Success at Scale: Outcomes of Community-Based Neurodevelopment Intervention (CASITA) for Children Ages 6-20 months With Risk of Delay in Lima, Peru.

This study is a randomized controlled trial of a 12-week community-based group parenting intervention ("CASITA") in Lima, Peru. CASITA improved neurodevelopment in a pilot study of 60 Peruvian children and subsequently scaled to 3,000 households throughout the district. The objective of this study was to assess intervention effectiveness when implemented at scale. A total of 347 children ages 6-20 months (52.7% male, 100% identified as "mestizo") at risk for developmental difficulties were randomized to immediate or delayed CASITA. At 3 months after enrollment, the immediate arm showed significantly higher overall development, based on the Extended Ages and Stages Questionnaire and Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment scores (Cohen's ds = .36 and .31, respectively). Programs demonstrably effective at scale could help address children's development risks worldwide.

Understanding health-related behavior among adolescents living with HIV in Lima, Peru.

BACKGROUND: The global HIV burden among adolescents ages 10-19 is growing. This population concurrently confronts the multifaceted challenges of adolescence and living with HIV. With the goal of informing future interventions tailored to this group, we assessed sexual activity, HIV diagnosis disclosure, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) adherence, and drug use among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) in Lima, Peru. METHODS: Adolescents at risk or with a history of suboptimal cART adherence completed a self-administered, health behaviors survey and participated in support group sessions, which were audio recorded and used as a qualitative data source. Additionally, we conducted in-depth interviews with caregivers and care providers of ALHIV. Thematic content analysis was performed on the group transcripts and in-depth interviews and integrated with data from the survey to describe adolescents' health related behaviors. RESULTS: We enrolled 34 ALHIV, of which 32 (14 male, 18 female, median age 14.5 years) completed the health behavior survey. Nine (28%) adolescents reported prior sexual intercourse, a minority of whom (44%) reported using a condom. cART adherence was highest in the 10-12 age group with 89% reporting ≤2 missed doses in the last month, compared to 36% in adolescents 13 years or older. Over 80% of adolescents had never disclosed their HIV status to a friend or romantic partner. Adolescents, caregivers, and health service providers described sexual health misinformation and difficulty having conversations about sexual health and HIV. CONCLUSIONS: In this group of ALHIV, adherence to cART declined with age and condom use among sexually active adolescents was low. Multifactorial interventions addressing sexual health, gaps in HIV-related knowledge, and management of disclosure and romantic relationships are urgently needed for this population.

Community-Based Accompaniment with Supervised Antiretrovirals for HIV-Positive Adults in Peru: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.

We conducted a cluster-randomized trial to estimate effects of directly observed combination antiretroviral therapy (DOT-cART) on retention with viral suppression among HIV-positive adults in Peru. We randomly allocated facilities to receive the 12-month intervention plus the standard of care, including adherence support provided through accompaniment. In the intervention arm, health workers supervised doses, twice daily, and accompanied patients to appointments. Among 356 patients, intention-to-treat analyses showed no statistically significant benefit of DOT, relative to no-DOT, at 12 or 24 months (adjusted probability of primary outcome: 0.81 vs. 0.73 and 0.76 vs. 0.68, respectively). A statistically significant benefit of DOT was found in per-protocol and as-treated analyses at 12 months (0.83 for DOT vs. 0.73 for no DOT, p value: 0.02 per-protocol, 0.01 as-treated), but not 24 months. Rates of retention with viral suppression were high in both arms. Among adults receiving robust adherence support, the added effect of time-limited DOT, if any, is small-to-moderate.

[Mother-newborn relational risk - Study of prevalence and associated variables]. / Riesgo relacional madre-recién nacido. Estudio de prevalencia y variables asociadas.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical evidence reveals the importance of mother-newborn bonding experience for health promoting and maintenance of human life. If the newborn lacks care and affection, she/he may develop an attachment disorder. A predictive scale regarding the risk of mothernewborn relationships is available, which makes possible an early intervention to prevent the development of relational disorders. The aim of this study is to apply the Kimelman measurement scale to determine the relational risk in mother-newborn pairs, as well as the prevalence and the associated biopsychosocial variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 333 mother-infant pairs in postpartum maternity at Temuco hospital. The Kimelman mother-newborn attachment assessment guide was used. Biopsychosocial variables were obtained from the mothers studied. The association of biopsychosocial variables with relational risk was analyzed using OR and confidence intervals of 95%. RESULTS: The prevalence of high relational risk was 43.8%. The associated biopsychosocial variables included, women with no steady partner, single parent, teenage mothers, unwanted and unplanned pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Almost half of the mothers were in the high risk group. Early identification of relational risk and its related variables could help in the intervention in this vulnerable group.

Poor histological lesions in IgA nephropathy may be reflected in blood and urine peptide profiling.

BACKGROUND: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, leading to renal failure in 15% to 40% of cases. IgAN is diagnosed by renal biopsy, an invasive method that is not risk-free. We used blood and urine peptide profiles as a noninvasive method of linking IgAN-associated changes with histological lesions by Oxford classification. METHODS: We prospectively studied 19 patients with biopsy-proven IgAN and 14 healthy subjects from 2006 to 2009, excluding subjects with crescentic glomerulonephritis and collecting clinical and biochemical data at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up (24 months). Histological lesions were evaluated by Oxford classification. Proteomic analysis was performed by combining magnetic bead (MB) technology and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to obtain peptide profiles. Doubling of serum creatinine was considered a variable of poor renal prognosis. RESULTS: We identified 55 peptides-13 in serum, 26 in plasma, and 16 in urine-that differentiated IgAN patients from healthy subjects. A significant association was noted between serum/plasma and urine peptides and histological findings-ie, tubulointerstitial damage, segmental glomerulosclerosis, and endocapillary injury. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with IgAN, the use of noninvasive approaches, such as blood and urine proteomics, can provide valuable information beyond that of standard diagnostic techniques, allowing us to identify blood and urine peptide profiles that are associated with poor histological lesions in IgAN patients.

The Dynamics of Intimate Partner Violence and Its Impact on HIV Care: A Cross-Sectional Study of People of Mixed Gender and Sexual Preference in Lima, Peru.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with a higher risk of contracting HIV and developing worse HIV outcomes. This cross-sectional, mixed methods study presents data on IPV using the Conflicts Tactics Scale (CTS2-S) among 180 persons with HIV in Lima, Peru, as well as qualitative interviews with 7 of them and 18 of their community caregivers. This study used data collected for a randomized controlled trial (RCT), CASAommunity Based Accompaniment with Supervised Antiretrovirals (CASA) Community-based Accompaniment with Supervised Antiretrovirals (CASA). Physical or sexual IPV was self-reported in 82 (45.6%) of participants reporting having been in a relationship in the last year and 59,8% of those were involved in bidirectional violence. Coping subscales, social support, and stigma were associated with IPV. Intimate partner violence negatively impacted patient adherence to medication and care, particularly during times of severe conflict. In conclusion, profound psychosocial vulnerability-including low social support, substance use as coping, and HIV stigma-contextualize IPV among people with HIV. Bidirectional violence often evolved over time as victims negotiated inter-personal strategies for survival, including retaliation. Interventions should focus on a deeper understanding IPV and facilitating of coping mechanisms to help people with HIV stay in care.

Uromodulin and α(1)-antitrypsin urinary peptide analysis to differentiate glomerular kidney diseases.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Glomerular kidney disease (GKD) is suspected in patients based on proteinuria, but its diagnosis relies primarily on renal biopsy. We used urine peptide profiling as a noninvasive means to link GKD-associated changes to each glomerular entity. METHODS: Urinary peptide profiles of 60 biopsy-proven glomerular patients and 14 controls were analyzed by combining magnetic bead peptide enrichment, MALDI-TOF MS analysis, and ClinProTools v2.0 to select differential peptides. Tentative identification of the differential peptides was carried out by HPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: The HPLC-MS/MS results suggest that uromodulin (UMOD; m/z: 1682, 1898 and 1913) and α(1)-antitrypsin (A1AT; m/z: 1945, 2392 and 2505) are differentially expressed urinary peptides that distinguish between GKD patients and healthy subjects. Low UMOD and high A1AT peptide abundance was observed in 80-92% of patients with GKD. Proliferative forms of GKD were distinguished from nonproliferative forms, based on a combination of UMOD and A1AT peptides. Nonproliferative forms correlated with higher A1AT peptide levels - focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was linked more closely to high levels of the m/z 1945 peptide than minimal change disease. CONCLUSION: We describe a workflow - urinary peptide profiling coupled with histological findings - that can be used to distinguish GKD accurately and noninvasively, particularly its nonproliferative forms.

Comprehensive treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis has been reported in 45 countries, including countries with limited resources and a high burden of tuberculosis. We describe the management of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and treatment outcomes among patients who were referred for individualized outpatient therapy in Peru. METHODS: A total of 810 patients were referred for free individualized therapy, including drug treatment, resective surgery, adverse-event management, and nutritional and psychosocial support. We tested isolates from 651 patients for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and developed regimens that included five or more drugs to which the infecting isolate was not resistant. RESULTS: Of the 651 patients tested, 48 (7.4%) had extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis; the remaining 603 patients had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis had undergone more treatment than the other patients (mean [+/-SD] number of regimens, 4.2+/-1.9 vs. 3.2+/-1.6; P<0.001) and had isolates that were resistant to more drugs (number of drugs, 8.4+/-1.1 vs. 5.3+/-1.5; P<0.001). None of the patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis were coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis received daily, supervised therapy with an average of 5.3+/-1.3 drugs, including cycloserine, an injectable drug, and a fluoroquinolone. Twenty-nine of these patients (60.4%) completed treatment or were cured, as compared with 400 patients (66.3%) with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (P=0.36). CONCLUSIONS: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis can be cured in HIV-negative patients through outpatient treatment, even in those who have received multiple prior courses of therapy for tuberculosis.

Messenger RNA expression of B7-1 and NPHS1 in urinary sediment could be useful to differentiate between minimal-change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adult patients.

BACKGROUND: Podocyte proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of glomerular kidney disease (GKD). However, there is little information on messenger RNA (mRNA) expression patterns of B7-1 and NPHS1 in urinary sediment of patients with GKD. The objective of this study was to analyse the gene expression of B7-1 in urinary sediment and correlate it with the expression of podocyte-specific genes in patients with GKD. METHODS: Adult patients with proliferative and non-proliferative GKD, proteinuria and stable renal function, were included. A group of healthy subjects was used to determine normal levels of urinary markers and to obtain reference RNA. Biochemical, clinical and experimental procedures included measurement of creatinine level and total urinary protein, renal biopsy, identification of urinary podocytes, gene expression analysis of B7-1, NPHS1, NPHS2 and SyNPO genes and urinary B7-1 protein analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Between June 2006 and November 2009, 69 patients with GKD (median age: 46 ± 15 years, 64% men) and 14 healthy subjects (median age: 34 ± 12 years, 43% men) were included. In both groups, urinary mRNA levels of B7-1 and NPHS1 were significantly higher in patients with GKD compared to healthy subjects (P = 0.050 and P = 0.008, respectively). Regarding GKD subtypes, patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), but not patients with minimal change disease (MCD), had a significantly higher mRNA expression of B7-1 and NPHS1 than healthy subjects (P = 0.012 and P = 0.030, respectively). Patients with MCD had a significantly lower NPHS1 mRNA expression than patients with FSGS (P = 0.012). The B7-1:NPHS1 urinary mRNA ratio was significantly higher in patients with MCD compared with patients with FSGS (P = 0.027). CONCLUSION: mRNA expression analysis of B7-1 and NPHS1 in urinary sediment may be useful to differentiate between different histologic subtypes of GKD, particularly between MCD and FSGS.

Food insufficiency is a risk factor for suboptimal antiretroviral therapy adherence among HIV-infected adults in urban Peru.

We examined the relationship between food insufficiency and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. A cohort of HIV-infected adults in urban Peru was followed for a two-year period after ART initiation. ART adherence was measured using a 30-day self-report tool and classified as suboptimal if <95% adherence was reported. We conducted a repeated measures cohort analysis to examine whether food insufficiency was more common during months of suboptimal adherence relative to months with optimal adherence. 1,264 adherence interviews were conducted for 134 individuals. Participants who reported food insufficiency in the month prior to interview were more likely to experience suboptimal adherence than those who did not (odds ratio [O.R.]:2.4; 95% confidence interval [C.I.]:1.4, 4.1), even after adjusting for baseline social support score (O.R. per 5 point increase:0.91; C.I.:[0.85, 0.98]) and good baseline adherence self-efficacy (O.R.:0.25; C.I.:[0.09, 0.69]). Interventions that ensure food security for HIV-infected individuals may help sustain high levels of adherence.

Matching social support to individual needs: a community-based intervention to improve HIV treatment adherence in a resource-poor setting.

From December 2005 to April 2007, we enrolled 60 adults starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Lima, Peru to receive community-based accompaniment with supervised antiretrovirals (CASA), consisting of 12 months of DOT-HAART, as well as microfinance assistance and/or psychosocial support group according to individuals' need. We matched 60 controls from a neighboring district, and assessed final clinical and psychosocial outcomes at 24 months. CASA support was associated with higher rates of virologic suppression and lower mortality. A comprehensive, tailored adherence intervention in the form of community-based DOT-HAART and matched economic and psychosocial support is both feasible and effective for certain individuals in resource-poor settings.

Proteomic approach to the study of statin pleiotropy in kidney transplant patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Statins are prescribed in kidney transplant recipients in order to manage dyslipidemia, a common complication in these patients. The efficacy of statins in reducing cholesterol levels has been accompanied by pleiotropic effects. Fifty-four kidney transplant patients were included in the present study, the objective of which was to ascertain the effect of 12 weeks of atorvastatin therapy (10 mg/day) on the patients' lipid profile, renal function, markers of inflammation and plasma peptide profile. METHODS: Biochemical variables were determined with a routine clinical laboratory analyzer, and the proteomic approach was based on magnetic particle-assisted sample processing coupled to mass spectrometry readout. RESULTS: Atorvastatin therapy improved the lipid profile of patients and caused significant changes in their plasma peptide profile; peptides with m/z 1063 and 1898 decreased after treatment and were identified as fragments derived from molecules involved in vascular inflammation, i.e. high-molecular-weight kininogen and complement factor C4, respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings may contribute to the growing body of evidence of the anti-inflammatory actions attributed to statins, by which these drugs could improve these patients' clinical status.

Validation and abbreviation of an HIV stigma scale in an adult spanish-speaking population in urban Peru.

The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Berger HIV Stigma Scale in an urban Spanish-speaking population in Peru and create a valid and reliable abridged version of the scale. Participants were HIV-infected adults enrolled in an observational study to examine the effectiveness of a community-based antiretroviral therapy adherence intervention. Approximately half of participants were female, and the median age at enrollment was 30.5 years. The Spanish version of the full HIV Stigma Scale was internally reliable, demonstrated good construct validity, and was sensitive to change over time. The full HIV Stigma Scale was abbreviated by removing items that impaired subscale internal reliability, did not correlate with other subscale items, or demonstrated low factor correlations. The resulting abridged scale contained 21 of the 40 original items and revealed properties similar to the full Spanish version.

Community-based DOT-HAART accompaniment in an urban resource-poor setting.

From December 2005 to April 2007, we enrolled 60 adults starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a health district of Lima, Peru to receive community-based accompaniment with supervised antiretroviral (CASA). Paid community health workers performed twice-daily home visits to directly observe ART and offered additional medical, social and economic support to CASA participants. We matched 60 controls from a neighboring district by age, CD4 and primary referral criteria (TB status, female, neither). Using validated instruments at baseline and 12 months (time of DOT-HAART completion) we measured depression, social support, quality of life, HIV-related stigma and self-efficacy. We compared 12 month clinical and psychosocial outcomes among CASA versus control groups. CASA participants experienced better clinical and psychosocial outcomes at 12 months, including proportion with virologic suppression, increase in social support and reduction in HIV-associated stigma.

Lifetime Changes in CD4 T-cell count, Viral Load Suppression and Adherence Among Adolescents Living With HIV in Urban Peru.

We quantified longitudinal changes in CD4 T-cell count, viral load suppression and combined antiretroviral therapy adherence from childhood to adolescence among patients living with HIV in urban Peru. Mean CD4 count and viral load suppression decreased dramatically in early adolescence (13 years of age) in tandem with increases in nonadherence.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis and pregnancy: treatment outcomes of 38 cases in Lima, Peru.

BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) disproportionately affects young adults, including women of childbearing age; however, treatment of MDR-TB during pregnancy is still controversial. This study looks at the treatment and pregnancy outcomes in a cohort of women who were treated for MDR-TB during pregnancy during a period of 10 years. METHODS: A retrospective case study was performed using a standardized data collection form and data from 3 ranked sources of patient records. All 38 participants were treated during pregnancy with individualized regimens that included second-line TB medications. We examined the frequency of favorable and adverse outcomes with regard to disease and pregnancy. RESULTS: After completion of MDR-TB treatment, 61% of the women were cured, 13% had died, 13% had defaulted, 5% remained in treatment, and 5% had experienced treatment failure. Four of the women experienced clinical deterioration of TB during pregnancy. Five of the pregnancies terminated in spontaneous abortions, and 1 child was stillborn. Among the living newborns, 3 were born with low birth weight, 1 was born prematurely, and 1 had fetal distress. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of success in treating MDR-TB in our cohort are comparable to those of other MDR-TB treatment programs in Peru. The birth outcomes of our cohort are similar to those among the general Peru population. Therefore, we advocate that a woman should be given the option to continue treatment of MDR-TB rather than terminating pregnancy or discontinuing MDR-TB treatment.

Dynamics of Treatment Supporters and Patients Starting HIV Therapy in Lima, Peru.

As per the National HIV Program in Peru, the designation of a patient-elected treatment supporter is a requisite for starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). These individuals are expected to aid the patient in medical and social support. This qualitative study examines the interaction between treatment supporters and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) to elucidate key dynamics contributing to care. Twenty individual interviews with treatment supporters were analyzed alongside 5 group interviews: 2 groups of treatment supporters, 2 groups of PLWHA, and 1 group of community health workers. Findings characterized formal means of treatment support and informal emotional and instrumental support. Gradual transfer of treatment responsibilities from supporters to PLWHA was found to foster a sense of self-efficacy among PLWHA, and when paired with open communication and committed emotional support, created an ideal reciprocal relationship. However, lack of HIV-related knowledge among treatment supporters was detrimental. More training and systemic support for treatment supporters may optimize their role as informed participants in the care of PLWHA.

Emotional Experiences of Mothers Living With HIV and the Quest for Emotional Recovery: A Qualitative Study in Lima, Peru.

Little evidence exists about the emotional experiences of mothers with HIV, and a better understanding is essential to support their emotional health and treatment adherence. We describe the emotional experiences of eight mothers who initiated antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy or within a few years of childbirth in Lima, Peru. An interpretive phenomenological approach was used, and the following themes emerged: (a) emotions involved in diagnosis and disclosure, (b) the meaning of motherhood with HIV, (c) the mothers' roles in seeking and maintaining relationships with partners and families, and (d) mechanisms for resilience and emotional recovery. Participants experienced sadness and denial after diagnosis, which gave way to emotional recovery. Participant abilities to find refuge in caring for children and coordinating support from loved ones proved to be essential. Participants recognized that intense emotions motivated them to seek creative solutions and cited personal growth as an important outcome.

Challenges of diagnosis and management of tuberculosis and HIV coinfection in resource-limited settings: a case report from Lima, Peru.

We present a Peruvian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patient receiving first-line therapy for tuberculosis who presents with neurological complications to highlight some of the major issues in the diagnosis and management of human immunodeficiency virus-related central nervous system complications in resource-poor settings. These include limited options for diagnosing extrapulmonary and drug-resistant tuberculosis; the importance of central nervous system . imaging; and the management conundrum when faced with a broad differential diagnosis. This patient was with drug-resistant tuberculosis of the brain, unmasked by immunologic recovery in the setting of recent initiation of antiretroviral treatment. We argue that aggressive and timely empiric multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment is important in cases where drug-resistant tuberculosis is suspected. Knowledge gaps include a limited understanding of immune reconstitution and the optimal timing of antiretroviral treatment in the setting of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Psychosocial impact of poverty on antiretroviral nonadherence among HIV-TB coinfected patients in Lima, Peru.

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection poses unique clinical and psychosocial complexities that can impact nonadherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). METHODS: This was a prospective case series to identify risk factors for HAART nonadherence among 43 patients with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) in Lima, Peru. Nonadherence was defined by patient self-report. RESULTS: The median initial CD4 and HIV viral load were 63 and 159,000, respectively. Patients had received a median of 6.1 months of ART. Univariable analysis found low social support, substance use, and depression to be associated with nonadherence. In multivariable analysis, low social support was associated with nonadherence. CONCLUSIONS: In the authors' urban cohort of HIV-TB coinfected individuals in Lima, Peru, substance use, depression, and lack of social support were key barriers to adherence. These findings suggest that adherence interventions may be unsuccessful unless they target the underlying psychosocial challenges faced by patients living with TB and AIDS.