[Solid state isotope hydrogen exchange for deuterium and tritium in human gene-engineered insulin].

The reaction of high temperature solid state catalytic isotope exchange in peptides and proteins under the action of catalyst-activated spillover hydrogen was studied. The reaction of human gene-engineered insulin with deuterium and tritium was conducted at 120-140° C to produce insulin samples containing 2-6 hydrogen isotope atoms. To determine the distribution of the isotope label over tritium-labeled insulin's amino acid residues, oxidation of the S-S bonds of insulin by performic acid was performed and polypeptide chains isolated; then their acid hydrolysis, amino acid analysis and liquid scintillation counts of tritium in the amino acids were conducted. The isotope label was shown to be incorporated in all amino acids of the protein, with the peptide fragment FVNQHLCGSHLVE of the insulin ß-chain showing the largest incorporation. About 45% of the total protein isotope label was incorporated in His5 and His10 of this fragment. For the analysis of isotope label distribution in labeled insulin's peptide fragments, the recovery of the S-S bonds by mercaptoethanol, the enzymatic hydrolysis by glutamyl endopeptidase from Bacillus intermedius and HPLC division of the resulting peptides were carried out. Attribution of the peptide fragments formed due to hydrolysis at the Glu-X bond in the ß-chain was accomplished by mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry analysis data of the deuterium-labeled insulin samples' isotopomeric composition showed that the studied solid state isotope exchange reaction equally involved all the protein molecules. Biological studying of tritium-labeled insulin showed its physiological activity to be completely retained.

(Na, Zr) and (Ca, Zr) Phosphate-Molybdates and Phosphate-Tungstates: I-Synthesis, Sintering and Characterization.

Submicron-grade powders of Na1-xZr2(PO4)3-x(XO4)x compounds (hereafter referred to as NZP) and Ca1-xZr2(PO4)3-x(XO4)x compounds (hereafter, CZP), X = Mo, W (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) were obtained by sol-gel synthesis. The compounds obtained were studied by X-ray diffraction phase analysis and electron microscopy. An increase in the W or Mo contents was shown to result in an increase in the unit cell volume of the NZP and CZP crystal lattices and in a decrease in the coherent scattering region sizes. Thermal expansion behavior at high temperatures of synthesized NZP and CZP compounds has been investigated. The dependencies of the parameters a and c on the heating temperature, as well as the temperature dependence of the crystal lattice unit cell volume V in the range from the room temperature up to 800 °C, were obtained. The dependencies of the average thermal expansion coefficient (αav) and of the volume coefficient (ß) on the W and Mo contents in the compositions of NZP and CZP compounds were studied. Ceramics Na1-xZr2(PO4)3-x(XO4)x with relatively high density (more than 97.5%) were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The increase in the W or Mo contents in the ceramics leads to an increase in the relative density of NZP and to a decrease of the optimum sintering temperature. The mean grain size in the NZP ceramics decreases with increasing W or Mo contents. The study of strength characteristics has revealed that the hardness of the NZP ceramics is greater than 5 GPa, and that the minimum fracture toughness factor was 1 MPa·m1/2.

(Na, Zr) and (Ca, Zr) Phosphate-Molybdates and Phosphate-Tungstates: II-Radiation Test and Hydrolytic Stability.

This paper introduces the results of hydrolytic stability tests and radiation resistance tests of phosphate molybdates and phosphate tungstates Na1-xZr2(PO4)3-x(XO4)x, X = Mo, W (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5). The ceramics characterized by relatively high density (more than 97.5%) were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of submicron powders obtained by sol-gel synthesis. The study focused on hydrolytic resistance of the ceramics in static mode at room temperature. After 28 days of testing in distilled water, the normalized leaching rate was determined. It was found that the ceramics demonstrated high hydrolytic resistance in static mode: the normalized leaching rates for Mo- and W-containing ceramics were 31·10-6 and 3.36·10-6 g·cm-2·day-1, respectively. The ceramics demonstrated high resistance to irradiation with 167 MeV Xe+26 multiple-charged ions at fluences ranging from 1·1012 to 6·1013 cm-2. The Mo-containing Na0.5Zr2(PO4)2.5(XO4)0.5 ceramics were shown to have higher radiation resistance than phosphate tungstates. Radiation was shown to trigger an increase in leaching rates for W and Mo in the crystal structure of NZP ceramics.

Dataset of night-time emissions of the Earth in the near UV range (290-430 nm), with 6.3 km resolution in the latitude range -51.6

The data presented in this article are related to the research paper entitled "Observation of night-time emissions of the Earth in the near UV range from the International Space Station with the Mini-EUSO detector" (Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 284, January 2023, 113336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113336). The data have been acquired with the Mini-EUSO detector, an UV telescope operating in the range 290-430 nm and located inside the International Space Station. The detector was launched in August 2019, and it has started operations from the nadir-facing UV-transparent window in the Russian Zvezda module in October 2019. The data presented here refer to 32 sessions acquired between 2019-11-19 and 2021-05-06. The instrument consists of a Fresnel-lens optical system and a focal surface composed of 36 multi-anode photomultiplier tubes, each with 64 channels, for a total of 2304 channels with single photon counting sensitivity. The telescope, with a square field-of-view of 44°, has a spatial resolution on the Earth surface of 6.3 km and saves triggered transient phenomena with a temporal resolution of 2.5 µs and 320 µs. The telescope also operates in continuous acquisition at a 40.96 ms scale. In this article, large-area night-time UV maps obtained processing the 40.96 ms data, taking averages over regions of some specific geographical areas (e.g., Europe, North America) and over the entire globe, are presented. Data are binned into 0.1° × 0.1° or 0.05° × 0.05° cells (depending on the scale of the map) over the Earth's surface. Raw data are made available in the form of tables (latitude, longitude, counts) and .kmz files (containing the .png images). These are - to the best of our knowledge - the highest sensitivity data in this wavelength range and can be of use to various disciplines.

Biochemical indicators of atherogenic and protective activity of xydiphone in experimental animals.

Atherosclerotic plaque formation and vascular calcinosis were modeled in a subchronic experiment. Reduced HDL and elevated LDL concentrations, increased atherogenic index and albumin toxicity index, and high blood levels of triglycerides and uric acid were early markers of pathology. Xydiphone in combination with vitamin D effectively reduced these changes and the degree of vascular calcinosis.

Transplantation of GABAergic neurons but not astrocytes induces recovery of sensorimotor function in the traumatically injured brain.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been investigated in many animal models of injury and disease. However, few studies have examined the ability of pre-differentiated ES cells to improve functional outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of murine ES cells that were pre-differentiated into GABAergic neurons or astrocytes on functional recovery following TBI. Neural and astrocyte induction was achieved by co-culturing ES cells on a bone marrow stromal fibroblast (M2-10B4) feeder layer and incubating them with various mitogenic factors. Rats were initially prepared with a unilateral controlled cortical contusion injury of the sensorimotor cortex or sham procedure. Rats were transplanted 7 days following injury with approximately 100K GABAergic neurons, astrocytes, fibroblasts, or media. Animals were assessed on a battery of sensorimotor tasks following transplantation. The stromal fibroblast cells (M2-10B4), as a control cell line, did not differ significantly from media infusions. Transplantation of GABAergic neurons facilitated complete and total recovery on the vibrissae-forelimb placing test as opposed to all other groups, which failed to show any recovery. It was also found that GABAergic neurons reduced the magnitude of the initial impairment on the limb use test. Histological analysis revealed infiltration of host brain with transplanted neurons and astrocytes. The results of the present study suggest that transplantation of pre-differentiated GABAergic neurons significantly induces recovery of sensorimotor function; whereas, astrocytes do not.

[RNA-interference in the regulation of axonal transport].

Until now, in the world since literature, there has been no direct evidence indicating that RNA-interference controls local protein synthesis in the mammalian motor neuron axons. In the present review we have summarized the results on intraaxonal protein synthesis, its role in the axonal transport, and mechanisms regulating local protein synthesis in the axoplasm. The new mechanisms regulating axonal transport based on RNA-interference presented in the review let us discuss the questions about pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative diseases. The estimated role of the intraaxonal protein synthesis on axonal transport suggested applying short interfering RNA for degradation of the mutant gene RNA for blocking synthesis of the aberrant protein along the whole axon.

[Mechanisms of neuroprotective effect of estrogens associated with vascular endothelial growth factor expression].

The results of axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves and of the modulating effect of estrogens on the posttraumatic plasticity of motor neurons through the classical and alternative genomic mechanisms involving the activation of estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta and increased transcription of specific neuroprotective control genes. New mechanisms of the neuroprotective effect of estrogens related to the cross interaction of estrogens with intracellular signaling cascades of many other biologically active compounds, in particular, vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelin, are proposed.

[Protein synthesis in the axon].

According to one of the doctrines of neuroscience, protein synthesis in neuronal cells takes place only in the perikaryon and dendrites. The first indirect evidence on the possibility of protein synthesis in the axon appeared a long time ago, but convincing proof of protein synthesis in that compartment of the neuron was obtained only recently. Axoplasm contains numerous cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins which are carried by slow axonal transport. Axonal length may vary from several micrometers to one meter or more. Thus, the transport of protein molecules along the axon may take days, weeks and even months. In urgent response of the neuron to the changes in the conditions of its functioning, the local protein synthesis may save the time and energy required for transportation of newly synthesized proteins. Moreover, intraaxonal protein synthesis is essential in order to maintain the protein contents of the axoplasm, since all the proteins possess limited half-life and undergo biological degradation during their slow transport in the axon. This paper reviews these problems and examines the significance of the local protein synthesis in the axon for realization of specific functions of the neuron.

Expression of immediate early gene proteins following axotomy and inhibition of axonal transport in the rat central nervous system.

The expression of the immediate early gene-encoded proteins c-Jun, Jun B, Jun D, c-Fos, Fos B and Krox-24 in central neurons following transection of, or inhibition of, axonal transport in their axons was investigated in the rat using immunocytochemistry. Transection of the medial forebrain bundle, which produces an essentially complete axotomy of neurons in the ipsilateral mammillary nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area and parafascicularis, induced the expression of c-Jun, Jun D and, to a lesser extent, Krox-24, in these nuclei. Microinjection of colchicine into the medial forebrain bundle to chemically inhibit axonal transport similarly induced the expression of these proteins in these areas. The expression of the proteins was first evident 24 h after transection, reached a maximum at 48 h and was still present after 10 days. However, after 30 days the proteins were absent from the substantia nigra, ventral tegmentum and parafascicularis, and were still present only in the mammillary nuclei. The other immediate early genes, Jun B, c-Fos and Fos B, were never expressed above the basal levels seen in untreated rats. Transection of the corpus callosum and the hippocampal commissure, which produces only a partial axotomy of neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, respectively, did not induce the expression of any of the genes in these neurons. Microinjection of colchicine or vinblastine to produce a localized inhibition of axonal transport in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and cerebellum also induced the expression of c-Jun, Jun D and, again to a lesser extent, Krox-24, in neurons surrounding the injection site. In contrast to this selective expression, administration of the neuronal excitant metrazole induced the expression of all six immediate early gene proteins in central nervous system neurons. These results demonstrate that transection of, or inhibition of, transport in the axons of central neurons induces a particular pattern of expression of transcriptionally operating immediate early genes that may be related to the regenerative competency of the neurons.

Potentiated expression of FOS protein in the rat spinal cord following bilateral noxious cutaneous stimulation.

A noxious mechanical or chemical stimulus to the ventral skin of one hindpaw induced the expression of FOS proteins ipsilaterally in the spinal dorsal horn neurons in the rat. The number of FOS-labelled cells reached a maximum at 2-3 h, and decayed to basal levels within 6 h after the stimulus. When a first noxious stimulus was applied to the contralateral hindpaw 1-1.5 h prior to this stimulus, the number of FOS-labelled cells increased, over all laminae, to 153% (mechanical) and 164% (chemical) compared to the number produced by a single stimulus. This effect of a prior stimulus in increasing the number of FOS-labelled cells produced by a contralateral stimulus persisted for several hours after the first stimulus. The results are interpreted as a sensitization of dorsal horn neurons induced by peripheral noxious stimuli, which is manifest at the molecular biological level.

Sense and antisense transcripts of the developmentally regulated murine hsp70.2 gene are expressed in distinct and only partially overlapping areas in the adult brain.

We have examined the spatial pattern of expression of a member of the hsp70 gene family, hsp70.2, in the mouse central nervous system. Surprisingly, RNA blot analysis and in situ hybridization revealed abundant expression of an 'antisense' hsp70.2 transcript in several areas of adult mouse brain. Two different transcripts recognized by sense and antisense riboprobes for the hsp70.2 gene were expressed in distinct and only partially overlapping neuronal populations. RNA blot analysis revealed low levels of the 2.7 kb transcript of hsp70.2 in several areas of the brain, with highest signal in the hippocampus. Abundant expression of a slightly larger (approximately 2.8 kb) 'antisense' transcript was detected in several brain regions, notably in the brainstem, cerebellum, mesencephalic tectum, thalamus, cortex, and hippocampus. In situ hybridization revealed that the sense and antisense transcripts were both predominantly neuronal and localized to the same cell types in the granular layer of the cerebellum, trapezoid nucleus of the superior olivary complex, locus coeruleus and hippocampus. The hsp70.2 antisense transcripts were particularly abundant in the frontal cortex, dentate gyrus, subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, superior and inferior colliculi, central gray, brainstem, and cerebellar Purkinje cells. Our findings have revealed a distinct cellular and spatial localization of both sense and antisense transcripts, demonstrating a new level of complexity in the function of the heat shock genes.

Role of heat shock protein Hsp25 in the response of the orofacial nuclei motor system to physiological stress.

Although expression of the small heat shock protein family member Hsp25 has been previously observed in the central nervous system (CNS), both constitutively and upon induction, its function in the CNS remains far from clear. In the present study we have characterized the spatial pattern of expression of Hsp25 in the normal adult mouse brain as well as the changes in expression patterns induced by subjecting mice to experimental hyperthermia or hypoxia. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a surprisingly restricted pattern of constitutive expression of Hsp25 in the brain, limited to the facial, trigeminal, ambiguus, hypoglossal and vagal motor nuclei of the brainstem. After hyperthermia or hypoxia treatment, significant increases in the levels of Hsp25 were observed in these same areas and also in fibers of the facial and trigeminal nerve tracts. Immunoblot analysis of protein lysates from brainstem also showed the same pattern of induction of Hsp25. Surprisingly, no other area in the brain showed expression of Hsp25, in either control or stressed animals. The highly restricted expression of Hsp25 implies that this protein may have a specific physiological role in the orofacial motor nuclei, which govern precise coordination between muscles of mastication and the pharynx, larynx, and face. Its rapid induction after stress further suggests that Hsp25 may serve as a specific molecular chaperone in the lower cholinergic motor neurons and along their fibers under conditions of stress or injury.

Crosstalk between p38, Hsp25 and Akt in spinal motor neurons after sciatic nerve injury.

The p38 stress-activated protein kinase pathway is involved in regulation of phosphorylation of Hsp25, which in turn regulates actin filament dynamic in non-neuronal cells. We report that p38, Hsp25 and Akt signaling pathways were specifically activated in spinal motor neurons after sciatic nerve axotomy. The activation of the p38 kinase was required for induction of Hsp25 expression. Furthermore, Hsp25 formed a complex with Akt, a member of PI-3 kinase pathway that prevents neuronal cell death. Together, our observations implicate Hsp25 as a central player in a complex system of signaling that may both promote regeneration of nerve fibers and prevent neuronal cell death in the injured spinal cord.

Raloxifene analog LY117018 enhances the regeneration of sciatic nerve in ovariectomized female mice.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of LY117018, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on peripheral nerve regeneration, using a model of sciatic nerve crush injury in mice. Sciatic functional index, an index of functional recovery, was significantly higher in LY117018 treated mice throughout regeneration. Analysis of semi-thin sections revealed a significant increase in both the total number of regenerating nerve fibers at day 7, and the mean axonal area of myelinated fibers at 7, 14, and 21 days after injury, in LY117018 treated mice. Analysis of axonal transport through retrograde labeling of motor neurons showed that LY117018 increased transport, and ICI 182,780 blocked the effects of LY117018, delineating estrogen receptors as its target. Our study suggests that LY117018 may markedly accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery through activation of estrogen receptors.

[The probiotic correction of microecological and immune disorders in gastroduodenal pathology in children]. / Korrektsiia probiotikami mikroékologicheskikh i immunnykh narushenii pri gastroduodenal'noi patologii u detei.

The state of microbiocenosis was studied and the level of immunoglobulins was determined in the gastric juice and feces of children with chronic diseases of the digestive system. In 20% of patients an increase in the contamination of the gastric biotope with opportunistic microflora was established. The isolation rate of Helicobacter pylori was 56%. The detection of H. pylori was found to be accompanied by the aggravation of the form and course of gastritis. In cases of Helicobacter-associated pathology the deficiency of Lactobacillus sp. in the stomach was established, which was accompanied by their deficiency and absence in feces. The study also revealed a decrease in the population level of Bifidobacterium sp. with a simultaneous increase in the population of opportunistic enterobacteria and changes in the state of local immunity: the decreased level of SIgA in most samples and the decreased level of IgG in the presence of H. pylori. The correction of microecological and immune disturbances with probiotic preparations, containing bifidobacteria (bifidumbacterin-forte) and lactobacilli, yielded good results.

[Measurement of the transcapillary fluid exchange in anesthesized rats]. / Metod izmereniia transkapilliarnogo obmena zhidkosti u narkotizirovannykh krys.

An experimental model was developed for the study of antiedemic drug activity in anesthetized rats. The effect of furosemide upon the transcapillary fluid shift was studied. It is shown that the character of changes in the arterio-venous difference of blood density in response to postural (orthostatic versus antiorthostatic) changes can be used to udge on the filtration and reabsorption processes in the microcirculation bed of hind extremities in anesthetized rats.

[Effect of moxonidine on the cardiac chronotropic regulation in hypertensive rats SHR-SP]. / Vliianie moksonidina na kardiokhronotropnye mekhanizmy reguliatsii u gipertenzivnykh krys SHR-SP.

The administration of moxonidine for two weeks in a daily dose of 2 or 10 mg/kg (p.o.) reduced the cardiac sympathetic tone in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP) by 24.3 +/- 7.3 and 32.2 +/- 10.2%, respectively. In addition, the treatment influenced the cardiac baroreflex by decreasing the bradycardic plateau and increasing both bradycardic and tachycardic range. The baroreflex gain increased in a dose-dependent manner by 41.6 +/- 12.1 and 103.0 +/- 3.9%, respectively. These data indicate that moxonidine can modulate the cardiac autonomic (tonic and reflex) chronotropic control.

[Effect of daflon on the transcapillary fluid exchange in hindlimbs of anesthesized Wistar rats]. / Vliianie daflona na transkapilliarnyi obmen zhidkosti v zadnikh konechnostiakh narkotizirovannykh krys Vistar.

The effect of daflon administration (100 mg/kg/day, p.o., over 8 days) upon the transcapillary fluid shift in the hind extremities of narcotized rats was studied. The effect was evaluated by the arterio-venous difference of the blood density (orthostatic versus antiorthostatic). The treatment reduced the level of fluid filtration from the vascular channel to the interstitial space, but did not affect the level of reabsorption.

[A set of devices for monitoring radon and thoron in various media]. / Kompleks apparatury dlia monitoringa radona i torona v razlichnykh sredakh.

A new class of devices has been designed for rapid and integral measurements of environmental radon and thoron at the levels much lower than the approved normal ones. The operation principle of the devices' transducers is based on deposition of ionized decay byproducts of radon and thoron onto the surface of a semiconductor detector in the measuring chamber, followed by recording of their alpha-radiation. The devised radiometers have some advantages, namely: a high sensitivity (10 Bk/m3), simultaneously record the air levels of radon and thoron in the spectrometric operation of measurements, require no changeable aerosol filters and potent air blowers. The available serial foreign analogues of radiometers have worse parameters and functional capacities than the designed PPA-01M- and PPA-03 type ones.