Dysbiosis is one of the risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment and potential target for treatment.

More than 50 million people have various forms of cognitive impairment basically caused by neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and cerebrovascular diseases as well as stroke. Often these conditions coexist and exacerbate one another. The damaged area in post-stroke dementia may lead to neurodegenerative lesions. Gut microbiome functions like an endocrine organ by generating bioactive metabolites that can directly or indirectly impact human physiology. An alteration in the composition and function of intestinal flora, i.e. gut dysbiosis, is implicated in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Additionally, gut dysbiosis may accelerate the progression of cognitive impairment. Dysbiosis may result from obesity; metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and sleep disorders, Lack of physical activity is associated with dysbiosis as well. These may coexist in various patterns in older people, enhancing the risk, incidence, and progression of cerebrovascular lesions, neurodegenerative disorders, and cognitive impairment, creating a vicious circle. Recently, it has been reported that several metabolites produced by gut microbiota (e.g., trimethylamine/trimethylamine N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids) may be linked to neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. New treatment modalities, including prebiotic and probiotics, may normalize the gut microbiota composition, change the brain-gut barrier, and decrease the risk of the pathology development. Fecal microbiota transplantation, sometimes in combination with other methods, is used for remodeling and replenishing the symbiotic gut microbiome. This promising field of research is associated with basic findings of bidirectional communication between body organs and gut microbiota that creates new possibilities of pharmacological treatments of many clinical conditions. The authors present the role of gut microbiota in physiology, and the novel therapeutic targets in modulation of intestinal microbiota Personalized therapies based on their personal genome make up could offer benefits by modulating microbiota cross-talk with brain and cardiovascular system. A healthy lifestyle, including pre and probiotic nutrition is generally recommended. Prevention may also be enhanced by correcting gut dysbiosis resulting a reduced risk of post-stroke cognitive impairment including dementia.

Updated Understanding of the Degenerative Disc Diseases - Causes Versus Effects - Treatments, Studies and Hypothesis.

BACKGROUND: In this review we survey medical treatments and research strategies, and we discuss why they have failed to cure degenerative disc diseases or even slow down the degenerative process. OBJECTIVE: We seek to stimulate discussion with respect to changing the medical paradigm associated with treatments and research applied to degenerative disc diseases. METHOD PROPOSAL: We summarize a Biological Transformation therapy for curing chronic inflammations and degenerative disc diseases, as was previously described in the book Biological Transformations controlled by the Mind Volume 1. PRELIMINARY STUDIES: A single-patient case study is presented that documents complete recovery from an advanced lumbar bilateral discopathy and long-term hypertrophic chronic rhinitis by application of the method proposed. CONCLUSION: Biological transformations controlled by the mind can be applied by men and women in order to improve their quality of life and cure degenerative disc diseases and chronic inflammations illnesses.

Updated Understanding of Cancer as a Metabolic and Telomere-Driven Disease, and Proposal for Complex Personalized Treatment, a Hypothesis.

In this review, we propose a holistic approach to understanding cancer as a metabolic disease. Our search for relevant studies in medical databases concludes that cancer cells do not evolve directly from normal healthy cells. We hypothesize that aberrant DNA damage accumulates over time-avoiding the natural DNA controls that otherwise repair or replace the rapidly replicating cells. DNA damage starts to accumulate in non-replicating cells, leading to senescence and aging. DNA damage is linked with genetic and epigenetic factors, but the development of cancer is favored by telomerase activity. Evidence indicates that telomere length is affected by chronic inflammations, alterations of mitochondrial DNA, and various environmental factors. Emotional stress also influences telomere length. Chronic inflammation can cause oxidative DNA damage. Oxidative stress, in turn, can trigger mitochondrial changes, which ultimately alter nuclear gene expression. This vicious cycle has led several scientists to view cancer as a metabolic disease. We have proposed complex personalized treatments that seek to correct multiple changes simultaneously using a psychological approach to reduce chronic stress, immune checkpoint therapy with reduced doses of chemo and radiotherapy, minimal surgical intervention, if any, and mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming protocols supplemented by intermittent fasting and personalized dietary plans without interfering with the other therapies.

Updated Understanding of the Causes of Cancer, and a New Theoretical Perspective of Combinational Cancer Therapies, a Hypothesis.

We present an integrative understanding of cancer as a metabolic multifactorial, multistage disease. We focus on underlying genetics-environmental interactions, evidenced by telomere changes. A range of genetic and epigenetic factors, including physical agents and predisposing factors such as diet and lifestyle are included. We present a structured model of the causes of cancer, methods of investigations, approaches to cancer prevention, and polypharmaceutical multidisciplinary complex treatment within a framework of personalized medicine. We searched PubMed, National Cancer Institute online, and other databases for publications regarding causes of cancer, reports of novel mitochondrial reprogramming, epigenetic, and telomerase therapies and state-of-the-art investigations. We focused on multistep treatment protocols to enhance early detection of cancer, and elimination or neutralization of the causes and factors associated with cancer formation and progression. Our aim is to suggest a model therapeutic protocol that incorporates the patient's genome, metabolism, and immune system status; stage of tumor development; and comorbidity(ies), if any. Investigation and treatment of cancer is a challenge that requires further holistic studies that improve the quality of life and survival rates, but are most likely to aid prevention.

Hypothetical Role of Growth Factors to Reduce Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Significantly through Trained Biological Transformations.

BACKGROUND: Given the evidence of little or no therapeutic benefit of injection-based growth factor therapies, it has been proposed that a naturally triggered uninterrupted blood circulation of the growth factors would be superior. OBJECTIVE: We seek to stimulate discussions and more research about the possibility of using the already available growth factors found in the prostate gland and endometrium by starting novel educable physiology, known as biological transformations controlled by the mind. METHODS: We summarized the stretch-gated ion channel mechanism of the cell membrane and offer several practical methods that can be applied by anyone, in order to stimulate and enhance the blood circulation of the growth factors from the seminal fluid to sites throughout the body. This study describes, in detail, the practical application of our earlier published studies about biological transformations. RESULTS: A previously reported single-patient case study has been extended, adding more from his personal experiences to continually improve this novel physiological training and extending the ideas from our earlier findings in detail. CONCLUSION: The biological transformation findings demonstrate the need for additional research to establish the benefits of these natural therapies to repair and rejuvenate tissues affected by various chronic diseases or aging processes.

Biological Mechanisms of Atypical and Melancholic Major Depressive Disorder.

BACKGROUND: This review summarizes recent findings in molecular biology and neuroimaging and their applicability to the classification and identification of depression. We discuss whether there is reliable evidence that could become a basis for biomarkers or subtyping that may enhance our understanding of the biological foundations of depression and may be useful for clinical practice with respect to diagnosis and prognosis as well as the selection of treatments. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation is to present molecular mechanisms that contribute to different origins of depressions that could prove useful in the daily psychiatric clinic-based practices. METHODS: The authors have analyzed and summarized electronic publications available in PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scopus. RESULTS: The introduction of molecular diagnostic methods into medical practice is a promising method to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of depression in clinical settings. The literature analysis revealed structural changes in some areas of the brain, its neuroplasticity, as well as changes at the molecular, epigenetic, and genetic levels. However, there are no current reliable biomarkers for differential diagnosis of the types and subtypes of depression. CONCLUSION: Major depressive disorder is a biologically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Given its complexity, subtyping is worthwhile to identify biological bases of conditions. The literature review provides ample findings that reveal possible underlying biological mechanisms associated with atypical and melancholic depression. Additional focused research should be continued with respect to the molecular and genetic biology of different types of depression. There already are promising findings, but additional research to define biologically based depressive subtypes is needed and worthwhile.

The morphofunctional pattern of neuronal biogenic amines in postpartum involution period-an in vivo study.

Postpartum uterine diseases are associated with significant imbalance in the levels of biogenic amines (BAs) in rat uterus. Mast cells (MCs) are the main suppliers of BAs such as serotonin, catecholamines, and histamine in uterus. There is limited evidence of the BA-positive elements involved in the physiological regulation of uterus during postpartum involution. The aim of present study is to determine the concentration and distribution of biogenic amines (BAs) such as histamine, serotonin, and catecholamines in the uterine endometrium, myometrium, and peritoneal fluid (PF) during the postpartum uterine involution. A total of 110 nulliparous outbred female nonpregnant Wistar rats of mature age were divided into eleven groups (n=10 per group) according to days of postpartum involution. Tissue specimens of uterine segments, PF were prepared. Serotonin, catecholamines, and histamine concentrations were examined by fluorescence-histochemical techniques. The fluorescence of the BA-positive elements was detected and analyzed by microspectrofluorimetry. Results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared test and pairwise Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests with "Benjamini-Hochberg correction" in R 3.6.3. Mast cells in uterine segments, PF exhibited characteristic yellowish-green fluorescence. The highest MCs number was reported in corpus uteri on the 15th day of postpartum involution. Serotonin, catecholamines, and histamine levels were significantly higher in BA-positive elements in the initial days. BA content was dynamic and relies on the time elapsed after parturition. There was statistically significant difference in the levels of BAs in the cornu and cervix uteri. A single morphofunctional complex of BA supply was noticed in the reproductive system of the rats. The coupled interactions of intra- and extra-organic BA-positive elements was associated with anabolic/catabolic equilibrium in uterus through the metabolism of serotonin, catecholamines, and histamine during postpartum involution.

Withdrawal Notice: Applying Peer Mentoring to Improve Learning Human Anatomy

The article has been withdrawn at the request of the co-authors due to the death of the corresponding author (Dr. Aliev). Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused. The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php BENTHAM SCIENCE DISCLAIMER: It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.

Statistical Review of the Suicide Attempts Rates Committed on Polish Railway Tracks between the years 2013-2016.

Suicides on railway tracks are one of the most drastic ones. No research concerning this phenomenon has been done to this date in Poland. This article focuses on the connection between suicidal behaviors on Polish railway tracks and sociodemographic traits and presents risk factors. BACKGROUND: The suicide behavior is largely spread among many European countries. Of these, Poland ranks 22nd in terms of suicide attempts. This study aims to highlight the suicide attempts rates on Polish railways lines and their main risk factors. LIMITATIONS: Limited number of available statistical data before 2013. METHOD: Statistical review of the available Central Police headquarters database and analyses of the influence of the risk factors on people's awareness during the suicide attempts and their geographical distribution in Poland during the years 2013 - 2016. The prevalence of railway suicides in individual voivodeships (provinces) in Poland have been indicated in a 3D map. RESULTS: There were 834 cases of railway suicide fatalities across the entire country. Of the total suicide statistics by any means, 3.75% are railway related. The average known age of those committing railway suicides were: 37.9 years for men (n = 627) and 34.6 for women (n = 155). In most cases, suicides were committed by bachelors (54.3%). The largest group of people who committed suicide had a primary level of education (42.0%). Among the suicides, a significant group are unemployed (45.2%). Alcohol intoxication have been established as responsible for a person's lower awareness of his actions in 70.9% of cases. Almost 63.3% of people had a higher propensity for suicidal ideation and behavior, resulting in their being treated for mental health issues. CONCLUSION: Alcohol intoxication, illegal narcotics and psychotropic medication are responsible for a person's lower awareness during his ore her actions, in most of the cases of suicide on Polish railway lines.

Complex Treatment and Prosthetic Rehabilitation of an Acquired Maxillofacial Defect with Tumor Invasion: Brief Report.

BACKGROUND: A patient was evaluated with respect to the effects and results of a complex treatment plan for complete dental rehabilitation. Several steps were required. Each step included immunological tests of salivary biomarkers. Clinical and immunological assessments were evaluated on Day 3, Week 2, Month 3, and Month 6 post-surgery. These evaluations guided the decision-making process with regard to preparation of a permanent prosthesis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the response of tissues and organs of the maxillofacial region in patients during dental rehabilitation after maxillofacial surgery. METHODS: Complex treatment and rehabilitation involving cooperation between the specialists in maxillofacial surgery, prosthetic dentistry, and cancer immunology. RESULTS: Long-term monitoring and clinical examination showed a direct relationship between the patient's clinical and dental status and the changes in oral fluid biomarkers. CONCLUSION: The data revealed that the oral fluid biomarkers reflected the patient's adaptation to prosthodontic rehabilitation. Treatment and monitoring of a maxillofacial tumor patient could use biomarkers as a non-invasive indicator.

Suicide and Suicide Attempts in Elderly Patients: An Epidemiological Analysis of Risk Factors and Prevention.

A number of elderly patients commit suicide due to the interaction of various factors, including, for example, feelings of loneliness, financial distress, alcohol abuse, chronic pain, progressive diseases, and personality disorders. The data from the EU countries with the highest rates of suicide and suicide attempts among people over 55 years of age warrant the consideration of new approaches to address this social problem. METHODS: PubMed and other databases, including Polish National data, were used for the analyses. RESULTS: The average European suicide-attempt rate is 18 per 100 thousand inhabitants. More cases of suicides were reported among those over 55 years of age. Suicide attempts from the year 2012 to 2014 and deaths in 2012 have been reviewed. The risk factors involved in these events, such as depression and social situations including loneliness, health condition, etc., have been discussed to suggest a plausible preventative approach for this important elderly problem. CONCLUSION: The psychophysiology of elderly persons affected by retirement, socio-economic changes, limited personal autonomy, loneliness, lack of support by the family, and diseases ultimately may lead elderly patients to commit suicide. Thus, financial freedom, family support (respect, love, and care), proper medications, psychological and psychiatric interventions may help the elderly avoid suicidal thoughts and prevent attempts.

Health Science Community Will Miss This Bright and Uniting Star: In Memory of Professor Gjumrakch Aliev, M.D, Ph.D.

It is with deep sadness that we offer our memorial on the unexpected demise of our dear colleague, Professor Gjumrakch Aliev [...].

A Novel Non-invasive Effective Method for Potential Treatment of Degenerative Disc Disease: A Hypothesis.

The pathophysiology of the intervertebral discs plays a significant role in the people's life quality. There is not adequate research done in the pathogenesis and treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Alternately, self-educated physiology offers a novel and noninvasive method to reverse the degenerated discs. In this single case study, report attempts have been made to highlight the effect of the self-educative physiology, on magnetic resonance imaging investigations, of progressive healing, on the degenerated intervertebral discs. Based on this novel method, an effort has been made to review literature on the degeneration of intervertebral discs and available mode of treatments and then to propose a hypothesis for the biochemical mechanisms of healing. The idea is that transforming growth factor-ß1 from seminal plasma secretions may contribute to releasing the osteogenic protein- 1 which induces nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells in intervertebral discs for repairs. In addition, the patient's medical history is presented with background information.