Novel C3-Methylene-Bridged Indole Derivatives with and without Substituents at N1: The Influence of Substituents on Their Hemolytic, Cytoprotective, and Antimicrobial Activity.

Alkaloids are natural compounds useful as scaffolds for discovering new bioactive molecules. This study utilized alkaloid gramine to synthesize two groups of C3-substituted indole derivatives, which were either functionalized at N1 or not. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. The protective effects of the new compounds against in vitro oxidative hemolysis induced by standard oxidant 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane dihydro chloride (AAPH) on human erythrocytes as a cell model were investigated. Additionally, the compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. The results indicated that most of the indole derivatives devoid of the N1 substitution exhibited strong cytoprotective properties. The docking studies supported the affinities of selected indole-based ligands as potential antioxidants. Furthermore, the derivatives obtained exhibited potent fungicidal properties. The structures of the eight derivatives possessing indole moiety bridged to the imidazole-, benzimidazole-, thiazole-, benzothiazole-, and 5-methylbenzothiazoline-2-thiones were determined by X-ray diffraction. The C=S bond lengths in the thioamide fragment pointed to the involvement of zwitterionic structures of varying contribution. The predominance of zwitterionic mesomers may explain the lack of cytoprotective properties, while steric effects, which limit multiple the hydrogen-bond acceptor properties of a thione sulfur, seem to be responsible for the high hemolytic activity.

Synthesis and Hemolytic Activity of Bile Acid-Indole Bioconjugates Linked by Triazole.

New formyl and acetyl derivatives of bile acid propargyl esters and their bioconjugates with modified gramine molecules have been obtained using the click chemistry method to study their hemolytic potency. The structures of all compounds were confirmed by spectral (1H- and 13C NMR and FT-IR) analysis and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as well as PM5 semiempirical methods. According to the results, the structural modification of formyl and acetyl bile acid derivatives, leading to the formation of new propargyl esters and indole bioconjugates, reduces their hemolytic activity. According to molecular docking studies, the tested ligands are highly likely to exhibit a similar affinity, as native ligands, for the active sites of specific protein domains (PDB IDs: 2Q85 and 5V5Z). The obtained results may be helpful for the development of selective bile acid bioconjugates as effective antibacterial, antifungal, or antioxidant agents.

5-Deazaalloxazine as photosensitizer of singlet oxygen and potential redox-sensitive agent.

Flavins are a unique class of compounds that combine the features of singlet oxygen generators and redox-dependent fluorophores. From a broad family of flavin derivatives, deazaalloxazines are significantly underdeveloped from the point of view of photophysical properties. Herein, we report photophysics of 5-deazaalloxazine (1a) in water, acetonitrile, and some other solvents. In particular, triplet excited states of 1a in water and in acetonitrile were investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) transient absorption spectroscopy. The measured triplet lifetimes for 1a were all on the microsecond time scale (≈ 60 µs) in deoxygenated solutions. The quantum yield of S1 → T1 intersystem crossing for 1a in water was 0.43 based on T1 energy transfer from 1a to indicaxanthin (5) acting as acceptor and on comparative actinometric measurements using benzophenone (6). 1a was an efficient photosensitizer for singlet oxygen in aerated solutions, with quantum yields of singlet oxygen in methanol of about 0.76, compared to acetonitrile ~ 0.74, dichloromethane ~ 0.64 and 1,2-dichloroethane ~ 0.54. Significantly lower singlet oxygen quantum yields were obtained in water and deuterated water (Ð¤Δ ~ 0.42 and 0.44, respectively). Human red blood cells (RBC) were used as a cell model to study the antioxidant capacity in vitro and cytotoxic activity of 1a. Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) data were analyzed by fluorescence lifetime parameters and distribution for different parts of the emission spectrum. Comparison of multidimensional fluorescent properties of RBC under physiological-like and oxidative-stress conditions in the presence and absence of 1a suggests its dual activity as probe and singlet-oxygen generator and opens up a pathway for using FLIM to analyze complex intracellular behavior of flavin-like compounds. These new data on structure-property relationship contribute to the body of information required for a rational design of flavin-based tools for future biological and biochemical applications.

Artificial Intelligence in Decrypting Cytoprotective Activity under Oxidative Stress from Molecular Structure.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely explored nowadays, and it gives opportunities to enhance classical approaches in QSAR studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytoprotective activity parameter under oxidative stress conditions for indole-based structures, with the ultimate goal of developing AI models capable of predicting cytoprotective activity and generating novel indole-based compounds. We propose a new AI system capable of suggesting new chemical structures based on some known cytoprotective activity. Cytoprotective activity prediction models, employing algorithms such as random forest, decision tree, support vector machines, K-nearest neighbors, and multiple linear regression, were built, and the best (based on quality measurements) was used to make predictions. Finally, the experimental evaluation of the computational results was undertaken in vitro. The proposed methodology resulted in the creation of a library of new indole-based compounds with assigned cytoprotective activity. The other outcome of this study was the development of a validated predictive model capable of estimating cytoprotective activity to a certain extent using molecular structure as input, supported by experimental confirmation.

Synthesis, Structure and Biological Activity of Indole-Imidazole Complexes with ZnCl2: Can Coordination Enhance the Functionality of Bioactive Ligands?

The ability of the indole-imidazole hybrid ligands to coordinate with the Zn(II) ion and the resulting structures of this new class of coordination compounds were analyzed in order to determine their structural properties and biological functionalities. For this purpose, six novel Zn(II) complexes, [Zn(InIm)2Cl2] (1), [Zn(InMeIm)2Cl2] (2), [Zn(IniPrIm)2Cl2] (3), [Zn(InEtMeIm)2Cl2] (4), [Zn(InPhIm)2Cl2] (5) and [Zn2(InBzIm)2Cl2] (6) (where InIm is 3-((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole), were synthesized by the reactions of ZnCl2 and the corresponding ligand in a 1:2 molar ratio in methanol solvent at an ambient temperature. The structural and spectral characterization of these complexes was performed using NMR, FT-IR and ESI-MS spectrometry and elemental analysis, and the crystal structures of 1-5 were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1-5 form polar supramolecular aggregates by utilizing, for this purpose, the N-H(indole)∙∙∙Cl(chloride) intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The assemblies thus formed differ depending on the distinctive molecular shape, which can be either compact or extended. All complexes were screened for their hemolytic, cytoprotective, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. The results show that the cytoprotective activity of the indole/imidazole ligand significantly increases upon its complexation with ZnCl2 up to a value comparable with the standard antioxidant Trolox, while the response of its substituted analogues is diverse and less pronounced.

Indole Derivatives Bearing Imidazole, Benzothiazole-2-Thione or Benzoxazole-2-Thione Moieties-Synthesis, Structure and Evaluation of Their Cytoprotective, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Fungicidal Activities.

In the search for new bioactive compounds, a methodology based on combining two molecules with biological properties into a new hybrid molecule was used to design and synthesize of a series of ten indole derivatives bearing imidazole, benzothiazole-2-thione, or benzoxazole-2-thione moieties at the C-3 position. The compounds were spectroscopically characterized and tested for their antioxidant, antibacterial, and fungicidal activities. The crystal structures were determined for five of them. Comparison of the closely related structures containing either benzothiazole-2-thione or benzoxazole-2-thione clearly shows that the replacement of -S- and -O- ring atoms modify molecular conformation in the crystal, changes intermolecular interactions, and has a severe impact on biological activity. The results indicate that indole-imidazole derivatives with alkyl substituent exhibit an excellent cytoprotective effect against AAPH-induced oxidative hemolysis and act as effective ferrous ion chelating agents. The indole-imidazole compound with chlorine atoms inhibited the growth of fungal strains: Coriolus versicolor (Cv), Poria placenta (Pp), Coniophora puteana (Cp), and Gloeophyllum trabeum (Gt). The indole-imidazole derivatives showed the highest antibacterial activity, for which the largest growth-inhibition zones were noted in M. luteus and P. fluorescens cultures. The obtained results may be helpful in the development of selective indole derivatives as effective antioxidants and/or antimicrobial agents.

Biological Activity and Chemical Composition of Propolis from Various Regions of Poland.

Propolis is one of the bee products, with multiple biological properties used in numerous applications. The research objective was to determine the chemical composition and biological properties (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and cytoprotective activity) of propolis extracts collected from various regions of Poland. The results indicated that the total content of phenols (116.16-219.41 mg GAE/g EEP) and flavonoids (29.63-106.07 mg QE/g EEP) in propolis extracts depended on their geographic origin. The high content of epicatechin, catechin, pinobanksin, myricetin, and acids: vanillic and syringic in propolis samples was confirmed by chromatographic analysis. Moreover, the presence of caffeic acid phenethyl ester was confirmed in all samples. The origin of propolis also influenced the biological properties of its extracts. The propolis extracts were characterized by moderate DPPH free radical scavenging activity (29.22-35.14%), and relatively low ferrous iron chelating activity (9.33-32.32%). The results indicated also that the propolis extracts showed high activity in the protection of human red blood cells against free radicals generated from 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH). The extracts exhibited diversified activity against the tested pathogenic bacteria and limited activity against fungal strains. The research of selected propolis extracts showed that only 2 of 5 examined samples showed moderate activity against HPV (human papillomaviruses) and the activity depended on its geographical distribution.

Effect of the Solvent on Propolis Phenolic Profile and its Antifungal, Antioxidant, and In Vitro Cytoprotective Activity in Human Erythrocytes Under Oxidative Stress.

Propolis is a natural bee product with various beneficial biological effects. The health-promoting properties of propolis depend on its chemical composition, particularly the presence of phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between extraction solvent (acetone 100%, ethanol 70% and 96%) and the antifungal, antioxidant, and cytoprotective activity of the extracts obtained from propolis. Concentrations of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the propolis extracts were determined using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant potential of different extracts was assessed on the basis of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) free-radical-scavenging activity, Fe3+-reducing power, and ferrous ion (Fe2+)-chelating activity assays. The ability of the extracts to protect human red blood cell membranes against free-radical-induced damage and their antifungal activity was also determined. The results showed that the concentration of flavonoids in the propolis extracts was dependent on the solvent used in the extraction process and pinocembrin, chrysin, galangin, and coumaric acid were the most abundant phenols. All extracts exhibited high antioxidant potential and significantly protected human erythrocytes against oxidative damage. On the other hand, the antifungal activity of the propolis extracts depended on the solvent used in extraction and the fungal strains tested. It needs to be stressed that, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study relating the effect of solvent used for extraction of Polish propolis to its phenolic profile, and its antifungal, antioxidant, and cytoprotective activity.

Antioxidant properties of thio-caffeine derivatives: Identification of the newly synthesized 8-[(pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonothioyl)sulfanyl]caffeine as antioxidant and highly potent cytoprotective agent.

A series of nine thio-caffeine analogues were synthesized and characterised by NMR, FT-IR and MS spectroscopic methods. Molecular structures of four of them were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The antioxidant properties of all compounds, at concentration ranges from 0.025 to 0.1mg/mL, were evaluated by various chemical- and cell-based antioxidant assays. Human erythrocytes were used to examine in vitro haemolytic activity of all compounds and their protective effect against oxidative haemolysis induced by AAPH, one of the commonly used free radical generator. All compounds studied showed no effect on the human erythrocytes membrane structure and permeability with the exception of 8-(phenylsulfanyl)caffeine. Among the nine caffeine thio-analogues tested, the newly synthesized 8-[(pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonothioyl)sulfanyl]caffeine possessed exceptionally high antioxidant properties. Moreover, it protects human erythrocytes against AAPH-induced oxidative damage as efficiently as the standard antioxidant Trolox. Therefore, 8-[(pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonothioyl)sulfanyl]caffeine may have a significant cytoprotective potential caused by its antioxidant activity.

Synthesis and organic surface modification of luminescent, lanthanide-doped core/shell nanomaterials (LnF3@SiO2@NH2@organic acid) for potential bioapplications: spectroscopic, structural, and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation.

A facile coprecipitation reaction between Ce(3+), Gd(3+), Tb(3+), and F(-) ions, in the presence of glycerine as a capping agent, led to the formation of ultrafine, nanocrystalline CeF3:Tb(3+) 5%, Gd(3+) 5% (LnF3). The as-prepared fluoride nanoparticles were successfully coated with an amine modified silica shell. Subsequently, the obtained LnF3@SiO2@NH2 nanostructures were conjugated with 4-ethoxybenzoic acid in order to prove the possibility of organic modification and obtain a new functional nanomaterial. All of the nanophosphors synthesized exhibited intense green luminescence under UV light irradiation. Based on TEM (transmission electron microscopy) measurements, the diameters of the cores (≈12 nm) and core/shell particles (≈50 nm) were determined. To evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the nanomaterials obtained, their effect on human erythrocytes was investigated. LnF3 nanoparticles were bound to the erythrocyte membrane, without inducing any cytotoxic effects. After coating with silica, the nanoparticles revealed significant cytotoxicity. However, further functionalization of the nanomaterial with -NH2 groups as well as conjugation with 4-ethoxybenzoic acid entailed a decrease in cytotoxicity of the core/shell nanoparticles.

Synthesis and haemolytic activity of novel salts made of nicotine alkaloids and bile acids.

A series of novel salts made of nicotine alkaloids and bile acids were synthesized and their haemolytic activity was examined in vitro using human erythrocytes. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. The novel salts show membrane-perturbing properties inducing the erythrocyte shape alterations and haemolysis in dose-dependent manner. Nicotine decreases the membrane interacting potential of bile acids in the novel compounds. The presence of sulfur or selenium atom in the nicotine molecule affects the haemolytic activity of its novel salts depending on the hydrophobicity of bile acids.

Synthesis, Hemolytic Activity, and In Silico Studies of New Bile Acid Dimers Connected with a 1,2,3-Triazole Ring.

The synthesis of bile acid conjugates plays a significant role in pharmacology and organic chemistry. These complex compounds are widely studied due to their potential therapeutic applications (e.g., drug carriers or antibacterial agents) and their impact on interactions with biological target systems. It is important to determine the biological activity of the obtained conjugates with potential pharmacological applications. The research aimed to synthesize acyl conjugates of bile acids, determine the influence of acyl groups on potential antibacterial activity and evaluate the impact of conjugation on hemolytic activity. New acetyl bile acid acetyl dimers were synthesized using the "Click Chemistry" reaction, aiming to investigate their hemolytic and antibacterial activity. The structures of all compounds were confirmed through spectral analysis techniques, including 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The PM5 semiempirical method was also used to estimate the heat of formation of individual conjugates, and the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) technique was used to determine the pharmacokinetic potential of compounds. Docking studies indicate that obtained conjugates have the potential ability to inhibit the biosynthesis of Lipid II and block DNA gyrase. These compounds can therefore be treated as potential candidates for antibacterial compounds. Research findings suggest that conjugating bile acids and their derivatives through 1,2,3-triazole ring, results in final products with reduced hemolytic activity.

[Physiological and pathological roles of gangliosides]. / Fizjologiczne i patologiczne znaczenie gangliozydów.

Gangliosides are a group of glycosphingolipids that have at least one sialic acid residue. These lipids are structural and functional components of the external leaflet of the plasma membrane, particularly in neurons. Gangliosides together with cholesterol and sphingomyelin form lipid rafts that contain specific proteins involved in many important cellular processes, including signal transmission, cell growth and proliferation. Changes in the membrane gangliosides profile induce disturbances in the cell functions and finally lead to numerous diseases, mostly in the nervous system. The majority of such nervous system disorders can be recognized on the basis of analysis of the serum gangliosides profile and/or the presence of anti-ganglioside antibodies. Supplementation with exogenous gangliosides also seems to be a successful procedure for the recovery of ganglioside homeostasis in the neurolemma.

New C8-substituted caffeine derivatives as promising antioxidants and cytoprotective agents in human erythrocytes.

New structurally diverse groups of C8-substituted caffeine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their chemical and biological properties. Mass spectrometry, FT-IR, and NMR characterizations of these derivatives were performed. The cytotoxic activity of the derivatives was estimated in vitro using human red blood cells (RBC) and in silico pharmacokinetic studies. The antioxidant capacity of the compounds was analyzed using a ferrous ion chelating activity assay. The ability of the derivatives to protect RBC from oxidative damage, including the oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin, was assessed using a water-soluble 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl-propionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as a standard inducer of peroxyl radicals. The level of intracellular oxidative stress was assessed using the fluorescent redox probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA). The results indicate that all derivatives are biocompatible compounds with significant antioxidant and cytoprotective potential dependent on their chemical structure. In order to explain the antioxidant and cytoprotective activity of the derivatives, a mechanism of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), radical adduct formation (RAF), or single electron transfer (SET), as well as the specific interactions of the derivatives with the lipid bilayer of RBC membrane, have been proposed. The results show that selected modifications of the caffeine molecule enhance its antioxidant properties, which expands our knowledge of the structure-activity relationship of caffeine-based cytoprotective compounds.

Characteristics of Chitosan Films with the Bioactive Substances-Caffeine and Propolis.

Chitosan is a natural and biodegradable polymer with promising potential for biomedical applications. This study concerns the production of chitosan-based materials for future use in the medical industry. Bioactive substances-caffeine and ethanolic propolis extract (EEP)-were incorporated into a chitosan matrix to increase the bioactivity of the obtained films and improve their mechanical properties. Acetic and citric acids were used as solvents in the production of the chitosan-based films. The obtained materials were characterized in terms of their antibacterial and antifungal activities, as well as their mechanical properties, including tensile strength and elongation at break. Moreover, the chemical structures and surface morphologies of the films were assessed. The results showed that the solution consisting of chitosan, citric acid, caffeine, and EEP exhibited an excellent antiradical effect. The activity of this solution (99.13%) was comparable to that of the standard antioxidant Trolox (92.82%). In addition, the film obtained from this solution showed good antibacterial activity, mainly against Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. The results also revealed that the films produced with citric acid exhibited higher activity levels against pathogenic bacteria than the films obtained with acetic acid. The antimicrobial effect of the chitosan-based films could be further enhanced by adding bioactive additives such as caffeine and propolis extract. The mechanical tests showed that the solvents and additives used affected the mechanical properties of the films obtained. The film produced from chitosan and acetic acid was characterized by the highest tensile strength value (46.95 MPa) while the chitosan-based film with citric acid showed the lowest value (2.28 MPa). The addition of caffeine and propolis to the film based on chitosan with acetic acid decreased its tensile strength while in the case of the chitosan-based film with citric acid, an increase in strength was observed. The obtained results suggested that chitosan films with natural bioactive substances can be a promising alternative to the traditional materials used in the medical industry, for example, as including biodegradable wound dressings or probiotic encapsulation materials.

Novel gramine-based bioconjugates obtained by click chemistry as cytoprotective compounds and potent antibacterial and antifungal agents.

A series of indole-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole conjugates were synthesised by click chemistry. The haemolytic properties and cytoprotective activity of all the newly synthesised indole-triazole conjugates were tested in vitro. In addition, molecular docking was performed in silico for the selected conjugates to determine their antibacterial and antifungal properties. The results indicate that indole-triazole derivatives effectively protect human erythrocytes against free radical-induced haemolysis in a structure-dependent manner and that bis-indole-bis-triazole derivatives with alkyl linkers are excellent cytoprotective agents against oxidative haemolysis. The tested series of indole-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole conjugates may have an affinity for the active sites of specific protein domains (PDB IDs: 2Q85 and 5V5Z) according to molecular docking studies.

Click chemistry as a method for the synthesis of steroid bioconjugates of bile acids derivatives and sterols.

Six steroid conjugates of bile acids and sterol derivatives have been synthesized using the click chemistry method. The azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition of the propionyl ester of lithocholic, deoxycholic and cholic acid with azide derivatives of cholesterol and cholestanol gave new bile acid-sterol conjugates linked with a 1,2,3-triazole ring. Previously, sterols were converted to bromoacetate substituted derivatives by reaction with bromoacetic acid bromide in anhydrous dichloromethane. These compounds were then converted to azide derivatives using sodium azide. The propiolic esters of lithocholic, deoxycholic and cholic acids were obtained by reaction with propiolic acid in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid. Additionally, two of these steroids: methyl 3α-propynoyloxy-12α-acetoxy-5ß-cholane-24-oate and methyl 3α-propynoyloxy-7 α,12α-diacetoxy-5ß-cholane-24-oate were also obtained and characterized for the first time. All conjugates were obtained in good yields using an efficient synthesis method. The structures of all conjugates and the four substrates were confirmed by spectral (1H- and 13C NMR, FT-IR) analysis, mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and PM5 semiempirical methods. The pharmacotherapeutic potential of the synthesized compounds was estimated based on the in silico Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) method. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was in vitro evaluated in a hemolytic assay using human erythrocytes as a cell model. The in silico and in vitro study results indicate that the selected compound possesses an interesting biological activity and can be considered as potential drug design agent. Additionally, molecular docking was performed for the selected conjugate.

Tetramethylalloxazines as efficient singlet oxygen photosensitizers and potential redox-sensitive agents.

Tetramethylalloxazines (TMeAll) have been found to have a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation when used as photosensitizers. Their electronic structure and transition energies (S0 → Si, S0 → Ti, T1 → Ti) were calculated using DFT and TD-DFT methods and compared to experimental absorption spectra. Generally, TMeAll display an energy diagram similar to other derivatives belonging to the alloxazine class of compounds, namely π,π* transitions are accompanied by closely located n,π* transitions. Photophysical data such as quantum yields of fluorescence, fluorescence lifetimes, and nonradiative rate constants were also studied in methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN), and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE). The transient absorption spectra were also analyzed. To assess cytotoxicity of new compounds, a hemolytic assay was performed using human red blood cells (RBC) in vitro. Subsequently, fluorescence lifetime imaging experiments (FLIM) were performed on RBC under physiological and oxidative stress conditions alone or in the presence of TMeAll allowing for pinpointing changes caused by those compounds on the intracellular environment of these cells.

Spontaneous curvature of ganglioside GM1--effect of cross-linking.

The membrane-curvature dependent lateral distribution of outer leaflet ganglioside GM1 (GM1) and the influence of GM1 cross-linking induced by fluorophore-tagged cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) plus anti-CTB was analysed in cell membranes by fluorescence microscopy. Data are presented indicating that cross-linked GM1-ligand patches accumulated at the tips of human erythrocyte echinocytic spiculae induced by Ca(2+)/ionophore A23187. However, when lipid fixative osmium tetroxide was added prior to the ligand no accumulation in spiculae occurred. GM1-staining remained here distributed over the spheroid cell body and in spiculae. Similarly, osmium tetroxide completely prohibited CTB plus anti-CTB-induced GM1 patching in representatives for flat membrane, i.e. discoid erythrocytes and K562 cells. Our results demonstrate that GM1 per se shows low membrane curvature dependent distribution and therefore holds flexible spontaneous curvature. In contrast, the cross-linked GM1-ligand complex has a strong preference for highly outward curved membrane and possesses overall positive spontaneous curvature. Osmium tetroxide efficiently immobilises GM1.

Photophysical properties of alloxazine derivatives with extended aromaticity - Potential redox-sensitive fluorescent probe.

The spectral and photophysical properties of two four-ring alloxazine derivatives, naphtho[2,3-g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (1a) and 1,3-dimethylnaphtho[2,3-g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, (1b) were studied. The propensity of 1a for excited-state proton transfer reactions in the presence of acetic acid as a catalyst was also studied, showing no signature of the reaction occurring. In addition, quenching of 1a fluorescence by acetic acid was investigated. Singlet and triplet states and spectral data for 1a and 1b were calculated using density functional theory TD-DFT at B3LYP/6-31G(d) and UB3LYP levels. Finally, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) using 1a and 1b as fluorescence probes was applied to in vitro human red blood cells (RBCs) with and without tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TB) as an oxidising agent. To evaluate and compare the effects of 1a and 1b on the redox properties of RBCs, the fluorescence lifetime, amplitude and fractional intensities were calculated, and phasor plot analysis was performed. The results obtained show the appearance of a new proximal cluster in the phasor fingerprint of RBCs in the presence of 1b and a shorter fluorescence lifetime of RBCs in the presence of 1a.