. The findings indicate that CD133 is useful in identifying oral CSCs, which suggests that CD133 may serve as a predictor to identify CSCs with a high risk of oral cancer development.

Two-dimensional sectioned images and three-dimensional surface models for learning the anatomy of the female pelvis.

In the Visible Korean project, serially sectioned images of the pelvis were made from a female cadaver. Outlines of significant structures in the sectioned images were drawn and stacked to build surface models. To improve the accessibility and informational content of these data, a five-step process was designed and implemented. First, 154 pelvic structures were outlined with additional surface reconstruction to prepare the image data. Second, the sectioned and outlined images (in a browsing software) as well as the surface models (in a PDF file) were placed on the Visible Korean homepage in a readily-accessible format. Third, all image data were visualized with interactive elements to stimulate creative learning. Fourth, two-dimensional (2D) images and three-dimensional (3D) models were superimposed on one another to provide context and spatial information for students viewing these data. Fifth, images were designed such that structure names would be shown when the mouse pointer hovered over the 2D images or the 3D models. The state-of-the-art sectioned images, outlined images, and surface models, arranged and systematized as described in this study, will aid students in understanding the anatomy of female pelvis. The graphic data accompanied by corresponding magnetic resonance images and computed tomographs are expected to promote the production of 3D simulators for clinical practice.

Arthroscopic management of stiff elbow.

Elbow stiffness is a common problem encountered by orthopedic surgeons. Various management options have been described in the literature, including conservative measures and open and arthroscopic surgery. Arthroscopic management of stiff elbow remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional results of arthroscopic management of stiff elbow.Thirty patients with stiff elbow underwent arthroscopic release surgery and were followed up for an average of 27.3 months. Surgery included anterior and posterior capsular release, coronoid process debridement, bony spur excision, and loose body removal. Postoperative outcome was assessed using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score and range of motion at the elbow. Mayo Elbow Performance Score increased from a mean 64.5 preoperatively to a mean 83.17 postoperatively. Range of motion also improved, from a mean preoperative extension and flexion of 22.83° and 96.83°, respectively, vs a mean 10.83° and 120.84°, respectively, at final follow-up. No intra- or postoperative complication was seen in any case. Underlying etiology and timing of surgery influenced the end result, with better results seen in patients with traumatic etiology and those with a shorter duration of symptoms.Arthroscopic release allows good visualization and rectification of intra-articular pathology and is a safe and effective tool for the management of stiff elbow.

Arthroscopic rotator interval closure by purse string suture for symptomatic inferior shoulder instability.

Multidirectional instability of the shoulder is a complex condition that can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Clinically, it is characterized by symptomatic global laxity of the glenohumeral joint and may present either traumatically or atraumatically, unilaterally or bilaterally, and with or without generalized joint laxity. Capsular plication is a primary treatment option in these patients and is used to tension the redundant or lax capsule. We evaluated the role of rotator interval closure in restoring stability as a primary procedure in patients with multidirectional instability and a positive and painful sulcus sign.Twenty adult patients (16 men and 4 women) presenting with multidirectional instability were evaluated clinically and radiologically to assess the degree and direction of instability, were treated by arthroscopic rotator interval closure and inferior capsular plication, and were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Clinical and functional results were excellent at 2-year follow-up. The results of the study indicate that the closure of the rotator interval in patients with symptomatic inferior instability will have a long-lasting effect on the stability and function of the shoulder, as the closure improves not only the static restraints but also the dynamic restraints of the shoulder through the improved proprioception secondary to restoration of the rotator interval structures.

The effectiveness of ultrasonography-guided suprascapular nerve block for perishoulder pain.

This study analyzed the effectiveness of suprascapular nerve block under ultrasonographic guidance in patients with perishoulder pain. Patients with perishoulder pain were enrolled in the study and were randomly divided into 2 groups. In the first group of 25 patients (12 men and 13 women), nerve block was applied under ultrasonographic guidance. Mean patient age in this group was 55.1 years. In the control group, 25 patients (11 men and 14 women) underwent nerve block without ultrasonographic guidance; mean patient age was 51.6 years. Degree of pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and shoulder function was evaluated using the Constant shoulder score (CSS) before the nerve block, immediately following the procedure, and 1 month after the procedure. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in VAS score and CSS before the procedure (P>.05). Immediately after the procedure, both the study and control groups revealed significantly improved VAS and CSS patterns (P<.05). However, the study group showed better VAS and CSS patterns than the control group at 1-month follow-up (P<.05). No complications occurred in the study group. In the control group, there were 2 cases of arterial punctures and 3 cases of direct nerve injury with neurological deficit for 2 months. Ultrasonography-guided suprascapular nerve injection is a safe, accurate, and useful procedure compared to the blind technique.