[Children with ADHD: a retrospective description of their behavioural features as toddlers]. / Estilo comportamental al inicio del segundo año de vida: estudio retrospectivo en escolares afectados de trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad.

OBJECTIVES: To study the relationship between behavioural profile of children suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the previous behavioural style of these patients as toddlers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We asked the parents of 50 schoolchildren with ADHD, and those of 30 controls, to fill in a Spanish version of the Toddler Behaviour Questionnaire (TBQ) from their retrospective perception of their children's behaviour as toddlers. TBQ items were grouped by factor analysis; t-Student between the scores of both groups and a multiple correlation analysis of TBQ and DSM-IV-ADHD-RS in each of the groups were used. RESULTS: Children in the ADHD group were reported by parents to have had a different toddler behavioural profile in comparison to that of control children (P<0.05). These differences were associated with adapting to new environments, mood, regularity and stability of play behaviour. A correlation was found between behavioural profile in DSM-IV-ADHD- RS and TBQ. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study should be interpreted with caution. However, they suggest that in the fifth trimester of life a particular behavioural style as regards regularity, stability of play, and mood, could indicate a risk of developing ADHD in the future. This behavioural style should be taken into consideration in rearing and early education prospective studies.

Normal neurological outcome after congenital thyrotoxicosis: prognostic value of observation of general movements.

We followed up a patient born preterm with congenital thyrotoxicosis by observing her general movements (GMs) in accordance with Prechtl's method. Initially a chaotic pattern was observed. Along with the normalization of thyroid hormones, the GM pattern changed to a poor repertoire at four weeks of life, full-blown writhing movements at six weeks and fidgety movements at the age of four months. This is the first report of chaotic GMs in a neonate reflecting transient neurological dysfunction related to congenital thyrotoxicosis, with subsequent normal neurological and cognitive outcome.

[Developmental amnesia and early brain damage: neuropsychology and neuroimaging]. / Amnesia del desarrollo y daño cerebral temprano: neuropsicologia y neuroimagen.

AIM: To contribute to neuropsychological profiling of developmental amnesia subsequent to bilateral damage to both hippocampi in early age. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The total sample of 24 schoolchildren from both sexes is distributed in three groups: perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and everyday complaints of memory in school age (n = 8); perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy without memory complaints (n = 7); and a group of typically developing (n = 9). All participants in every groups did have normal general intelligence and attention. Both clinical groups had, as another clinical consequence, spastic cerebral palsy (diplegia). Neuropsychological exam consisted on tests of general intelligence, attentional abilities, declarative memory and semantic knowledge. All participants had a brain magnetic resonance image and spectroscopy of hippocampi. Scheltens criteria were used for visual estimation of hippocampal atrophy. Parametric and non-parametric statistical contrasts were made. RESULTS: Despite preservation of semantic and procedural learning, declarative-episodic memory is impaired in the first group versus the other two groups. A significant proportion of bilateral hippocampal atrophy is only present in the first group versus the other two non-amnesic groups using Scheltens estimation on MRI. Two cases without evident atrophy did have diminished NAA/(Cho + Cr) index in both hippocampi. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results contribute to delineate developmental amnesia as an specific impairment due to early partial bihippocampal damage, in agreement with previous studies. After diagnosis of developmental amnesia, a specific psychoeducational intervention must be made; also this impairment could be candidate for pharmacological trials in the future.

TITLE: Amnesia del desarrollo y daño cerebral temprano: neuropsicologia y neuroimagen.Objetivo. Contribuir a la descripcion de la amnesia del desarrollo como sindrome especifico en niños que sufrieron agresion temprana, pero no masiva, de ambos hipocampos. Sujetos y metodos. Muestra de 24 escolares de ambos sexos, de 6-16 años de edad. Se distribuye en tres grupos: pacientes afectos de encefalopatia hipoxico-isquemica perinatal, con paralisis cerebral espastica, inteligencia normal y fallos de memoria (n = 8); pacientes con similares caracteristicas, pero sin quejas de memoria (n = 7); y escolares sanos sin antecedentes de riesgo (n = 9) como grupo control. Se aplican escalas y tests para comprobar la normalidad intelectual y atencional, y para medir el perfil de rendimiento en tareas de memoria. En todos los sujetos, mediante resonancia magnetica, se estima la presencia y grado de atrofia hipocampica con la escala de Scheltens, y se calcula el indice espectroscopico NAA/(Cho + Cr). Resultados. El perfil neuropsicologico de los ocho pacientes del primer grupo es claramente sugestivo de amnesia del desarrollo, que contrasta con la normalidad en los otros grupos. En siete escolares con amnesia se constata bilateralmente algun grado de atrofia bihipocampica o disminucion significativa del indice NAA/(Cho + Cr). Conclusiones. La amnesia del desarrollo se caracteriza por afectacion de la memoria episodica con preservacion del aprendizaje semantico y procedimental. Se explica por daño parcial bihipocampico temprano. El correcto diagnostico permite una intervencion psicoeducativa especifica. En el futuro cabria ensayar terapias farmacologicas asociadas a la intervencion psicoeducativa.

[The Spanish adapted version of the Children's Communication Checklist identifies disorders of pragmatic use of language and differentiates between clinical subtypes]. / La adaptacion al castellano de la Children's Communication Checklist permite detectar las dificultades en el uso pragmatico del lenguaje y diferenciar subtipos clinicos.

INTRODUCTION: The Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) by Bishop is a useful scale for evaluation of pragmatic verbal abilities in school children. The aim of the study is to ascertain the validity and reliability of the CCC in Spanish. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Answers to the CCC items by parents of 360 children with normal intelligence were analyzed. There were five groups: 160 control children; 68 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 77 with procedural non-verbal disorder, 25 children with social communication disorder and 30 with autism spectrum disorder. Investigations included: factorial analysis in order to cluster checklist items, reliability analyses of the proposed scales and discriminant analysis to check whether the scale correctly classifies children with pragmatic verbal abilities. RESULTS: Seven factors were obtained (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin: 0.852) with moderate similarity with those of the original scale: social relationships, interests, and five more that can be grouped into pragmatic verbal ability (conversational abilities, coherence-comprehension, empathy nonverbal communication and appropriateness). All factors are significantly correlated with each other in the control group, and the five that compose pragmatic verbal ability correlate with each other in the clinical groups (Pearson r). The scales have good reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.914). The questionnaire correctly classifies 98.9% of grouped cases with and without pragmatic disorder and 78% of subjects in their appropriate clinical group. Besides, the questionnaire allows to differentiate the pathologies according to the presence and intensity of the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This Spanish version of the CCC is highly valid and reliable. The proposed statistics can be used as normative-reference values.

TITLE: La adaptacion al castellano de la Children's Communication Checklist permite detectar las dificultades en el uso pragmatico del lenguaje y diferenciar subtipos clinicos.Introduccion. La Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) de Bishop es una prueba util para la valoracion de la pragmatica verbal en los escolares. El objetivo del trabajo es comprobar la fiabilidad y la validez de esta escala en castellano. Sujetos y metodos. Se analiza la CCC contestada por los padres de 360 niños/as de 4-12 años, con inteligencia normal, 160 controles y 200 de cuatro grupos clinicos: trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad (n = 68), trastorno de aprendizaje no verbal procedimental (n = 77), trastorno de la comunicacion social (n = 25) y trastornos del espectro autista de nivel 1 (n = 30). Se realizan analisis: factorial para agrupar los items del cuestionario, de fiabilidad de las nuevas escalas y discriminante para comprobar si clasifica bien a los afectos de dificultades en el uso del lenguaje. Resultados. Se obtienen siete factores (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin: 0,852) con moderada similitud a las de la CCC original: relaciones sociales, intereses y otros cinco que constituyen pragmatica (habilidades conversacionales, coherencia-comprension, compenetracion, comunicacion no verbal y pertinencia). La correlacion es significativa entre todos ellos, en el grupo control, y entre los cinco que configuran pragmatica, en los grupos clinicos (r de Pearson). La fiabilidad de las escalas es buena (alfa de Cronbach: 0,914). El cuestionario clasifica bien al 98,9% de los casos agrupados con y sin trastorno pragmatico; y al 78% de los participantes en sus correspondientes grupos clinicos. Ademas, permite diferenciar las patologias segun la presencia e intensidad de los sintomas. Conclusiones. Esta version española de la CCC es altamente valida y fiable. Los estadisticos aportados pueden utilizarse como valores de referencia.

[Motor behavior of human fetuses during the second trimester of gestation: a longitudinal ultrasound study]. / Motricidad fetal durante el segundo trimestre de gestación: estudio ecográfico longitudinal.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this research is to contribute to knowledge of the normal spontaneous motor behavior of the human fetus during the second trimester of pregnancy. This study focuses on five patterns of spontaneous fetal movement: startle (S), axo-rhizomelic rhythmia (ARR), axial stretching (AS), general movement (GM), and diaphragmatic contraction (DC). METHODS: A cohort of 13 subjects was followed up using 2D obstetrical ultrasound images at 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of gestation. As inclusion criteria, neonatal neurological examination and general movements after eutocic delivery at term were normal in all of the subjects, and their neuromotor and cognitive development until the end of pre-school age were also normal. RESULTS: All these five motor patterns are present at the beginning of the 2(nd) gestational trimester, but their quantitative and qualitative traits are diverse according to gestational ages. The phasic, isolated or rhythmically repeated movements, S and ARR, are prominent at 12 and 16 weeks of gestation, and then their presence gradually diminishes. By contrast, tonic and complex AS and GM movements increase their presence and quality at 20 and 24 weeks. RAR constitute a particular periodic motor pattern not described in previous literature. Moreover, the incidence of DC is progressive throughout the trimester, in clusters of 2-6 arrhythmic and irregular beats. Fetal heart rate increases during fetal motor active periods. CONCLUSIONS: All five normal behavioral patterns observed in the ultrasounds reflect the progressive tuning of motor generators in human nervous system during mid-pregnancy.

Molecular analysis of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene in Spanish individuals: deletion detection and familial diagnosis.

Deletion studies were performed in 26 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients through amplification of nine different exons by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA from paraffin-embedded muscle biopsies was analyzed in 12 of the 26 patients studied. Optimization of this technique is of great utility because it enables analysis of material stored in pathology archives. PCR deletion detection, useful in DMD-affected boys, is problematic in determining the carrier state in female relatives. For this reason, to perform familial linkage diagnosis, we made use of a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism (STRP, or short tandem repeat polymorphism) located in intron 49 of the gene. We designed a new pair of primers that enabled the detection of 22 different alleles in relatives in the 14 DMD families studied. The use of this marker allowed familial diagnosis in 11 of the 14 DMD families and detection of de novo deletions in 3 of the probands.

Dystonic storms: a practical management problem.

On rare occasions, torsion dystonia can rapidly worsen and produce life-threatening symptoms. We present reports on two children who had generalized dystonia and who demonstrate the management difficulties of "dystonic storms."

Parkinsonian syndrome in childhood after sodium valproate administration.

Among the side effects attributed to sodium valproate administration, the production of a parkinsonian syndrome is very uncommon, particularly in children. We report a 12-year-old girl with secondary epilepsy; 7 days after the initiation of valproate therapy she developed parkinsonism that disappeared completely when valproate was replaced by carbamazepine. We discuss the possible role of alterations in GABAergic neurotransmission in the extrapyramidal syndrome that developed.

Transient posterior encephalopathy induced by chemotherapy in children.

The cases of three children, 16, 12, and 12 years of age, who suffered sudden confusional state and cortical blindness lasting 12 to 30 minutes while under treatment with high-dose methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and dactinomycin for a lower limb osteosarcoma are reported. Transient neuropsychologic deficits arose after the acute phase of treatment: left hemispatial neglect and constructive apraxia (Patient 1); constructive apraxia (Patient 2); and constructive apraxia and alexia without aphasia (Patient 3). The three patients recovered completely from all their deficits within the time frame of 3 hours to 2 weeks. Arterial hypertension and hypomagnesemia were found during the acute phase in all patients. In Patients 2 and 3, magnetic resonance imaging revealed increased parieto-occipital T(2) signal involving gray and white matter. In Patients 1 and 2, HmPAO-SPECT revealed parieto-occipital hypoperfusion that resolved a few days later. The alterations detected by neuroimaging were concurrent with the appearance and disappearance of the clinical symptoms. Such transient acute episodes have been named occipital-parietal encephalopathy. On the basis of our clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging findings, an explanation for the origin of this syndrome, a migrainelike mechanism, triggered by chemotherapy-induced hypomagnesemia, is proposed.

Glycogenosis with amylopectinoid deposits in a 13-year-old girl.

We present a clinical study and muscle biopsy of a 13-year-old female who suffered hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and myopathy of prolonged evolution. The muscle biopsy showed a glycogenosis with deposits of amylopectin-like material. Differential diagnosis was made with basophilic degeneration of the myocardium, and with "polyglucosan bodies disease." In the existing literature we found only one case of juvenile amylopectinosis, and another four adult cases.

[Rett syndrome as a hodogenesis disorder]. / El síndrome de Rett como patología de la hodogénesis.

In the last few years, Rett syndrome is conceived as a peculiar form of neurodevelopmental post-migrational disorder affecting dendritogenesis. In this article the clinical pathochronic pattern of classical forms is reviewed and the recent neurobiological and genetic evidences suggesting possible future explanations of its nature and origin are discussed.

[Genetic studies in communication disorders]. / Estudios genéticos de los trastornos de la comunicación.

OBJECTIVES: To review current literature on population, cytogenetic and molecular studies of specific language disorders (SLD) and pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). DEVELOPMENT: Clinical concordance studies in twins and in vertical familial groups suggest polygenic multifactorial modes of inheritance, but in some families an autosomal dominant model may be present. The data favour not a modular, but rather a molar model of the relationship between genes and neural abilities for communicative behaviors. Several extensive genome screenings have demonstrated linkage to specific markers on 7q for SLD, and on 7q and 2q for PDD. The strong evidence of linkage on 7q for both disorders has led to the hypothesis that this region contains several separate quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to different communicative abilities. Mutations in different QTL would facilitate the different disabilities and stereotyped behaviors associated with the phenotypic spectrum of PDD. There are other candidate regions for QTLs but the linkage is weaker and there is little agreement between studies; due, in part, to over extensive inclusion criteria and small sizes of familial groups. CONCLUSIONS: To enhance linkage research in further molecular genetic studies, clinicians must refine behavioral target traits when selecting familial groups and enlarge the size of familial groups by including non handicapped members with related behavioral traits. At present, a chromosome region in 7q shows the strongest evidence for communication related QTL, but other QTL need to be identified elsewhere in the genome in order to explain the genetic contribution to the large spectrum of language and autistic disorders.

[Developmental amnesias]. / Amnesias del desarrollo.

OBJECTIVE: The literature on clinical and physiophatologic characteristics of the spectrum of memory disorders in childhood is reviewed in this article. DEVELOPMENT: There are only a few detailed reports of permanent specific memory disorders in children. Early anoxo ischaemic bihippocampal injuries can cause a selective permanent impairment of episodic daily life memory with preservation of semantic learning and general intelligence; this dissociation has been related to partial hippocampal damage whilst the entorhinal, parahippocampal and prefrontal cortices, which are critical to systematized memorizing and work memory, keep normal. Biological psychiatry research has shown that early childhood amnesias after psychological maltreatment or abuse could be related to damage in neuronal systems which support memory, caused by glutamatergic cascade. Both severe bilateral hippocampal sclerosis (also mediated by toxic neurotransmitters) in early malignant epilepsies, and massive bilateral damage of mesial temporal lobes due to herpex virus encephalitis or Reye's syndrome, cause severe amnesic deficits, frequently accompanied by absence of any language development and autism with features of Klüver-Bucy syndrome. There are also on record some examples of Korsakoff's syndrome in children with midfossa tumors. CONCLUSIONS: All types of classical amnesias described in adults have been observed in children. Developmental amnesias are probably more frequent than currently presumed. It must be paid special attention to selective autobiographical memory impairments in individuals who underwent a partial bihippocampal damage in perinatal or early postnatal periods; they are to be distinguished from, although it may coexist with, other clinical situations such as attention deficit disorder or semantic pragmatic disorder.

[Clinical profiles and transitions in the spectrum of specific language impairment in childhood]. / Perfiles clínicos evolutivos y transiciones en el espectro del trastorno específico del desarrollo del lenguaje.

OBJECTIVES: To test the clinical nature and diversity of specific language impairment (SLI) in Spanish individuals, in the framework of the neuropsycholinguistic model of Chevrie-Muller and the classification of Rapin and Allen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty two language impaired children with normal intelligence and audition have been followed during a mean period of 3 years 7 months in preschool and school ages; all of them have participated in an intervention program for language abilities. The evolutive neuropsychological evaluation at our hospital has comprised measurement of general cognitive abilities, formal (phonology, vocabulary, syntax) and pragmatic aspects of language. RESULTS: Phonological and syntactic abilities are the better evolutive predictors. The group clinical profiles, in general, fill into the clustering system proposed by Rapin and Allen, but mixed transitional forms are observed in individuals. Also in six patients a transition from one to another clinical form have been observed; in these subjects, mixed phonological syntactical syndrome is an obligate step during their evolutive changes; these changes can be attributed to natural evolutive processes and/or to effects of intervention. CONCLUSION: Our results permit hypothesize that the spectrum of SLI is an unique basic disorder whose clinical manifestations (interindividual and intraindividual during evolution) can be diverse in form and severity. This clinical interpretation is reinforced by the results of recent publications showing that members of the same familial group with identical genetic mutation had different forms of SLI.

[Neurocognitive abilities in schoolchildren with periventricular leukomalacia. Preliminary results in 15 patients]. / Habilidades neurocognitivas asociadas a la leucomalacia periventricular. Resultados preliminares en 15 sujetos.

INTRODUCTION: Apart from chronic motor disorder and the possible sensory deficits (visual, propioception) associated to periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), disorders involving the integration of higher functions due to bilateral injury to the occipital parietal junction are relatively common. AIMS: Our aim was to further our knowledge of the neuropsychological characteristics of this non progressive cerebral motor disorder. Patients and methods. We analysed a sample of 15 patients with spastic diplegia due to PVL who did not present mental retardation (verbal IQ> 75 and mean verbal IQ= 91, WISC R) in order to evaluate their visual gnosis praxis, verbal and visual memory, psycholinguistic and attentional capabilities. RESULTS: Disorders involving visuospatial integration and visual constructive memory are frequent. Long term verbal memory is poor (in fact in some cases it is clearly deficient), but can be improved with associative learning. They do not present any difficulties regarding attention and some subjects display deficiencies in the pragmatic use of language. This research is still underway and the findings presented here are preliminary. CONCLUSIONS: The neuropsychological profile of the diplegic children who were studied shares the characteristics of non verbal learning disorder. The declarative memory disorder observed in several of the subjects in our sample, who were all born premature and below weight, can be accounted for by a bihippocampal pathology or by a dysexecutive disorder.

[Botulinum toxin in spastic infantile cerebral palsy: results in 27 cases during one year]. / Toxina botulínica en parálisis cerebral infantil: resultados en 27 sujetos a lo largo de un año.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Positive outcome of patients with spastic cerebral palsy treated with botulinum toxin reported in the last three years has led us to perform this study with the aim to show our experience in the management of spastic cerebral palsy with the toxin, determine its indications, analyze the results and propose new possible indications in the future. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We include 10 hemiplegic and 17 diplegic patients with an average age of 6 years and 7 months, followed up between 5 and 17 months. Clinical improvement was monitored using the PRS and EVFEL scales and articular motion range was measured 6 months before and after the injection while continuing physiotherapy. The injected muscles were adductor, hamstrings, triceps and posterior tibialis, and the doses were 1-2 U/muscle/kg body weight. RESULTS: The values on PRS improved an average of 24%, adductor angle 66% (p < 0.01), knee angle 40% (p = 0.05) and ankle angle 52% (p < 0.01); 96% of patients could get more physiological static or walking patterns because of the decrease of spasticity and those persisted after the effect of the toxin had worn off. It was maximum at 2 months, stabilized 4 to 6 months later and decreased during further 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: This experience leads us to propose higher starting dosage and to take into account the stability of postural pattern of each patient to choice the muscle to be injected. Other therapeutic possibilities are also proposed in children with fixed shortening e.g. combining the toxin with stretching casts.

[Conners' rating scales in the assessment of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD). A new validation and factor analysis in Spanish children]. / Escalas de Conners en la evaluación del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad: nuevo estudio factorial en niños españoles.

The use of Conner's Rating Scales (CRS) is very extended for the assessment of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD-H). The main objective of this work is to study the validity of construct of CRS from theoretical basis and data statistical analysis. The study is based on a control group of 633 children and a clinical group of 33 subjects. We used a Spanish version of the Conner's Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) and Conner's Parents Rating Scale (CPRS) in both groups. From the analysis of scales contents we attribute the items to several behavioral areas and we performed a factorial analysis. Studies of reliability, external validity versus clinical criteria, and analysis of correlations between parents and teachers scales were also performed. Findings from factorial analysis and study of reliability have shown the questions of CTRS to be clustered in three well-defined and reliable factors: hyperactivity, attention deficit, and conduct disorder. The questions dealing with emotional disorders are not sufficiently consistent to constitute a separate factor. CPRS has a lower reliability than CTRS, and its factorial analysis does not allow to consider a factorial distribution. The validity is high in CTRS and no significative in CPRS. Correlation between scales is also low. As a consequence of these results we propose a Spanish experimental revised form of the CTRS, with 20 items. This new form can assess separately: attention deficit; hyperactivity and conduct disorder, according to the current clinical criteria of CIE-10 and DSM-IV.

[Executive system and frontal lobe lesions in childhood]. / El sistema ejecutivo y las lesiones frontales en el niño.

INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: Frontal lobe syndrome in adulthood is characterised by executive function deficits leading to altered behavioural control with difficulties in social interactions and in maintaining stable jobs and interpersonal relationships. Generalisation of this concept to children with early frontal lobe damage is not straightforward. There are complex interactions between the effects of the lesion itself and the effects in other interconnected regions, timing of lesion, how long it was since the lesion occurred to the time of evaluation, and how old the child is at examination. These facts lead to consider that there might be a number of 'frontal syndromes' in childhood rather than a unique one. We report 9 cases of children with early frontal lobe lesions who were followed up for an average of 10 years. CONCLUSION: A variety of different outcomes suggests that prognosis for these patients might be better that previously reported.

[Executive system: a conceptual review and its study in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. / Revisión conceptual del sistema ejecutivo y su estudio en el niño con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad.

OBJECTIVES: To review the different concepts and definitions of the executive system (ES) and its relationship with attention and working memory. To apply these concepts to the theories about executive dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). DEVELOPMENT: A functional and terminological definition about ES is made considering previous theories and mainly based on the theory of the control of the action. The concepts of working memory and attention are defined and their relationship with the ES is analysed. The evidence of executive dysfunction in children with ADHD is described and recent hypothesis on the nature of the neuropsychological key deficit of the disorder are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of an universally accepted theory about the executive system function, although there is an agreement between different authors in considering that it involves the cognitive processes needed for complex, novel and aimed actions. Attention is a function that is different from the ES, but it is required for the ES functioning. Working memory is one of the most important components of the ES, but it does not account for the whole concept of ES. Although the characteristic pattern of ES dysfunction in children with ADHD is still unknown, there are some recent evidences showing that they have specific difficulties in behavioral inhibition.

[Neonatal convulsions of a familial character and with a benign prognosis. Nosological classification. Apropos of a new case]. / Convulsiones neonatales con carácter familiar y pronóstico benigno. Encuadre nosológico. A propósito de una nueva observación.

A new familial observation (3 members affected) of neonatal seizures without C. N. S. nor methabolic disturbance and subsequent normal development is reported. Seven other observations have been published before. The characteristics of this syndrome are discussed.