Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy: Review of literature.

Polymorphic Eruption of Pregnancy (PEP) is one of the most common dermatosis related to pregnancy. PEP usually consists of pruritic papules and plaques appearing in the third trimester of pregnancy. It is more common in primigravidae and twin pregnancies. Although not associated with poorer foetal or maternal outcomes, it may be hard for pregnant women to endure. The diagnosis is easy if suspected, though sometimes it may be hard to distinguish from other dermatosis such as atopic eczema of pregnancy, pemphigoid gestationis or dermatitis. Topical treatment with emollients and low-medium potency steroids is usually effective but systemic steroid treatment may be required. PEP is self-limiting and resolves days or weeks after the first appearance or after delivery. In this article, the authors aim to review the literature published from 2000 onwards regarding the subject, either in English or Portuguese.

[Assessment of Urinary Incontinence in Pregnancy and Postpartum: Observational Study]. / Avaliação da Incontinência Urinária na Gravidez e no Pós-Parto: Estudo Observacional.

INTRODUCTION: The urinary incontinence can affect up to 50% of women at some stage of their lives, particularly during pregnancy and postpartum. This study was designed in order to identify and assess the prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence during the third trimester of pregnancy and three months postpartum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational and cross-sectional study. The population of the study was composed of 268 women who delivered and were admitted to the Centro Hospitalar Tâmega e Sousa in the years 2013 and 2014, and who agreed to participate in this study. Postpartum women were asked to fill out a questionnaire adapted from the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form, for urinary incontinence research in the third trimester of pregnancy. Three months after delivery, they were contacted by telephone and asked to answer the same questions about the urinary incontinence postpartum. RESULTS: Of the 268 women interviewed, 31 were excluded from the study, taking into account the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. In total (n = 237), 51.89% of women included in the study, reported the occurrence of urinary incontinence during pregnancy. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in pregnancy by parity (primiparous versus multiparous) was statistically significant (p = 0.006). At postpartum (n = 237), 28.69% of women with urinary incontinence had vaginal delivery and 5.91% of women underwent cesarean delivery (p = 0.001). In these group of women with postpartum urinary incontinence (n = 82), 31.69% have had urinary incontinence only in the postpartum and 68.31% of women have had symptoms during pregnancy (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates the high prevalence of urinary incontinence in pregnancy and the respective decrease in postpartum. CONCLUSION: Multiparity and occurrence of urinary incontinence in pregnancy appear as potential risk factors in the emergence of the urinary incontinence.

Introdução: A incontinência urinária pode afetar até 50% das mulheres em alguma fase das suas vidas, nomeadamente durante a gravidez. Este estudo foi desenhado com a finalidade de identificar e avaliar a prevalência e fatores de risco para incontinência urinária durante o terceiro trimestre da gravidez e três meses após o parto. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional e transversal. A população do estudo incluiu 268 puérperas, que tiveram parto no Centro Hospitalar Tâmega e Sousa, em 2013 e 2014. Foram avaliadas durante o período de internamento após o parto. As parturientes foram convidadas a preencher um questionário adaptado, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form, para investigação da incontinência urinária no terceiro trimestre da gravidez, para o qual deram consentimento. Três meses após o parto, foram contactadas telefonicamente e convidadas a responder às mesmas questões acerca da incontinência urinária no pós-parto. Resultados: Das 268 mulheres entrevistadas, 31 foram excluídas do estudo, tendo em conta os critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos. No total (n = 237), 51,89% das mulheres incluídas no estudo, relataram a ocorrência de incontinência urinária durante a gravidez. A prevalência da incontinência urinária na gravidez, segundo a paridade (primíparas versus multíparas), foi estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,006). No pós-parto (n = 237), 28,69% das mulheres com incontinência urinária tiveram parto vaginal e 5,91% das mulheres foram submetidas a cesariana (p = 0,001). Neste grupo de mulheres com incontinência urinária pós-parto (n = 82), 31,69% apresentaram incontinência urinária de novo e 68,31% das mulheres já apresentavam sintomatologia durante a gravidez (p < 0,001). Discussão: Este estudo demonstra a elevada prevalência da incontinência urinária na gravidez e a respetiva redução no pós-parto. Conclusão: A multiparidade e a ocorrência de incontinência urinária na gravidez surgem como possíveis fatores de risco no aparecimento da incontinência urinária.