5,5-Dimethyl-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indole-2,4-dione, a potent inhibitor for mammalian elongase of long-chain fatty acids family 6: examination of its potential utility as a pharmacological tool.

Long-chain fatty acid elongases reside in the endoplasmic reticulum and are responsible for the rate-limiting step of the elongation of long-chain fatty acids. The elongase of long-chain fatty acids (ELOVL) family 6 (ELOVL6) is involved in the elongation of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids. Increased expression of ELOVL6 in ob/ob mice suggests a role for ELOVL6 in metabolic disorders. Furthermore, ELOVL6-deficient mice are protected from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, which suggests that ELOVL6 might be a new therapeutic target for diabetes. As reported previously, we developed a high-throughput screening system for fatty acid elongases and discovered lead chemicals that possess inhibitory activities against ELOVL6. In the present study, we examined in detail the biochemical and pharmacological properties of 5,5-dimethyl-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indole-2,4-dione (Compound-A), a potent inhibitor of ELOVL6. In in vitro assays, Compound-A dose-dependently inhibited mouse and human ELOVL6 and displayed more than 30-fold greater selectivity for ELOVL6 over the other ELOVL family members. In addition, Compound-A effectively reduced the elongation index of fatty acids of hepatocytes, suggesting that Compound-A penetrates the cell wall and inhibits ELOVL6. More importantly, upon oral administration to mice, Compound-A showed high plasma and liver exposure and potently reduced the elongation index of the fatty acids of the liver. This is the first study to report a potent and selective inhibitor of mammalian elongases. Furthermore, Compound-A seems to be a useful tool to further understand the physiological roles of ELOVL6 and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of an ELOVL6 inhibitor.

Synthesis and evaluation of a novel 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane class of long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) inhibitors.

A series of novel 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) inhibitors. Screening of our corporate chemical collections against ELOVL6 resulted in the identification of lead 1. Exploratory chemistry efforts were applied to lead 1 to identify the orally available, potent, and selective ELOVL6 inhibitor 28a.

Effects of separate application of three growth factors (TGF-beta1, EGF, and PDGF-BB) on mechanical properties of the in situ frozen-thawed anterior cruciate ligament.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify effects of a separate application of TGF-beta1, EGF, and PDGF-BB on the material properties of the in situ frozen-thawed anterior cruciate ligament. DESIGN: Twenty-eight rabbits were divided into four groups after undergoing the in situ freeze-thaw treatment in the right anterior cruciate ligament. In 3 of the 4 groups, 4 ng TGF-beta1, 20 ng EGF, and 4 microg PDGF-BB was applied to the frozen anterior cruciate ligament, respectively. In the remaining sham treatment group, only fibrin sealant as a vehicle was applied. Each animal was sacrificed at 12 weeks after surgery. BACKGROUND: If the role of growth factors in ligament healing and remodeling is understood, better therapies can be designed for ligament trauma. METHODS: The freeze-thaw treatment was performed three times using the originally developed cryo-probe. The cross-sectional area of the anterior cruciate ligament was measured by the optical non-contact method. After preconditioning, each specimen was stretched to failure. The ligament strain was determined with a video dimension analyzer. RESULTS: The tensile strength and the tangent modulus of the anterior cruciate ligament in the TGF-beta1 group was significantly higher than in the sham group, but significantly lower than in the normal control group. There were no significant differences in the strength and the modulus between the EGF group, the PDGF-BB group, and the sham group. CONCLUSIONS: In this model, an application of 4 ng TGF-beta1 significantly inhibited some of the material deterioration that occurs in the in situ frozen-thawed anterior cruciate ligament, while an application of 20 ng EGF or 4 microg PDGF-BB did not significantly affect the deterioration. RELEVANCE: This information will be useful in the future to develop a new biological therapy for ligament reconstruction to prevent the graft deterioration after transplantation.

Effects of combined administration of transforming growth factor-beta1 and epidermal growth factor on properties of the in situ frozen anterior cruciate ligament in rabbits.

The mechanical properties of tendon autografts used in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are reduced after surgery. Previous studies showed that growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) can stimulate fibroblast proliferation and increase collagen and noncollagenous protein synthesis by these cells. These factors might be useful, therefore, in preventing graft deterioration after transplantation or accelerating mechanical restoration of the deteriorated graft. The purpose of our study, therefore, was to clarify the effects of TGF-beta1 and EGF on biomechanical properties using an in situ freeze-thaw ACL model in the rabbit. A total of 142 rabbits underwent the freeze-thaw treatment in the right ACL and were then divided into four groups. Group I served as a freeze-thaw, but otherwise untreated control. In Group II. a delivery vehicle (fibrin sealant) alone was applied. In Group III, 4-ng TGF-beta1 and 100-ng EGF mixed with the vehicle were applied. In Group IV, higher doses (2-microg TGF-beta1 and 50-microg EGF) of growth factors were mixed with the vehicle. The groups were compared at 6 and 12 weeks on the basis of mechanical properties, water content, and histological and ultrastructural observations. The cross-sectional area of Group III (average, 7.1 mm2) was significantly less than that of Groups I, II, and IV (9.0. 8.2. and 9.4 mm2. respectively) at 12 weeks. The tensile strength of Group lII (62.2 MPa) was significantly greater than that of Groups I, II, and IV (35.6, 43.7, and 36.9 MPa, respectively) at 12 weeks, while the water content of Group III (70.7%) was significantly lower than that of Group I (75.2%). No other significant differences occurred among Groups I, II, and IV. A unimodal distribution of collagen fibril diameters was noted in Groups I and II, while a bimodal pattern was found in Group III. This study demonstrated that low-dose application of TGFbeta1 and EGF significantly inhibited not only the increased water content and cross-sectional area, but also the decreased tensile strength caused by the freeze-thaw treatment, while a high dose of TGF-beta1 and EGF does not have the same beneficial effects.

Discovery and characterization of a novel potent, selective and orally active inhibitor for mammalian ELOVL6.

The elongase of long chain fatty acids family 6 (ELOVL6) is a rate-limiting enzyme for the elongation of saturated and monounsaturated long chain fatty acids. ELOVL6 is abundantly expressed in lipogenic tissues such as liver, and its mRNA expression is up-regulated in obese model animals. ELOVL6 deficient mice are protected from high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance, suggesting that ELOVL6 might be a new therapeutic target for diabetes. We previously identified an indoledione compound, Compound A, as the first inhibitor for mammalian ELOVL6. In this study, we discovered a novel compound, Compound B, and characterized its biochemical and pharmacological properties. Compound B has a more appropriate profile for use as a pharmacological tool compared to Compound A. Chronic treatment with Compound B in model animals, diet-induced obesity (DIO) and KKAy mice, showed significant reduction in hepatic fatty acid composition, suggesting that it effectively inhibits ELOVL6 activity in the liver. However, no improvement in insulin resistance by ELOVL6 inhibition was found in these model animals. Further studies need to address the impact of ELOVL6 inhibition on pharmacological abnormalities in several model animals. This is the first report on pharmacology data from chronic studies using a selective ELOVL6 inhibitor. Compound B appears to be a useful tool to further understand the physiological roles of ELOVL6 and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ELOVL6 inhibitors.

Development of a high-density assay for long-chain fatty acyl-CoA elongases.

We established a convenient assay method for measuring elongation of very long chain fatty acids (ELOVLs) using a Unifilter-96 GF/C plate. The Unifilter GF/C plate preferentially interacts with hydrophobic end products of ELOVLs (i.e., long chain fatty acid), with minimal malonyl-CoA (C2 unit donor for fatty acid elongation) interaction. This new method results in the quick separation and detection of [(14)C] incorporated end products (e.g., [(14)C] palmitoyl-CoA) from reaction mixtures containing excessive amounts of [(14)C] malonyl-CoA. In the Unifilter-96 GF/C plate assay, recombinantly expressed human ELOVLs (i.e., ELOVL1,-2,-3,-5 and -6) displayed appreciable assay windows (>2-fold vs. mock-transfected control), enabling us to conduct comprehensive substrate profiling of ELOVLs. The substrate concentration profile of ELOVL6 in the Unifilter-96 GF/C plate assay is consistent with that obtained from the conventional liquid extraction method, thus, supporting the reliability of the Unifilter-96 GF/C plate assay. We then examined the substrate specificities of ELOVLs in a comprehensive fashion. As previously reported, ELOVL1, -3 and -6 preferably elongated the saturated fatty acyl-CoAs while ELOVL2 and ELOVL5 preferentially elongated the polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs. This further confirms the Unifilter-96 GF/C plate assay reliability. Taken together, our newly developed assay provides a convenient and comprehensive assay platform for ELOVLs, allowing investigators to conduct high density screening and characterization of ELOVLs chemical tools.

Synthesis and evaluation of a novel indoledione class of long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) inhibitors.

Novel indoledione derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) inhibitors. Systematic optimization of an indole class of lead 1 led to the identification of potent ELOVL6 selective inhibitors. Representative inhibitor 37 showed sustained plasma exposure and good liver penetrability in mice. After oral administration, 37 potently inhibited ELOVL6 activity in the liver in mice.

Identification and characterization of a selective radioligand for ELOVL6.

ELOVL6, a member of the elongation of very long-chain fatty acids (ELOVL) family, has recently been identified as the rate-limiting enzyme for the elongation of palmitoyl-CoA. ELOVL6 deficient mice are protected from high-fat diet induced insulin resistance, suggesting that ELOVL6 might be a promising target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Despite the increasing interest in Elovl6 as a therapeutic target, the lack of chemical tools for this enzyme has limited further elucidation of the biochemical and pharmacological properties of ELOVL6. We have identified Compound-A, a potent inhibitor for ELOVL6, by screening our company library and subsequently optimizing hit compounds. Compound-A potently inhibited human and mouse ELOVL6 and displayed >100-fold greater selectivity for ELOVL6 over other ELOVL family members. Consistent with its potent and selective inhibitory activity toward ELOVL6, [(3)H]Compound-A bound to ELOVL6 with high affinity while showing no specific binding to other ELOVL enzymes. The observation that [(3)H]Compound-A bound to ELOVL6 in a palmitoyl-CoA-dependent manner in the absence of malonyl-CoA and NADPH suggests that Compound-A might recognize an enzyme-substrate complex, e.g. an acyl-enzyme intermediate. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that Compound-A and its tritiated form are useful tools for biochemical and pharmacological characterization of ELOVL6.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel 3-sulfonyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane class of long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) inhibitors.

Long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) catalyzes the elongation of long chain fatty acyl-CoAs and is a potential target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The ultrahigh throughput screen of our corporate chemical collections resulted in the identification of a novel 3-sulfonyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane class of ELOVL6 inhibitor 1a. Optimization of lead 1a led to the identification of the potent, selective, and orally available ELOVL6 inhibitor 1w.

Discovery of novel benzoxazinones as potent and orally active long chain fatty acid elongase 6 inhibitors.

A series of benzoxazinones was synthesized and evaluated as novel long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) inhibitors. Exploration of the SAR of the UHTS lead 1a led to the identification of (S)-1y that possesses a unique chiral quarternary center and a pyrazole ring as critical pharmacophore elements. Compound (S)-1y showed potent and selective inhibitory activity toward human ELOVL6 while displaying potent inhibitory activity toward both mouse ELOVL3 and 6 enzymes. Compound (S)-1y showed acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles after oral dosing in mice. Furthermore, (S)-1y significantly suppressed the elongation of target fatty acids in mouse liver at 30 mg/kg oral dosing.

A reversed tibial flip autograft technique for correcting over-valgus knee after high tibial closing-wedge osteotomy in total knee arthroplasty.

Excessive valgus deformity after a failed high tibial osteotomy presents problems for subsequent total knee arthroplasty because the proximal tibia is deformed, necessitating a much larger resection of bone from the medial aspect of the tibia. Other researchers have reported the tibial flip autograft technique to augment the tibial medial compartment to correct varus knee. We have modified this technique, which we call the reversed tibial flip autograft technique, for a patient with valgus knee after failed high tibial osteotomy. Clinical results were excellent, and no signs of loosening were apparent 2 years after surgery, suggesting that this technique is useful for management of tibial bone loss and correction of valgus angular deformity in total knee arthroplasty.

In vitro elution of vancomycin from calcium phosphate cement.

Antibiotic-impregnated bone cement beads have become popular for the treatment of osteomyelitis and/or prosthesis infection. However, bone cement has the disadvantage of heating up during polymerization of cement. Recently, calcium phosphate cement (CPC) has been used as a bone replacement and augmentation, and it does not heat up during polymerization. First, we measured the release rate of vancomycin (VCM) from bone cement and CPC impregnated with VCM for 2 weeks in vitro. The mean concentration of VCM for CPC was 62.6 times at 7 days (258 +/- 29 vs 4.12 +/- 1.0) and 6.7 times at 13 days (15.5 +/- 5.5 vs 2.3 +/- 0.7). Second, we were successful in treating 2 cases of osteomyelitis and prosthesis infection with VCM-impregnated CPC. From this study, we concluded that VCM-impregnated CPC might be an effective material for the treatment of osteomyelitis and/or prosthesis infection.