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2.
J Clin Epidemiol ; 66(2): 124-31, 2013 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22406196

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) is a system for rating the confidence in estimates of effect and grading guideline recommendations. It promotes evaluation of the quality of the evidence for each outcome and an assessment of balance between desirable and undesirable outcomes leading to a judgment about the strength of the recommendation. In 2007, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence began introducing GRADE across its clinical guideline program to enable separation of judgments about the evidence quality from judgments about the strength of the recommendation. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We describe the process of implementing GRADE across guidelines. RESULTS: Use of GRADE has been positively received by both technical staff and guideline development group members. CONCLUSION: A shift in thinking about confidence in the evidence was required leading to a more structured and transparent approach to decision making. Practical problems were also encountered; these have largely been resolved, but some areas require further work, including the application of imprecision and presenting results from analyses considering more than two alternative interventions. The use of GRADE for nonrandomized and diagnostic accuracy studies needs to be refined.


Assuntos
Epidemiologia/normas , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências/organização & administração , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Saúde/normas , Humanos , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Estados Unidos
9.
J Public Health Med ; 25(4): 369-71, 2003 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14747598

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A sulphur dioxide (SO(2)) episode occurred in the United Kingdom in 1998. The worst affected area was the city of Nottingham. METHODS: Emergency hospital admissions in Nottingham in the episode week were compared with those in the previous week. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in admissions for all respiratory diseases occurred in the episode week (odds ratio (OR) = 1.40, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) = 1.00-1.94). Ten of the 25 excess admissions were for asthma, although the excess for asthma alone was not statistically significant (OR = 1.90, 95 per cent CI = 0.87-4.15). CONCLUSIONS: The excess admissions for respiratory diseases could have been caused by exposure to SO(2), to other pollutants present in increased concentrations during the pollution episode, or by seasonal variations in the frequency of asthma symptoms, or prevailing weather conditions. This study shows how simple analyses of routinely collected health data can be used to assess public health impacts of pollution episodes.


Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Dióxido de Enxofre/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Respiratórias/induzido quimicamente , Reino Unido/epidemiologia
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