Effect of CS preexposure on the conditioned ejaculatory preference of the male rat: behavioral analyses and neural correlates.

Early experiences with sexual reward play a pivotal role in the formation of sexual behavior and partner preference. Associations of salient partner cues, or even neutral cues on a partner, with sexual reward states are a product of Pavlovian learning. However, the extent to which first experiences that associate a neutral stimulus with no immediate consequence, and how that association may affect subsequent associability after being paired with a sexual reward state after copulation to ejaculation, remains unclear. To address this question, sexually naïve males were preexposed over one or five trials to almond scented gauze pads prior to training during which half of the males were trained 10 times with scented receptive females, and the other half with unscented receptive females. A final test of partner preference was conducted in a large open field containing two sexually receptive females, one scented and the other unscented. Males developed a conditioned ejaculatory preference for the type of female they were trained with, except when they were preexposed five times to the odor and then trained with females bearing the same odor, indicating a significant CS preexposure effect. One CS preexposure was not sufficient to inhibit subsequent conditioning. Exposure to the scent before perfusion for inmunohistochemistry, revealed different patterns of brain activation in brain areas previously associated with the development of partner preference, like the medial preoptic area, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, basolateral amygdala, among others, depending on group membership. Thus, CS preexposure results in a subsequent impairment of the association that links the odor cue to sexual reward and preference. This highlights the impact of the first sexual experiences in future partner preference.

Volatile constituents of the seeds and fruit of Pycnocycla nodiflora.

The essential oil contents of the fruit and seeds of Pycnocycla nodflora Decne. ex Boiss. growing wild in southern Iran were found to be 0.05% and 0.1% (v/w), respectively based on the fresh weight. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Twenty-eight and twenty-seven constituents, representing 94.7% and 89.6% of the oils were identified, respectively. The major components of the P. nodiflora fruit oil were identified as E-sesquilavandulol (18.6%), spathulenol (11.9%), δ-cadinol (9.0%), t-cadinol (8.9%) and ß-caryophyllene (7.9%), while the main components of that of the seeds were characterized as E-sesquilavandulol (17.2%), lavandulyl acetate (13.5%), ß-caryophyllene (11.1%), bicyclogermacrene (10.5%), δ-cadinol (9.0%) and t-cadinol (6.8%).