Vitamin D3 affects mitochondrial biogenesis through mitogen-activated protein kinase in polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by oligomenorrhea, anovulation, and hyperandrogenism. Altered mitochondrial biogenesis can result in hyperandrogenism. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D3 on mitochondrial biogenesis of the granulosa cells in the PCOS-induced mouse model. Vitamin D3 applies its effect via the mitogen-activated pathway kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK-ERK1/2) pathway. The PCOS mouse model was induced by the injection of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Isolated granulosa cells were subsequently treated with vitamin D3, MAPK activator, and MAPK inhibitor. Gene expression levels were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. MAPK proteins were investigated by western blot analysis. We also determined reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels with 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Mitochondrial membrane potential (mtMP) was also measured by TMJC1. Mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α and nuclear respiratory factor), antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase), and antiapoptotic (B-cell lymphoma-2) genes were upregulated in the PCOS mice that treated with vitamin D3 compared with the PCOS mice without any treatment. Vitamin D3 and MAPK activator-treated groups also reduced ROS levels compared with the nontreated PCOS group. In summary, vitamin D3 and MAPK activator increased the levels of mitochondrial biogenesis, MAPK pathway, and mtMP markers, while concomitantly decreased ROS levels in granulosa cells of the PCOS-induced mice. This study suggests that vitamin D3 may improve mitochondrial biogenesis through stimulation of the MAPK pathway in cultured granulosa cells of DHEA-induced PCOS mice which yet to be investigated.

Health assessment of Holstein calves born after in vitro fertilization, biopsy-based genotyping at the blastocyst stage and subsequent embryo transfer.

Establishing methods for evaluating genomic estimated breeding values of bovine embryos can potentially increase the efficiency of breeding programs by transferring only embryos with a high genomic estimated breeding value. This may be achieved by analyzing DNA from trophectoderm biopsies. However, manipulation of bovine embryos is associated with a risk of impaired conceptus health. More knowledge on the health implications of embryonic handling procedures is required. In this study, we followed pregnancies after transfer of in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos and assessed the health of the offspring during the first 2 weeks of life. Three groups of calves were studied: i) freshly transferred non-biopsied embryos (39 transfers, 17 calves; Group B-/C-); ii) biopsied and freshly transferred IVP embryos (42 transfers, 21 calves; Group B+/C-); iii) biopsied and cryopreserved IVP embryos (17 transfers, 6 calves; Group B+/C+). Blood biochemical and hematologic values were compared between groups and to a control group of 13 calves produced by conventional artificial insemination. The pregnancy rate on day 50 and the calving rate did not differ among the groups, but the average gestation length of the B+/C+ group was significantly shorter and with wider variation than the two other groups. There was a tendency toward a higher average body weight at birth in group B+/C+ (45.1 kg) and the standard deviation in body weight was larger (11.7 kg) compared to the B-/C- (39.5 kg; 3.2 kg) and B+/C- (41.8 kg; 6 kg) groups. Body weight on day 14 was higher in the B+/C+ calves compared to the other groups. There was no difference in the biochemical and hematological values at birth between the groups and these were within the normal range. However, when compared to a group of calves produced by standard artificial insemination, significantly higher concentrations were found for the hepatic-related enzymes ALAT, ASAT, ALP, and GGT in group B-/C-and B+/C-, while only higher ALP concentrations were found in B+/C+ calves. The biochemical findings indicate higher heterogeneity in IVP calves compared to calves produced by artificial insemination. The more manipulated IVP embryos also showed increased heterogeneity in body weight at birth, with a shift toward heavier calves, which calls for closer attendance at parturition to handle dystocia in a timely manner and minimize fetal losses.

Epigenetic Modification Factors and microRNAs Network Associated with Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells toward Cardiomyocytes: A Review.

More research is being conducted on myocardial cell treatments utilizing stem cell lines that can develop into cardiomyocytes. All of the forms of cardiac illnesses have shown to be quite amenable to treatments using embryonic (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In the present study, we reviewed the differentiation of these cell types into cardiomyocytes from an epigenetic standpoint. We also provided a miRNA network that is devoted to the epigenetic commitment of stem cells toward cardiomyocyte cells and related diseases, such as congenital heart defects, comprehensively. Histone acetylation, methylation, DNA alterations, N6-methyladenosine (m6a) RNA methylation, and cardiac mitochondrial mutations are explored as potential tools for precise stem cell differentiation.

Enhancing differentiation of menstrual blood-derived stem cells into female germ cells using a bilayer amniotic membrane and nano-fibrous fibroin scaffold.

Three-dimensional nanofiber scaffolds offer a promising method for simulating in vivo conditions within the laboratory. This study aims to investigate the influence of a bilayer amniochorionic membrane/nanofibrous fibroin scaffold on the differentiation of human menstrual blood mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MenSCs) into female germ cells. MenSCs were isolated and assigned to four culture groups: (i) MenSCs co-cultured with granulosa cells (GCs) using the scaffold (3D-T group), (ii) MenSCs using the scaffold alone (3D-C group), (iii) MenSCs co-cultured only with GCs (2D-T group), and (iv) MenSCs without co-culture or scaffold (2D-C group). Both MenSCs and GCs were independently cultured for two weeks before co-culturing was initiated. Flow cytometry was employed to characterize MenSCs based on positive markers (CD73, CD90, and CD105) and negative markers (CD45 and CD133). Additionally, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry were used to characterize the GCs. Differentiated MenSCs were analyzed using real-time PCR and immunostaining. The real-time PCR results demonstrated significantly higher levels of VASA expression in the 3D-T group compared to the 3D-C, 2D-T, and 2D-C groups. Similarly, the SCP3 mRNA level in the 3D-T group was notably elevated compared to the 3D-C, 2D-T, and 2D-C groups. Moreover, the expression of GDF9 was significantly higher in the 3D-T group when compared to the 3D-C, 2D-T, and 2D-C groups. Immunostaining results revealed a lack of signal for VASA, SCP3, or GDF9 markers in the 2D-T group, while some cells in the 3D-T group exhibited positive staining for all these proteins. These findings suggest that the combination of a bilayer amniochorionic membrane/nanofibrous fibroin scaffold with co-culturing GCs facilitates the differentiation of MenSCs into female germ cells.

Vitrification yields higher cryo-survival rate than slow freezing in biopsied bovine in vitro produced blastocysts.

Vitrification and slow freezing are the two commonly used embryo cryopreservation methods. In most studies, vitrification of intact embryos has proven superior in several respects, including cell and embryo survival and pregnancy rate. However, there is a lack of data for comparing these two methods in in vitro produced (IVP) bovine blastocysts, which have been subjected to the retrieval of trophectoderm (TE) biopsy. Day 7 IVP blastocysts were pooled and randomized into four groups: 1) non-biopsy (NB), 2) biopsy (B), 3) biopsy-vitrification (BV), 4) biopsy-slow freeze (BSF). The blastocysts in the B, BV, and BSF groups were subjected to TE biopsy. For the B group, this was followed by 5 hours (h) incubation and subsequent scoring of the biopsy-survival (re-expansion) rate before processing for further analyses. For the BV and BSF groups, the biopsy procedure was followed by 2 h incubation, allowing for a quick re-expansion, after which the blastocysts were subjected to vitrification and slow freezing, respectively. After warming and thawing, respectively, they were then incubated for 5 h followed by scoring the cryo-survival (re-expansion) rates before processing for further analyses. These included quantification of ICM and TE cells, cleaved caspase-3- and TUNEL-positive cells, quantitative PCR on cellular stress markers (SOD1 and PRDX1), and ultrastructural analysis. The biopsy-survival rate in the B group was 94% (307/326). The cryo-survival rate in BV (86%, 138/161) was higher than that in BSF (57%, 81/142; P < 0.001). No differences were noted between the average ICM, TE, and total cell numbers of the groups. The percentages of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells were higher in BV vs. NB (P < 0.05), in BSF vs. NB (P < 0.001), and in BSF vs. B (P < 0.001). The percentages of TUNEL-positive cells were higher in BV vs. NB (P < 0.05) and in BSF vs. NB (P < 0.001). The levels of mRNA abundance for SOD1 and PRDX1 in B, BV, and BSF were not different from that in NB. The ultrastructural analysis of blastocysts in the BV and BSF groups showed distension of extracellular spaces and appearance of intracellular vacuoles in the ICM, distension of mitochondria, and disorganization of mitochondrial cristae in both ICM and TE, and weakened tight junctions between adjacent TE cells. In summary, our findings demonstrate that vitrification yields a higher cryo-survival rate than slow freezing in biopsied bovine IVP blastocysts. However, biopsy-vitrification and biopsy-slow-freeze values are comparable in terms of ICM, TE, and total blastocyst cell numbers, as well as cleaved caspase-3- and TUNEL-positive cell rates. Moreover, biopsy and cryopreservation performed alone had no effect on ICM, TE, total blastocyst cell numbers, or TUNEL-positive cell rates. Biopsy and vitrification performed alone had no effect on the cleaved caspase-3 positive cell rates, whereas slow freezing resulted in an increased rate. Furthermore, double traumatization with a combination of biopsy and cryopreservation, either vitrification or slow freezing, resulted in increased rates of cleaved caspase-3- and TUNEL-positive cells.

The Clinical Trials of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Therapy.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of adult stem cells, which are multipotent and possess the ability to differentiate/transdifferentiate into mesodermal and nonmesodermal cell lineages. MSCs display broad immunomodulatory properties since they are capable of secreting growth factors and chemotactic cytokines. Safety, accessibility, and isolation from patients without ethical concern make MSCs valuable sources for cell therapy approaches in autoimmune, inflammatory, and degenerative diseases. Many studies have been conducted on the application of MSCs as a new therapy, but it seems that a low percentage of them is related to clinical trials, especially completed clinical trials. Considering the importance of clinical trials to develop this type of therapy as a new treatment, the current paper is aimed at describing characteristics of MSCs and reviewing relevant clinical studies registered on the NIH database during 2016-2020 to discuss recent advances on MSC-based therapeutic approaches being used in different diseases.

Effect of Vitamin D3 on Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Granulosa Cells Derived from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder diagnosed by anovulation hyperandrogenism. Hyperandrogenism increases apoptosis, which will eventually disturb follicular growth in PCOS patients. Since mitochondria regulate apoptosis, they might be affected by high incidence of follicular atresia. This may cause infertility. Since vitamin D3 has been shown to improve the PCOS symptoms, the aim of study was to investigate the effects vitamin D3 on mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial biogenesis, and membrane integrity of granulosa cells in a PCOS-induced mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, the PCOS mouse model was induced by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Granulosa cells after identification by follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) were cultured in three groups: 1. granulosa cells treated with vitamin D3 (100 nM for 24 hours), 2. granulosa cells without any treatments, 3. Non-PCOS granulosa cells (control group). Mitochondrial biogenesis gene (TFAM) expression was compared between different groups using real-time PCR. mtDNA copy number was also investigated by qPCR. The mitochondrial structure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hormonal levels were measured by an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. RESULTS: The numbers of pre-antral and antral follicles increased in PCOS group in comparison with the non-PCOS group. Mitochondrial biogenesis genes were downregulated in granulosa cells of PCOS mice when compared to the non-PCOS granulosa cells. However, treatment with vitamin D3 increased mtDNA expression levels of these genes compared to PCOS granulosa cells with no treatments. Most of the mitochondria in the PCOS group were spherical with almost no cristae. Our results showed that in the PCOS group treated with vitamin D3, the mtDNA copy number increased significantly in comparison to PCOS granulosa cells with no treatments. CONCLUSION: According to this study, we can conclude, vitamin D3 improves mitochondrial biogenesis and membrane integrity, mtDNA copy number in granulosa cells of PCOS mice which might improve follicular development and subsequently oocyte quality.