Association between muscular tissue desaturation and acute kidney injury in older patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Present study was designed to investigate the association between muscular tissue desaturation and acute kidney injury (AKI) in older patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. METHOD: A total of 253 patients (≥ 65 years old) who underwent abdominal surgery with expected duration ≥ 2 h were enrolled. Muscular tissue oxygen saturation (SmtO2) was monitored at quadriceps and bilateral flanks during surgery. Muscular desaturation was defined as SmtO2 < 90% baseline lasting for > 60 s. The primary outcome was the incidence of AKI within postoperative 7 days. The association between muscular desaturation and AKI was analyzed by multivariable logistic regression model. The secondary outcomes indicated the other complications within postoperative 30 days. RESULTS: Among 236 patients, 44 (18.6%) of them developed AKI. The incidence of muscular desaturation at quadriceps was 28.8% (68/236). Patients with muscular desaturation had higher incidence of AKI than those without desaturation (27.9% [19/68], vs. 14.9% [25/168], P = 0.020). After adjustment of confounders, multivariable analysis showed that muscular desaturation at quadriceps was significantly associated with an increased risk of AKI (OR = 2.84, 95% CI 1.21-6.67, P = 0.016). Muscular desaturations at left and right flank were also associated with an increased risk of AKI (OR = 6.38, 95% CI 1.78-22.89, P = 0.004; OR = 8.90, 95% CI 1.42-45.63; P = 0.019, respectively). Furthermore, patients with muscular desaturation may have a higher risk of pulmonary complications, sepsis and stroke at 30-day follow-up. CONCLUSION: Muscular desaturation was associated with postoperative AKI in older patients undergoing major abdominal surgery which may serve as a predictor of AKI.

SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein triggers depression-like behaviors and dysosmia via TLR2-mediated neuroinflammation in mice.

BACKGROUND: Depression and dysosmia have been regarded as primary neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients, the mechanism of which remains unclear. Current studies have demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein is a pro-inflammatory factor sensed by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), suggesting the pathological feature of E protein is independent of viral infection. In this study, we aim to ascertain the role of E protein in depression, dysosmia and associated neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS: Depression-like behaviors and olfactory function were observed in both female and male mice receiving intracisternal injection of E protein. Immunohistochemistry was applied in conjunction with RT-PCR to evaluate glial activation, blood-brain barrier status and mediators synthesis in the cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb. TLR2 was pharmacologically blocked to determine its role in E protein-related depression-like behaviors and dysosmia in mice. RESULTS: Intracisternal injection of E protein evoked depression-like behaviors and dysosmia in both female and male mice. Immunohistochemistry suggested that the E protein upregulated IBA1 and GFAP in the cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, while ZO-1 was downregulated. Moreover, IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, MMP2 and CSF1 were upregulated in both cortex and hippocampus, whereas IL-1ß, IL-6 and CCL2 were upregulated in the olfactory bulb. Furtherly, inhibiting microglia, rather than astrocytes, alleviated depression-like behaviors and dysosmia induced by E protein. Finally, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry suggested that TLR2 was upregulated in the cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, the blocking of which mitigated depression-like behaviors and dysosmia induced by E protein. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that envelope protein could directly induce depression-like behaviors, dysosmia, and obvious neuroinflammation in CNS. TLR2 mediated depression-like behaviors and dysosmia induced by envelope protein, which could serve as a promising therapeutic target for neurological manifestation in COVID-19 patients.

Effect of acute pain on the association between preoperative cognitive impairment and postoperative delirium: a secondary analysis of three trials.

BACKGROUND: The association between preoperative cognitive impairment, postoperative pain, and postoperative delirium in older patients after noncardiac surgery is not known. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of datasets from three previous studies. Patients aged ≥55 yr who underwent elective noncardiac surgery were enrolled. Preoperative cognitive impairment was defined as Mini-Mental State Examination <27. Pain intensity with movement was assessed using an 11-point numeric rating scale at 12-h intervals during the first 72 h after surgery; time-weighted average (TWA) pain score was calculated. Primary outcome was the occurrence of delirium within the first 5 postoperative days. Mediation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between cognitive impairment, pain score, and delirium. RESULTS: A total of 1497 patients were included. Prevalence of preoperative cognitive impairment was 40.3% (603/1497). Patients with cognitive impairment suffered higher TWA pain score within 72 h (4 [3-5] vs 3 [2-5], P=0.004) and more delirium within 5 days (12.9% [78/603] vs 4.9% [44/894], P<0.001) when compared with those without. Total and direct associations between cognitive impairment and delirium were (adjusted ß) 8.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8-12.0%; P<0.001) and 7.8% (95% CI, 4.4-12.0%; P<0.001), respectively. A significant indirect association with acute pain was observed between cognitive impairment and delirium (adjusted ß=0.4%; 95% CI, 0.1-1.0%; P=0.006), accounting for 4.9% of the total effect. CONCLUSIONS: The association between preoperative cognitive impairment and delirium is significantly mediated by acute pain in patients after noncardiac surgery. Considering the small effect size, clinical significance of this mediation effect requires further investigation.

Effect of one-lung ventilation on the correlation between left and right cerebral saturation.

BACKGROUND: To investigate if the correlation between left and right cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) was affected by one-lung ventilation (OLV) in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for lung cancer were enrolled. Left and right SctO2 were collected during anesthesia. The primary outcome was the correlation between left and right SctO2 at 30 min after OLV which was analysed by Pearson correlation and linear regression model. Secondary outcomes included the trend of left-right SctO2 change over the first 30 min after OLV, correlation of left-right SctO2 during OLV for each patient; maximal difference between left-right SctO2 and its relationship with postoperative delirium. RESULTS: Left-right SctO2 was moderately correlated at baseline (r = 0.690, P < 0.001) and poorly correlated at 30 min after OLV (r = 0.383, P < 0.001) in the Pearson correlation analysis. Linear regression analysis showed a poor correlation between left and right SctO2 at 30 min after OLV (r = 0.323, P < 0.001) after adjusting for confounders. The linear mixed model showed a change in left-right SctO2 over the first 30 min after OLV that was statistically significant (coefficient, -0.042; 95% CI, -0.070--0.014; P = 0.004). For the left-right SctO2 correlation during OLV in each patient, 62.9% (78/124) patients showed a strong correlation, 19.4% (24/124) a medium correlation, and the rest a poor correlation. The maximal difference between the left and right SctO2 was 13.5 (9.0, 20.0). Multivariate analysis showed that it was not associated with delirium (odds ratio [OR], 1.023; 95% CI, 0.963-1.087; P = 0.463). CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between left and right SctO2 was affected by one-lung ventilation in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. This result indicates the requirement of bilateral SctO2 monitoring to reflect brain oxygenation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was a secondary analysis of a cohort study approved by the Clinical Research Review Board of Peking University First Hospital (#2017-1378) and was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 10/09/2017 ( http://www.chictr.org.cn , ChiCTR-ROC-17012627).

Sedation efficacy of different dose of remimazolam with sufentanil for nerve block in young and elderly patients: a randomized, controlled study.

PURPOSE: Anxiety and pain commonly occur during nerve block, we aimed to investigate the sedation efficacy of different doses of remimazolam with sufentanil in young and elderly patients. METHODS: In this randomized trial, patients aged 18-85 years who underwent nerve block was enrolled. All patients received sufentanil 0.08 µg/kg for analgesia. Young patients (age < 65 years) were randomized into the control group (Group C, 0.9% saline), medium-dose remimazolam (Group M, 0.06 mg/kg) and high-dose remimazolam group (Group H, 0.08 mg/kg). Elderly patients (age ≥ 65 years) were randomized into the Group C, low-dose remimazolam group (Group L, 0.04 mg/kg) and Group M. Primary outcome was the success rate of procedure sedation. Respiratory depression and hypoxia were the interested safety outcomes. RESULTS: Ninety young and 114 elderly patients were enrolled, respectively. In comparison with Groups C and M, young patients in Group H had the highest success rate of procedure sedation (80.0 vs. 73.3 vs. 43.3%, P = 0.006). Elderly patients in Groups M and L had similar success rates of procedure sedation, which were significantly higher than that in Group C (78.9 vs. 78.9 vs. 50.0%, P = 0.007). In elderly patients, the incidence of respiratory depression and hypoxia tended to be higher in Group M than those in Groups L and C (both P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Remimazolam 0.08 mg/kg provided the best sedation efficacy in young patients while remimazolam 0.04 mg/kg with the trend of less respiratory adverse events was more optimal for elderly patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=122016 .

Effect of intraoperative remimazolam on postoperative sleep quality in elderly patients after total joint arthroplasty: a randomized control trial.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of intraoperative remimazolam sedation on postoperative sleep quality in elderly patients after total joint arthroplasty. METHODS: Between May 15, 2021 and March 26, 2022, 108 elderly patients (age ≥ 65 years) who received total joint arthroplasty under neuraxial anesthesia were randomized into remimazolam group (a loading dose of 0.025-0.1 mg/kg and followed by an infusion rate of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg/h till end of surgery) or routine group (sedation was given on patient's requirement by dexmedetomidine 0.2-0.7 µg/kg/h). Primary outcome was the subjective sleep quality at surgery night which was evaluated by Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ). Secondary outcomes included RCSQ scores at postoperative first and second nights and numeric rating scale pain intensity within first 3 days after surgery. RESULTS: RCSQ score at surgery night was 59 (28, 75) in remimazolam group which was comparable with 53 (28, 67) in routine group (median difference 6, 95% CI - 6 to 16, P = 0.315). After adjustment of confounders, preoperative high Pittsburg sleep quality index was associated worse RCSQ score (P = 0.032), but not remimazolam (P = 0.754). RCSQ score at postoperative first night [69 (56, 85) vs. 70 (54, 80), P = 0.472] and second night [80 (68, 87) vs. 76 (64, 84), P = 0.066] were equivalent between two groups. Safety outcomes were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative remimazolam did not significantly improve postoperative sleep quality in elderly patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. But it is proved to be effective and safe for moderate sedation in these patients. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER AND REGISTRY URL: ChiCTR2000041286 ( www.chictr.org.cn ).

Effect of a carbohydrate-rich beverage on rate of cesarean delivery in primigravidae with epidural labor analgesia: a multicenter randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Labor represents a period of significant physical activity. Inefficient energy supply may delay labor process and even lead to cesarean delivery. Herein we investigated whether ingestion of a carbohydrate-rich beverage could reduce cesarean delivery in laboring women with epidural analgesia. METHODS: This multicenter randomized trial was conducted in obstetrician-led maternity units of nine tertiary hospitals in China. Primigravidae with single term cephalic pregnancy who were preparing for vaginal birth under epidural analgesia were randomized to intake a carbohydrate-rich beverage or commercially available low-carbohydrate beverages during labor. The primary outcome was the rate of cesarean delivery. Secondary outcomes included maternal feeling of hunger, assessed with an 11-point scale where 0 indicated no hunger and 10 the most severe hunger, and maternal and neonatal blood glucose after childbirth. RESULTS: Between 17 January 2018 and 20 July 2018, 2008 women were enrolled and randomized, 1953 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The rate of cesarean delivery did not differ between the two groups (11.3% [111/982] with carbohydrate-rich beverage vs. 10.9% [106/971] with low-carbohydrate beverages; relative risk 1.04, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.33; p = 0.79). Women in the carbohydrate-rich beverage group had lower subjective hunger score (median 3 [interquartile range 2 to 5] vs. 4 [2 to 6]; median difference - 1; 95% CI - 1 to 0; p < 0.01); their neonates had less hypoglycemia (1.0% [10/968] vs. 2.3% [22/956]; relative risk 0.45; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.94; p = 0.03) when compared with those in the low-carbohydrate beverage group. They also had higher rates of maternal hyperglycemia (6.9% [67/965] vs. 1.9% [18/953]; p < 0.01) and neonatal hyperglycemia (9.2% [89/968] vs. 5.8% [55/956]; p < 0.01), but none required special treatment. CONCLUSIONS: For laboring primigravidae with epidural analgesia, ingestion of a carbohydrate-rich beverage compared with low-carbohydrate beverages did not reduce cesarean delivery, but relieved maternal hunger and reduced neonatal hypoglycemia at the expense of increased hyperglycemia of both mothers and neonates. Optimal rate of carbohydrate supplementation remains to be determined. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.chictr.org.cn ; identifier: ChiCTR-IOR-17011994 ; registered on 14 July 2017.

Long-term Survival after Combined Epidural-General Anesthesia or General Anesthesia Alone: Follow-up of a Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Experimental and observational research suggests that combined epidural-general anesthesia may improve long-term survival after cancer surgery by reducing anesthetic and opioid consumption and by blunting surgery-related inflammation. This study therefore tested the primary hypothesis that combined epidural-general anesthesia improves long-term survival in elderly patients. METHODS: This article presents a long-term follow-up of patients enrolled in a previous trial conducted at five hospitals. Patients aged 60 to 90 yr and scheduled for major noncardiac thoracic and abdominal surgeries were randomly assigned to either combined epidural-general anesthesia with postoperative epidural analgesia or general anesthesia alone with postoperative intravenous analgesia. The primary outcome was overall postoperative survival. Secondary outcomes included cancer-specific, recurrence-free, and event-free survival. RESULTS: Among 1,802 patients who were enrolled and randomized in the underlying trial, 1,712 were included in the long-term analysis; 92% had surgery for cancer. The median follow-up duration was 66 months (interquartile range, 61 to 80). Among patients assigned to combined epidural-general anesthesia, 355 of 853 (42%) died compared with 326 of 859 (38%) deaths in patients assigned to general anesthesia alone: adjusted hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.24; P = 0.408. Cancer-specific survival was similar with combined epidural-general anesthesia (327 of 853 [38%]) and general anesthesia alone (292 of 859 [34%]): adjusted hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.28; P = 0.290. Recurrence-free survival was 401 of 853 [47%] for patients who had combined epidural-general anesthesia versus 389 of 859 [45%] with general anesthesia alone: adjusted hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.12; P = 0.692. Event-free survival was 466 of 853 [55%] in patients who had combined epidural-general anesthesia versus 450 of 859 [52%] for general anesthesia alone: adjusted hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.12; P = 0.815. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients having major thoracic and abdominal surgery, combined epidural-general anesthesia with epidural analgesia did not improve overall or cancer-specific long-term mortality. Nor did epidural analgesia improve recurrence-free survival. Either approach can therefore reasonably be selected based on patient and clinician preference.

Association Between Cerebral Desaturation and Postoperative Delirium in Thoracotomy With One-Lung Ventilation: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The association between cerebral desaturation and postoperative delirium in thoracotomy with one-lung ventilation (OLV) has not been specifically studied. METHODS: A prospective observational study performed in thoracic surgical patients. Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (Scto2) was monitored on the left and right foreheads using a near-infrared spectroscopy oximeter. Baseline Scto2 was measured with patients awake and breathing room air. The minimum Scto2 was the lowest measurement at any time during surgery. Cerebral desaturation and hypersaturation were an episode of Scto2 below and above a given threshold for ≥15 seconds during surgery, respectively. The thresholds based on relative changes by referring to the baseline measurement were <80%, <85%, <90%, <95%, and <100% baseline for desaturation and >105%, >110%, >115%, and >120% baseline for hypersaturation. The thresholds based on absolute values were <50%, <55%, <60%, <65%, and <70% for desaturation and >75%, >80%, >85%, and >90% for hypersaturation. The given area under the threshold (AUT)/area above the threshold (AAT) was analyzed. Delirium was assessed until postoperative day 5. The primary analysis was the association between the minimum Scto2 and delirium using multivariable logistic regression controlled for confounders (age, OLV time, use of midazolam, occurrence of hypotension, and severity of pain). The secondary analysis was the association between cerebral desaturation/hypersaturation and delirium, and between the AUT/AAT and delirium using multivariable logistic regression controlled for the same confounders. Multiple testing was corrected using the Holm-Bonferroni method. We additionally monitored somatic tissue oxygen saturation on the forearm and upper thigh. RESULTS: Delirium occurred in 35 (20%) of 175 patients (65 ± 6 years old). The minimum left or right Scto2 was not associated with delirium. Cerebral desaturation defined by <90% baseline for left Scto2 (odds ratio [OR], 5.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.12-19.2; corrected P =.008) and <85% baseline for right Scto2 (OR, 4.27; 95% CI, 1.77-11.0; corrected P =.01) was associated with an increased risk of delirium. Cerebral desaturation defined by other thresholds, cerebral hypersaturation, the AUT/AAT, and somatic desaturation and hypersaturation were all not associated with delirium. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral desaturation defined by <90% baseline for left Scto2 and <85% baseline for right Scto2, but not the minimum Scto2, may be associated with an increased risk of postthoracotomy delirium. The validity of these thresholds needs to be tested by randomized controlled trials.

Malnutrition is not related with emergence delirium in older patients after noncardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is one of the most common complications in older surgical patients. Although previous studies reported that preoperative malnutrition was related with postoperative delirium (POD), there was lack of evidence to illustrate the relationship between malnutrition and emergency delirium (ED). The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between preoperative malnutrition and ED in older patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. METHODS: The study was carried out in accordance with STROBE guidelines. This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. Older patients (65-90 years) who underwent noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in Peking University First Hospital. RESULTS: 915 patients were enrolled. The incidence of malnutrition was 53.6 % (490/915). The incidence of emergency delirium was 41.8 % (205/490) in malnutrition group and 31.5 % (134/425) in control group, P < 0.001. After adjusting confounding factors (i.e., age, cognitive impairment, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification (ASA), duration of surgery, pain score, low body temperature and allogeneic blood transfusion), malnutrition was not associated with increased risk of emergency delirium (OR = 1.055, 95 % CI 0.767-1.452, P = 0.742). CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition was common in older patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, but it's not related with emergence delirium after adjusted for confounders. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( http://www.chictr.org.cn ) ( ChiCTR-OOC-17,012,734 ).

The effect of dexmedetomidine on intraoperative blood glucose homeostasis: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on intraoperative blood glucose hemostasis in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac major surgery. METHODS: This was secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Patients in dexmedetomidine group received a loading dose dexmedetomidine (0.6 µg/kg in 10 min before anaesthesia induction) followed by a continuous infusion (0.5 µg/kg/hr) till 1 h before the end of surgery. Patients in control group received volume-matched normal saline at the same time interval. Primary outcome was the incidence of intraoperative hyperglycemia (blood glucose higher than 10 mmol/L). RESULTS: 303 patients in dexmedetomidine group and 306 patients in control group were analysed. The incidence of intraoperative hyperglycemia showed no statistical significance between dexmedetomidine group and control group (27.4% vs. 22.5%, RR = 1.22, 95%CI 0.92-1.60, P = 0.167). Median value of glycemic variation in dexmedetomidine group (2.5, IQR 1.4-3.7, mmol) was slightly lower than that in control group (2.6, IQR 1.5-4.0, mmol), P = 0.034. In multivariable logistic analysis, history of diabetes (OR 3.007, 95%CI 1.826-4.950, P < 0.001), higher baseline blood glucose (OR 1.353, 95%CI 1.174-1.560, P < 0.001) and prolonged surgery time (OR 1.197, 95%CI 1.083-1.324, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors of hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine presented no effect on intraoperative hyperglycemia in elderly patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Present study was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on December 1, 2015 ( www.chictr.org.cn , registration number ChiCTR-IPR-15007654).

Impact of goal-directed hemodynamic management on the incidence of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) remains high after partial nephrectomy. Ischemia-reperfusion injury produced by renal hilum clamping during surgery might have contributed to the development of AKI. In this study we tested the hypothesis that goal-directed fluid and blood pressure management may reduce AKI in patients following partial nephrectomy. METHODS: This was a pilot randomized controlled trial. Adult patients who were scheduled to undergo partial nephrectomy were randomized into two groups. In the intervention group, goal-directed hemodynamic management was performed from renal hilum clamping until end of surgery; the target was to maintain stroke volume variation < 6%, cardiac index 3.0-4.0 L/min/m2 and mean arterial pressure > 95 mmHg with crystalloid fluids and infusion of dobutamine and/or norepinephrine. In the control group, hemodynamic management was performed according to routine practice. The primary outcome was the incidence of AKI within the first 3 postoperative days. RESULTS: From June 2016 to January 2017, 144 patients were enrolled and randomized (intervention group, n = 72; control group, n = 72). AKI developed in 12.5% of patients in the intervention group and in 20.8% of patients in the control group; the relative reduction of AKI was 39.9% in the intervention group but the difference was not statistically significant (relative risk 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-1.28; P = 0.180). No significant differences were found regarding AKI classification, change of estimated glomerular filtration rate over time, incidence of postoperative 30-day complications, postoperative length of hospital stay, as well as 30-day and 6-month mortality between the two groups. CONCLUSION: For patients undergoing partial nephrectomy, goal-directed circulatory management during surgery reduced postoperative AKI by about 40%, although not significantly so. The trial was underpowered. Large sample size randomized trials are needed to confirm our results. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02803372 . Date of registration: June 6, 2016.

The diagnostic threshold of Cornell assessment of pediatric delirium in detection of postoperative delirium in pediatric surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: Cornell assessment of pediatric delirium (CAPD) showed advantage in diagnosis of pediatric delirium in Chinese critically ill patients. But its performance in surgical patients is still unclear. The present study was designed to validate the diagnostic performance of CAPD in surgical pediatric patients. METHODS: This is a prospective validation study. Pediatric patients who underwent selective surgery and general anesthesia were enrolled. Primary outcome was the incidence of delirium within postoperative three days. CAPD Chinese version was used to evaluate if the patient had delirium one time per day. At the meantime, a psychiatrist employed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition to diagnose delirium, which was the "gold standard", and the result was considered as reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated to investigate the performance of CAPD. RESULTS: A total of 170 patients were enrolled. Median age was 4 years old. As diagnosed by psychiatrist, 23 (13.5 %) patients experienced at least one episode of delirium during the follow-up period. When diagnostic threshold was set at 9, CAPD showed the optimal sensitivity (87.0 %, 95 %CI 65.3 %-96.6 %) and specificity (98.0 %, 95 %CI 93.7 %-99.5 %) in comparison with other diagnostic thresholds. ROC analysis showed that CAPD was a good delirium assessment instrument with area under curve of 0.911 (95 % CI 0.812 to 1.000, P < 0.001). Agreement between CAPD and reference standard was 0.849 (Kappa coefficient, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that Cornell assessment of pediatric delirium could be used as an effective instrument in diagnosis of delirium in pediatric surgical patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.chictr.org.cn Identifier: ChiCTR-DDD-17,012,231, August 3, 2017.

Muscular Tissue Oxygen Saturation and Posthysterectomy Nausea and Vomiting: The iMODIPONV Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Suboptimal tissue perfusion and oxygenation during surgery may be responsible for postoperative nausea and vomiting in some patients. This trial tested the hypothesis that muscular tissue oxygen saturation-guided intraoperative care reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting. METHODS: This multicenter, pragmatic, patient- and assessor-blinded randomized controlled (1:1 ratio) trial was conducted from September 2018 to June 2019 at six teaching hospitals in four different cities in China. Nonsmoking women, 18 to 65 yr old, and having elective laparoscopic surgery involving hysterectomy (n = 800) were randomly assigned to receive either intraoperative muscular tissue oxygen saturation-guided care or usual care. The goal was to maintain muscular tissue oxygen saturation, measured at flank and on forearm, greater than baseline or 70%, whichever was higher. The primary outcome was 24-h postoperative nausea and vomiting. Secondary outcomes included nausea severity, quality of recovery, and 30-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Of the 800 randomized patients (median age, 50 yr [range, 27 to 65]), 799 were assessed for the primary outcome. The below-goal muscular tissue oxygen saturation area under the curve was significantly smaller in patients receiving muscular tissue oxygen saturation-guided care (n = 400) than in those receiving usual care (n = 399; flank, 50 vs. 140% · min, P < 0.001; forearm, 53 vs. 245% · min, P < 0.001). The incidences of 24-h postoperative nausea and vomiting were 32% (127 of 400) in the muscular tissue oxygen saturation-guided care group and 36% (142 of 399) in the usual care group, which were not significantly different (risk ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.08; P = 0.251). There were no significant between-group differences for secondary outcomes. No harm was observed throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: In a relatively young and healthy female patient population, personalized, goal-directed, muscular tissue oxygen saturation-guided intraoperative care is effective in treating decreased muscular tissue oxygen saturation but does not reduce the incidence of 24-h posthysterectomy nausea and vomiting.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the 3D-CAM Chinese version in surgical ICU patients.

BACKGROUND: Accurate diagnosis of delirium is very important for prevention and treatment. Present study was designed to validate the 3-Minute Diagnostic Interview for CAM-defined Delirium Chinese version (3D-CAM-CN) in surgical ICU patients. METHODS: In this prospective diagnostic study, the 3D-CAM was translated into Chinese with culture adaption. Two interviewers (Roles A and B) independently administrated 3D-CAM-CN assessment in adult patients from postoperative days 1 to day 3. At the meantime, a panel of psychiatrists diagnosed delirium according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fifth edition as the reference standard. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated to analyze the diagnostic character of the 3D-CAM-CN. Kappa coefficient was used to evaluate interrater reliability. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-five adult patients were assessed for at least 2 days, resulting a total of 647 paired-assessments. When compared with the reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the 3D-CAM-CN assessment were 87.2 and 96.7%, respectively, by Role A and 84.6 and 97.4%, respectively, by Role B, with good interrater reliability (Kappa coefficient = 0.82, P < 0.001). It also performed well in patients with mild cognitive impairment, with the sensitivity from 85.7 to 100% and the specificity from 95.7 to 96.4%. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the 3D-CAM-CN can be used as a reliable and accurate instrument for delirium assessment in surgical patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trail was approved by the Clinical Research Ethic Committee of Peking University First Hospital (No. 2017-1321) and registered on Chinese clinical trial registry on July 6, 2017 (ChiCTR-OOC-17011887).

Intraoperative hypotension is associated with shortened overall survival after lung cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative hypotension is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after surgery. We hypothesized that intraoperative hypotension might also be associated with worse long-term survival after cancer surgery. Herein, we analyzed the correlation between intraoperative hyper-/hypotension and overall survival after lung cancer surgery. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 676 patients who received lung cancer surgery between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2009 were reviewed. Intraoperative hyper- and hypotension were defined according to their correlation with long-term survival. The primary endpoint was overall survival. The association between episodes of intraoperative hyper-/hypotension and overall survival was analyzed with multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Long-term follow-ups were completed in 515 patients with a median duration of 5.2 years. The estimated 5-year survival rates were 66.5, 61.3, 56.5, and 41.2% in patients with only hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg for ≥5 min), with both hyper- and hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg for ≥5 min), with neither hyper- nor hypotension, and with only hypotension during surgery, respectively. After adjusting confounding factors, intraoperative hypotension was significantly associated with shortened overall survival (compared with patients with only intraoperative hypertension, those with both hyper- and hypotension: hazard ratio [HR]1.033, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.709 to 1.507, p = 0.864; those with neither hyper- nor hypotension: HR 0.952, 95% CI 0.608 to 1.489, p = 0.829; those with only hypotension: HR 1.736, 95% CI 1.218 to 2.475, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: For patients undergoing lung cancer surgery, intraoperative hypotension, but not hypertension, was associated with shortened overall survival.

Incremental value of noncerebral somatic tissue oxygenation monitoring for patients undergoing surgery.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is increasing interest in the use of noncerebral somatic tissue oxygen saturation (SstO2) monitoring on the basis of near-infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing surgery or residing in intensive care unit. The relevant question is whether SstO2 monitoring can improve the quality of care. In this article, we reviewed the clinical application of SstO2 monitoring in acute care, focusing on its use in patients undergoing surgery. RECENT FINDINGS: Multiple small cohort studies conducted on pediatric patients reported close associations of SstO2 measurements over different regions such as the splanchnic and renal tissue beds with systemic oxygenation, transfusion, hemodynamic indices, morbidity, and mortality. Conversely, there is paucity of literature on SstO2 monitoring in adult patients. The limited number of reports suggests that SstO2 levels over bulk muscles such as the thenar eminence, forearm, and lower leg during surgery are correlated with postoperative outcomes including postoperative nausea and vomiting and the length of hospital stay in adult patients undergoing surgery. The only pilot, randomized interventional study based on 50 patients undergoing surgery did not find a difference in outcomes on the basis of the use of SstO2 monitoring. SUMMARY: Somatic tissue oxygenation may represent an essential aspect of human physiology in acute care, and it is likely outcome-relevant based on observational cohort studies. Future research should examine whether SstO2-guided care can further improve patient outcomes using randomized controlled trials.

Perioperative Management May Improve Long-term Survival in Patients After Lung Cancer Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection is the main treatment for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but patients' long-term outcome is still challenging. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of long-term survival in patients after lung cancer surgery. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for NSCLC from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2009, were enrolled into this retrospective cohort study. The primary outcome was the survival length after surgery. Predictors of long-term survival were screened with the multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Postoperative follow-up was completed in 588 patients with a median follow-up duration of 5.2 years (interquartile range, 2.0-6.8). Two hundred ninety-one patients (49.5%) survived at the end of follow-up with median survival duration of 64.3 months (interquartile range, 28.5-81.6). The overall survival rates were 90.8%, 70.0%, and 57.1% at the end of the first, third, and fifth year after surgery, respectively. Limited resection (hazard ratio [HR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.98; P = .013) and large tumor size (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.17-1.42; P < .001) were associated with short survival; whereas high body mass index grade (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69-0.97; P = .021), highly differentiated tumor (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.93; P = .024), dissection of mediastinal lymph node during surgery (HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.30-0.67; P < .001), and perioperative use of dexamethasone (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.54-0.90; P = .006) were associated with long survival. No association was found between perioperative use of flurbiprofen axetil and long survival (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.62-1.03; P = .086). However, combined administration of dexamethasone and flurbiprofen axetil was associated with longer survival (compared to no use of both: adjusted HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.84; P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: Certain factors in particular perioperative dexamethasone and flurbiprofen axetil therapy may improve patients' long-term survival after surgery for NSCLC. Given the small sample size, these findings should be interpreted with caution, and randomized clinical trials are needed for further clarification.

Parecoxib Supplementation to Morphine Analgesia Decreases Incidence of Delirium in Elderly Patients After Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Severe pain and high-dose opioids are both associated with increased risk of postoperative delirium. The authors investigated whether parecoxib-supplemented IV morphine analgesia could decrease the incidence of delirium in elderly patients after total hip or knee replacement surgery. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, 2-center trial, patients of 60 years or older who underwent elective total hip or knee replacement surgery were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either parecoxib (40 mg at the end of surgery and then every 12 hours for 3 days) or placebo (normal saline). All patients received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia during surgery and IV morphine for postoperative analgesia. The primary outcome was the incidence of delirium within 5 days after surgery. RESULTS: Between January 2011 and May 2013, 620 patients were enrolled and were included in the intention-to-treat and safety analyses. The incidence of delirium was significantly reduced from 11.0% (34/310) with placebo to 6.2% (19/310) with parecoxib (relative risk 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.33-0.96, P = .031). The severity of pain and the cumulative consumptions of morphine at 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery were significantly lower with parecoxib than with placebo (all P < .001), although the differences were small. There was no difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between the 2 groups (12.3% [38/310] with placebo versus 11.6% [36/310] with parecoxib; P = .80). CONCLUSIONS: For low-risk elderly patients undergoing elective total hip or knee replacement surgery, multidose parecoxib supplemented to IV morphine decreased the incidence of postoperative delirium without increasing adverse events.

Impact of emergence delirium on long-term survival in older patients after major noncardiac surgery: A longitudinal prospective observational study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that emergence delirium might be associated with worse long-term survival. DESIGN: A longitudinal prospective observational study. SETTING: A tertiary hospital in Beijing, China. PATIENTS: A total of 942 patients aged 65-90 years who were admitted to post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) after major noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia. EXPOSURES: Emergence delirium was assessed with the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit during PACU stay. MEASUREMENTS: Patients were followed up once a year for at least 3 years. Our primary endpoint was overall survival. Secondary endpoints included recurrence-free and event-free survivals. Associations between emergence delirium and long-term survivals were analyzed with the Cox proportional hazard models. MAIN RESULTS: Among enrolled patients, 915 completed perioperative assessments; 906 completed long-term follow-up (mean age 72 years; 60 % [545/906] male; 73 % [660/906] cancer surgery). At the end of follow-up (median 43 months), there were 69 deaths in 331 patients (21 %) with emergence delirium versus 114 deaths in 575 patients (20 %) without: unadjusted hazard ratio 1.10 (95 % CI: 0.81 to 1.48); P = 0.547; adjusted hazard ratio 0.96 (95 % CI: 0.70 to 1.32); P = 0.797. Recurrence-free survival was 73/331 (22 %) in patients with emergence delirium versus 121/575 (21 %) without: unadjusted hazard ratio 1.08 (95 % CI: 0.81 to 1.45); P = 0.598; adjusted hazard ratio 0.94 (95 % CI: 0.69 to 1.28); P = 0.695. Event-free survival was 159/331 (48 %) in patients with emergence delirium versus 268/575 (47 %) without: unadjusted hazard ratio 1.06 (95 % CI: 0.87 to 1.29); P = 0.563; adjusted hazard ratio 0.98 (95 % CI: 0.80 to 1.21); P = 0.875. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find significant association between emergence delirium and worse long-term survival in older patients after general anesthesia and major surgery mainly for cancer. The effects of emergence delirium on long-term outcomes deserve further investigation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: www.chictr.org.cn; ChiCTR-OOC-17012734.