Direct impact of gonadotropins on glucose uptake and storage in preovulatory granulosa cells: Implications in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is often associated with higher levels of LH, and arrested ovarian follicular growth. The direct impact of high LH on FSH mediated metabolic responses in PCOS patients is not clearly understood. METHOD: In order to investigate the impact of FSH and LH on glucose metabolism in preovulatory granulosa cells (GCs), we used [U14C]-2 deoxyglucose, D-[U14C]-glucose or 2-NBD glucose to analyse glucose uptake and its incorporation into glycogen. To reproduce the high androgenic potential in PCOS patients, we administered hCG both in vitro and in vivo. The role of IRS-2/PI3K/Akt2 pathway was studied after knockdown with specific siRNA. Immunoprecipitation and specific assays were used for the assessment of IRS-2, glycogen synthase and protein phosphatase 1. Furthermore, we examined the in vivo effects of hCG on FSH mediated glycogen increase in normal and PCOS rat model. HEK293 cells co-expressing FSHR and LHR were used to demonstrate glucose uptake and BRET change by FSH and hCG. RESULTS: In normal human and rat granulosa cells, FSH is more potent than hCG in stimulating glucose uptake, however glycogen synthesis was significantly upregulated only by FSH through increase in activity of glycogen synthase via IRS-2/PI3K/Akt2 pathway. On the contrary, an impaired FSH-stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in granulosa cells of PCOS-patients indicated a selective defect in FSHR activation. Further, in normal human granulosa cells, and in immature rat model, the impact of hCG on FSH responses was such that it inhibited the FSH-mediated glucose uptake as well as glycogen synthesis through inhibition of FSH-stimulated IRS-2 expression. These findings were further validated in HEK293 cells overexpressing Flag-LHR and HA-FSHR, where high hCG inhibited the FSH-stimulated glucose uptake. Notably, an increased BRET change was observed in HEK293 cells expressing FSHR-Rluc8 and LHR-Venus possibly suggesting increased heteromerization of LHR and FSHR in the presence of both hCG and FSH in comparison to FSH or hCG alone. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm a selective attenuation of metabolic responses to FSH such as glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis by high activation level of LHR leading to the inhibition of IRS-2 pathway, resulting in depleted glycogen stores and follicular growth arrest in PCOS patients.

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for milk progesterone.

A direct antigen heterologous enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for milk progesterone has been developed using progesterone-3-O-carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin (P-3-O-CMO-BSA) antiserum and 17-α-hydroxy-progesterone-3-O-carboxymethyloxime-horseradish peroxidase (17-α-OH-P-3-O-CMO-HRP) enzyme conjugate. The data of the present study reveal that the homologous assay, which employed P-3-O-CMO-HRP as the label, showed no displacement. On the contrary, replacement of P-3-O-CMO-HRP with 17-α-OH-P-3-O-CMO-HRP as the label showed significant displacement and led to the development of a sensitive and specific assay. The recovery of the exogenously spiked progesterone from milk pools was in the range of 94.3-97.88% for toned milk and 97.6-101% for full-cream milk. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 4.1-7.8% and 4.4-7.0%, respectively. A high ionic strength buffer was used to obtain released progesterone from binding protein/fat. The progesterone values measured in toned and full-cream milk ranged from 1.198-9.745 ng/mL and 6.949-14.923 ng/mL, respectively. The milk progesterone values obtained by this method correlated well with those obtained by radioimmunoassay; r = 0.95 (n = 65).

FSH stimulates IRS-2 expression in human granulosa cells through cAMP/SP1, an inoperative FSH action in PCOS patients.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a central role in growth and differentiation of ovarian follicles. A plethora of information exists on molecular aspects of FSH responses but little is known about the mechanisms involved in its cross-talk with insulin/IGF-1 pathways implicated in the coordination of energy homeostasis in preovulatory granulosa cells (GCs). In this study, we hypothesized that FSH may regulate IRS-2 expression and thereby maintain the energy balance in GCs. We demonstrate here that FSH specifically increases IRS-2 expression in human and rat GCs. FSH-stimulated IRS-2 expression was inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Furthermore, FSH decreases IRS-2 mRNA degradation indicating post-transcriptional stabilization. Herein, we demonstrate a role of cAMP pathway in the activation of IRS-2 expression by FSH. Scan and activity analysis of IRS-2 promoter demonstrated that FSH regulates IRS-2 expression through SP1 binding sites. FSH stimulates SP1 translocation into nucleus and its binding to IRS-2 promoter. These results are corroborated by the fact that siRNA mediated knockdown of IRS-2 decreased the FSH-stimulated PI3K activity, p-Akt levels, GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. However, FSH was not able to increase IRS-2 expression in GCs from PCOS women undergoing IVF. Interestingly, IRS-2 mRNA expression was downregulated in GCs from the PCOS rat model. Taken together, our findings establish that FSH induces IRS-2 expression and thereby activates PI3K, Akt and glucose uptake. Crucially, our data confirms a molecular defect in FSH action in PCOS GCs which may cause deceleration of metabolism and follicular growth leading to infertility. These results lend support for a therapeutic potential of IRS-2 in the management of PCOS.