RESUMO
Cutaneotrichosporon (Trichosporon) debeurmannianum is a rarely isolated yeast from clinical samples. Nine isolates of this yeast were identified from clinical samples within a period of 3 years from June 2012 to May 2015. These isolates were from blood and urine samples sent to a clinical mycology laboratory of a tertiary care hospital in Assam, North East India. Clinically, the patients were diagnosed as septicemia and urinary tract infection. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 50 years. Identification was made by sequencing the ITS region of ribosomal RNA gene. Antifungal susceptibility test by disk diffusion method (CLSI, M44-A) showed all the isolates to be sensitive to fluconazole and voriconazole. Vitek 2 compact commercial yeast identification system misidentified this yeast as Cryptococcus laurentii and low discrimination Cryptococcus laurentii/Trichosporon mucoides. This species was originally named as Trichosporon debeurmannianum. In 2015, this yeast has been included into new genera Cutaneotrichosporon based on an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of identification of this species from blood and urine samples of clinically suspected cases. We are reporting these isolates because of their rarity in clinical samples. The pathogenic potential and epidemiological relevance of this yeast remains to be seen.
Assuntos
Sangue/microbiologia , Trichosporon/classificação , Trichosporon/isolamento & purificação , Tricosporonose/diagnóstico , Tricosporonose/microbiologia , Urina/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Pré-Escolar , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão , Feminino , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Humanos , Índia , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Trichosporon/efeitos dos fármacos , Trichosporon/genética , Voriconazol/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Candida, the most common opportunistic infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), attributes its pathogenicity to its virulence factors, mainly the biofilms, the proteinases and the phospholipases. There is a significant interplay of these factors during the HIV infection. This study was aimed to estimate the biofilm, proteinase and phospholipase production in Candida species isolated from the oropharyngeal samples in the HIV-infected patients. METHODS: A total of 126 consecutive HIV-positive patients were screened for Candida growth using oropharyngeal swabs. Identification was done by Gram staining, germ tube test, chlamydospore identification, chromagar and biochemical tests on Vitek 2. Biofilm production was observed on Sabouraud's dextrose broth with glucose, phospholipase production in egg yolk agar medium and proteinase production in bovine serum albumin agar medium. RESULTS: Of a total of 126 patients, 53 (42.06%) showed Candida growth: Candida albicans (n=46, 86.8%) was most common followed by the non-albicans Candida (NAC) (n=7, 13.93%). Of a total 33 (62.3%) biofilm positive isolates, significant production was observed in the NAC species (P <0.05). C. albicans reported the highest phospholipase (n=37/41, 90.24%) and proteinase (n=37/43, 86%) activities in a total of 41 (77%) phospholipase positive and 43 (81.1%) proteinase positive isolates. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Although C. albicans was the most common Candida species identified in HIV positive patients, the emergence of NAC was of special concern. Virulence factors such as biofilms, proteinases and phospholipases were noted in both these groups. Further research is required for better understanding of the pathogenic role of Candida species so as to aid in therapeutic interventions.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida albicans/enzimologia , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/enzimologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/genética , Adulto , Candida albicans/patogenicidade , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/enzimologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Peptídeo Hidrolases/biossíntese , Fosfolipases/biossínteseRESUMO
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The changing spectrum of Candida species in causation of oropharyngeal candidiasis and their antifungal susceptibility pattern among the HIV infected individuals has made the identification to species level mandatory and detection of drug resistance necessary for patient care. The present study was carried out to determine the species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile of oral Candida isolates colonizing or infecting both HIV seropositive and seronegative individuals. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted including 141 consecutive, non-repeat HIV-seropositive individuals and an equal number of sex and age matched HIV-seronegative control. Speciation of the oropharyngeal Candida isolates was done using standard yeast identification protocol. Antifungal susceptibility testing was done by the disk-diffusion method as well as by Fungitest method. RESULTS: From the 59 culture positive HIV seropositive cases, 61 Candida isolates were recovered; Candidaalbicans (n=47, 77.0%), C. dubliniensis (n=9, 14.7%), C. parapsilosis (n=2, 3.2%), C. glabrata (n=2, 3.2%), and C. famata (n=1, 1.6%). Candida colonization in HIV-seropositive individuals was significantly higher than that of HIV-seronegative (control) group. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed (n=6, 9.3%) C. albicans isolates resistant to voriconazole and fluconazole by disk-diffusion method whereas no resistance was seen by Fungitest method. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: C. albicans was the commonest Candida species infecting or colonizing HIV seropositive individuals. Oropharyngeal Candida isolates had high level susceptibility to all the major antifungals commonly in use. Increased level of immunosuppression in HIV-seropositives and drug resistance of non-albicans Candida species makes identification and susceptibility testing of Candida species necessary in different geographical areas of the country.
Assuntos
Candida/genética , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacorresistência Fúngica/genética , Soropositividade para HIV/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/métodos , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candidíase/genética , Candidíase/microbiologia , Candidíase/virologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão , Feminino , Fluconazol/farmacologia , HIV/genética , HIV/patogenicidade , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Orofaringe/microbiologia , Orofaringe/patologia , Orofaringe/virologia , Voriconazol/farmacologiaRESUMO
Cryptococcus neoformans infection can occur in a wide range of hosts ranging from those who are severely immunosuppressed to those who are apparently immunocompetent. Two apparently immunocompetent HIV-seronegative patients with cryptococcal meningitis and multiple skin lesions, both due to C. neoformans var. grubii, are reported. Pregnancy was found as an associated factor in cryptococcal meningitis in a 20-year-old female patient from Arunachal Pradesh. Multiple skin lesions were the presenting feature of an 18-year-old male patient from Dibrugarh, eastern Assam. The organism was identified both phenotypically and by sequencing of ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rRNA gene. The cases are reported because of rarity of this infection in non-HIV-infected patients.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolamento & purificação , Dermatomicoses/tratamento farmacológico , Soronegatividade para HIV , Meningite Criptocócica/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anfotericina B/uso terapêutico , Sequência de Bases , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Cryptococcus neoformans/genética , DNA Intergênico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , Feminino , Fluconazol/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Índia , Masculino , Meningite Criptocócica/microbiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A large number of phaeoid fungi cause infection in humans and other animals which is characterized by the basic development of sclerotic body, dark-coloured filamentous hyphae as well as yeast-like cells in the invaded tissue. Two cases of subcutaneous mycosis in immunocompetent male patients aged 55 and 58 years attending Dermatology outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Assam, north-east India, are reported. The first case was diagnosed as chromoblastomycosis which was caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides. The patient clinically presented with a chronic verrucous and nodular growth of 32-year duration on the left foot and leg. Identification of the species was done by sequencing the D1/D2 region of LSU (large subunit 28S rDNA). The patient was treated with surgical resection and oral itraconazole which showed good clinical response and total regression of lesion after 9 months. The second case due to Bipolaris cynodontis presented as verrucous exophytic growth over the dorsum of the right foot of 1-year duration which was diagnosed as chromoblastomycosis. The identification of the species was done by sequencing the ITS region. The patient was started with oral itraconazole but was lost to follow-up. Chromoblastomycosis due to Cladosporium cladosporioides is rare. Bipolaris cynodontis is not yet reported as a cause of human infection. The aetiological role of this fungus was confirmed by repeated isolation of the fungus from the lesion and direct microscopy. Molecular identification methods can increase the spectrum of black moulds causing human infection in coming years. We are reporting these two cases with review of the available literature.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/isolamento & purificação , Dermatomicoses/diagnóstico , Dermatomicoses/patologia , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/diagnóstico , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/patologia , Animais , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Ascomicetos/classificação , Ascomicetos/genética , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Desbridamento , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , Dermatomicoses/terapia , Humanos , Índia , Itraconazol/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/microbiologia , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/terapiaRESUMO
Subcutaneous mycoses are a group of fungal infections of dermis and subcutaneous tissue which consist of sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, hyalohyphomycosis, mycetoma, subcutaneous zygomycosis, rhinosporidiosis, lobomycosis and disseminated penicilliosis. A total of 46 consecutive patients with clinically suspected subcutaneous mycoses attending various departments of Assam Medical College and Hospital were included in this prospective study to know the prevalence of subcutaneous mycoses in this eastern part of Assam. Direct microscopy in 10 and 40 % KOH, histopathological examination of biopsied tissue, colony characteristics on Sabourauds dextrose agar media both at 25 and 37 °C and detailed morphology of each fungus on lactophenol cotton blue mount were the basis of identification of the fungi. Subcutaneous mycoses were confirmed in 32.6 % (n = 15) cases. Out of 15 positive cases of subcutaneous mycoses, chromoblastomycosis was detected in six cases (n = 40 %), hyalohyphomycosis in three cases (n = 20 %), and lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis, disseminated penicilliosis and mycetoma in two cases each (n = 13.3 % each). In this study, seven different species of fungus were found to be responsible for five different clinical types of subcutaneous mycosis. Cladosporium cladosporioides, Bipolaris spicifera and Curvularia lunata were responsible for chromoblastomycosis, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus terreus for hyalohyphomycosis, C. lunata for mycetoma, Sporothrix schenckii for lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis and Penicillium marneffei for disseminated penicilliosis. C. cladosporioides and C. lunata were the commonest black fungi causing subcutaneous mycosis in this sub-Himalayan belt. Rare species C. cladosporioides, B. spicifera and C. lunata were found to be causing chromoblastomycosis in this study.
Assuntos
Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , Dermatomicoses/patologia , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Biópsia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dermatomicoses/epidemiologia , Feminino , Histocitoquímica , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Técnicas Microbiológicas , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a dematiaceous fungus which rarely causes keratitis and is mostly resistant to the commonly used antifungal drugs. Here, we report three cases of keratitis caused by L.theobromae from Assam. All the cases were successfully treated with 1% voriconazole and surgical debridement. To the best of our knowledge and literature search, this is the first case series of keratitis caused by L.theobromae reported from eastern India.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Ascomicetos , Ceratite , Voriconazol , Humanos , Voriconazol/uso terapêutico , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Ceratite/tratamento farmacológico , Ceratite/microbiologia , Índia , Masculino , Ascomicetos/isolamento & purificação , Ascomicetos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Micoses/microbiologia , DesbridamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fungal infections are now a great public health threat, especially in those with underlying risk factors such as neutropenia, diabetes, high-dose steroid treatment, cancer chemotherapy, prolonged intensive care unit stay, and so on, which can lead to mycoses with higher mortality rates. The rates of these infections have been steadily increasing over the past 2 decades due to the increasing population of patients who are immunocompromised. However, the data regarding the exact burden of such infection are still not available from India. Therefore, this registry was initiated to collate systematic data on invasive fungal infections (IFIs) across the country. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study is to create a multicenter digital clinical registry and monitor trends of IFIs and emerging fungal diseases, as well as early signals of any potential fungal outbreak in any region. The registry will also capture information on the antifungal resistance patterns and the contribution of fungal infections on overall morbidity and inpatient mortality across various conditions. METHODS: This multicenter, prospective, noninterventional observational study will be conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research through a web-based data collection method from 8 Advanced Mycology Diagnostic and Research Centers across the country. Data on age, gender, clinical signs and symptoms, date of admission, date of discharge or death, diagnostic tests performed, identified pathogen details, antifungal susceptibility testing, outcome, and so on will be obtained from hospital records. Descriptive and multivariate statistical methods will be applied to investigate clinical manifestations, risk variables, and treatment outcomes. RESULTS: These Advanced Mycology Diagnostic and Research Centers are expected to find the hidden cases of fungal infections in the intensive care unit setting. The study will facilitate the enhancement of the precision of fungal infection diagnosis and prompt treatment modalities in response to antifungal drug sensitivity tests. This registry will improve our understanding of IFIs, support evidence-based clinical decision-making ability, and encourage public health policies and actions. CONCLUSIONS: Fungal diseases are a neglected public health problem. Fewer diagnostic facilities, scanty published data, and increased vulnerable patient groups make the situation worse. This is the first systematic clinical registry of IFIs in India. Data generated from this registry will increase our understanding related to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of fungal diseases in India by addressing pertinent gaps in mycology. This initiative will ensure a visible impact on public health in the country. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/54672.
RESUMO
A well-structured digital database is essential for any national priority project as it can provide real-time data analysis and facilitate quick decision making. In recent times, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have emerged as a significant public health challenge in India, affecting vulnerable population, including immunocompromised individuals. The lack of comprehensive and well-structured data on IFIs has hindered efforts to understand their true burden and optimize patient care. To address this critical knowledge gap, the ICMR has undertaken a Pan-India pioneer initiative to develop a network of Advanced Mycology Diagnostic research centres in different geographical zones of the country (ICMR-MycoNet). Under the aegis of this project, a clinical registry on IFIs in the ICUs is initiated. This process paper presents a detailed account of the steps involved in the establishment of a web-based data entering and monitoring platform to capture data electronically, ensuring robust and secure data collection and management. This system not only allows participating ICMR-MycoNet centres to enter patient information directly into the database using standardized Case Report Form (CRF) but also includes data validation checks to ensure the accuracy and completeness of entered data. It is complemented by a real-time, web-based, and adaptable data visualization platform. This registry aims to provide crucial epidemiological insights, promote evidence-based hospital infection control programs, and ultimately improve patient outcomes in the face of this formidable healthcare challenge.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Shigella flexneri is the most common species of Shigella causing diarrhoea and dysentery in Asia including India. Multidrug resistance in Shigella species has been reported worldwide and there is rising concern regarding development of fluoroquinolone resistance. This study was undertaken to find out the resistance pattern of Sh. flexneri, the commonest shigella isolated in Dibrugarh, north east India, including detection of fluoroquinolone resistance and extended spectrum beta lactamases. METHODS: Stool samples collected from patients of diarrhoea and dysentery were tested for bacterial enteropathogens. Strains of Shigella species were confirmed by biochemical tests. Speciation was done using commercially available polyvalent antiserum. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method against 18 different antibiotics. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) detection was done by disc approximation test as well as combination disc method and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of different antibiotics were also measured. RESULTS: Multidrug resistance in Sh. flexneri was found to be common (90.2%) and the commonest phenotypic multi-drug resistance profile was ampicillin-tetracycline-co-trimoxazole-nalidixic acid. High resistance to nalidixic acid was detected in 90.3 per cent isolates (MIC >240 µg/ml) and ciprofloxacin resistance was seen emerging in this region (11.2%, MIC >4 µg/ml). Present of ESBL was phenotypically confirmed in two cases. Besides the fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, piperacillin-tazobactum and the third generation cephalosporins were effective in 87-100 per cent of the isolates. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed high resistance (MIC >240 µg/ml) against nalidixic acid in Sh. flexneri isolates. Ciprofloxacin resistance is also emerging in this region. Shigellosis due to ESBL carrying Shigella can become a serious threat to public health. Guidelines for therapy should be monitored and modified based on regional reports of resistance to antimicrobial agents.
Assuntos
Diarreia/microbiologia , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Disenteria/microbiologia , Shigella flexneri/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos , Criança , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão , Disenteria/tratamento farmacológico , Disenteria/genética , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Índia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Shigella flexneri/efeitos dos fármacos , Shigella flexneri/patogenicidade , beta-Lactamases/genética , beta-Lactamases/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are one of the most common adverse events in patient care that account for substantial morbidity and mortality. We evaluate the existing Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in hospitals participating in the nationally representative HAI Surveillance network. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 23 hospitals across 22 states of India from October-2015 to September-2018 in the HAI surveillance network. The World Health Organization (WHO) IPC core components assessment tool for health-care facility level (IPCAT-H) was adapted from IPC assessment tool developed by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) under the Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity (ELC) Infection Control Assessment and Response (ICAR) Program. Mann-Whitney U test was used to calculate the significant difference between scores (P < .05). RESULTS: Amongst the participating hospitals, 7 were private sectors and 16 were public health care facilities. Infection IPCAT-H average score per multimodal strategy was less than 50% for programmed IPC activities (45.7); implementation of health care workers (HCWs) immunization programme (43.5%); monitoring and evaluation component (38.30%). CONCLUSIONS: There is potential for improvement in Human Resources, Surveillance of HAIs as well as Monitoring and Evaluation components.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar , Controle de Infecções , Humanos , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Autorrelato , Estudos Transversais , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , HospitaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Health-care-associated infections (HAIs) cause significant morbidity and mortality globally, including in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Networks of hospitals implementing standardised HAI surveillance can provide valuable data on HAI burden, and identify and monitor HAI prevention gaps. Hospitals in many LMICs use HAI case definitions developed for higher-resourced settings, which require human resources and laboratory and imaging tests that are often not available. METHODS: A network of 26 tertiary-level hospitals in India was created to implement HAI surveillance and prevention activities. Existing HAI case definitions were modified to facilitate standardised, resource-appropriate surveillance across hospitals. Hospitals identified health-care-associated bloodstream infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs) and reported clinical and microbiological data to the network for analysis. FINDINGS: 26 network hospitals reported 2622 health-care-associated bloodstream infections and 737 health-care-associated UTIs from 89 intensive care units (ICUs) between May 1, 2017, and Oct 31, 2018. Central line-associated bloodstream infection rates were highest in neonatal ICUs (>20 per 1000 central line days). Catheter-associated UTI rates were highest in paediatric medical ICUs (4·5 per 1000 urinary catheter days). Klebsiella spp (24·8%) were the most frequent organism in bloodstream infections and Candida spp (29·4%) in UTIs. Carbapenem resistance was common in Gram-negative infections, occurring in 72% of bloodstream infections and 76% of UTIs caused by Klebsiella spp, 77% of bloodstream infections and 76% of UTIs caused by Acinetobacter spp, and 64% of bloodstream infections and 72% of UTIs caused by Pseudomonas spp. INTERPRETATION: The first standardised HAI surveillance network in India has succeeded in implementing locally adapted and context-appropriate protocols consistently across hospitals and has been able to identify a large number of HAIs. Network data show high HAI and antimicrobial resistance rates in tertiary hospitals, showing the importance of implementing multimodal HAI prevention and antimicrobial resistance containment strategies. FUNDING: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cooperative agreement with All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. TRANSLATION: For the Hindi translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Infecção Hospitalar , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica , Sepse , Infecções Urinárias , Criança , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Klebsiella , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/complicações , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/microbiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are prevalent and difficult to treat worldwide. Most HAIs can be prevented by effective implementation of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures. A survey was conducted to assess the existing IPC practices across a network of Indian Hospitals using the World Health Organization designed self-assessment IPC Assessment Framework (IPCAF) tool. METHODS: This was a cross sectional observation study. Thirty-two tertiary care public and private facilities, part of the existing Indian HAI surveillance network was included. Data collected was analyzed by a central team at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, a tertiary care hospital of India. The WHO questionnaire tool was used to understand the capacity and efforts to implement IPC practices across the network. RESULTS: The overall median score of IPCAF across the network was 620. Based on the final IPCAF score of the facilities; 13% hospitals had basic IPC practices, 28% hospitals had intermediate and 59% hospitals had advanced IPC practices. The component multimodal strategies had the broadest range of score while the component IPC guidelines had the narrowest one. CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement training for IPC nurses and healthcare professionals are needed to be provided to health facilities.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar , Controle de Infecções , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Estudos Transversais , Atenção à Saúde , Instalações de Saúde , Humanos , Autorrelato , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosAssuntos
Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Enterococcus/isolamento & purificação , Enterococcus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Humanos , Índia , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Vancomicina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Sporotrichosis is one of the neglected tropical diseases causing subcutaneous chronic granulomatous lesion by thermally dimorphic fungi belonging to Sporothrix species. Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix mexicana and Sporothrix globosa are the common pathogenic species. In Asian countries, S. globosa constitutes nearly 99.3% of all Sporothrix species. We studied 63 cases of sporotrichosis of geographically diverse origin from India and Sporothrix isolates were characterised for its growth in different media, temperatures, ability to assimilate sugars and antifungal susceptibility profile. Molecular characterization was performed by sequencing of the calmodulin (CAL), beta tubulin (BT) and translational elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) and typing by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP). In patients who presented with fixed (49.2%), lymphocutaneous lesions (23.8%), in 26.9% the details were not known, none had systemic dissemination. All the isolates tested were Sporothrix globosa and that could grow up to 35 °C and unable to grow at and beyond 37 °C. The assimilation of sucrose, ribitol and raffinose helps in identifying S. globosa. Sequences of CAL or BT or TEF-1α can differentiate S. globosa from other species in the complex. FAFLP results exhibited low genetic diversity. No correlation was noted between genotypes and clinical presentation, or geographic distribution. Itraconazole, terbinafine and posaconazole showed good in vitro antifungal activity against S. globosa whereas fluconazole and micafungin had no activity. S. globosa of Indian origin is relatively less pathogenic than other pathogenic Sporothrix species as it does not cause systemic dissemination and in the diagnostic laboratory, incubation of the cultures below 37 °C is essential for effective isolation.
Assuntos
Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Adulto , Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Feminino , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Índia , Itraconazol/farmacologia , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Sporothrix/classificação , Sporothrix/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Between May and July 2009 there was a small outbreak of diphtheria in adults in Assam, India, with 13 confirmed cases, 8 males and 5 females. The mean age of the confirmed patients was 21.8 +/- 10.5 years. Common signs and symptoms of these patients included low grade fever, sore throat and pseudomembranes on the tonsils. The case fatality rate was 30.8%. Neurological complications were observed in one case. None of the patients received antidiphtheric serum (ADS) since none was available.
Assuntos
Difteria/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Difteria/mortalidade , Difteria/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: Detailed understanding of host pathogen interaction in tuberculosis is an important avenue for identifying novel therapeutic targets. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes that are rich in proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, act as messengers and may show altered composition in disease conditions. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In this case control study, small EVs are isolated from serum of 58 subjects (all male, 33 (15-70) in years) including drug naïve active tuberculosis (ATB: n = 22), non-tuberculosis (NTB: n = 18), and healthy subjects (n = 18). Serum small EVs proteome analysis is carried out using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) experiments and an independent sample (n = 36) is used for validation. RESULTS: A set of 132 and 68 proteins are identified in iTRAQ-I (ATB/Healthy) and iTRAQ-II (ATB/NTB) experiments, respectively. Four proteins (KYAT3, SERPINA1, HP, and APOC3) show deregulation (log2 -fold change > ±0.48, p < 0.05) in ATB with respect to healthy controls and Western blot data corroborated mass spectrometry findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These important proteins, involved in neutrophil degranulation, plasma heme scavenging, kynurenine, and lipid metabolism, show deregulation in ATB patients. Identification of such a protein panel in circulating small EVs besides providing novel insights into their role in tuberculosis may prove to be useful targets to develop host-directed therapeutic intervention.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Vesículas Extracelulares/genética , Proteoma/genética , Tuberculose/sangue , Adulto , Cromatografia Líquida , Exossomos/genética , Exossomos/imunologia , Vesículas Extracelulares/imunologia , Vesículas Extracelulares/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunidade Celular/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteoma/imunologia , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Tuberculose/imunologia , Tuberculose/patologiaAssuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/biossíntese , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/enzimologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/genética , Centros de Atenção Terciária/estatística & dados numéricos , Resistência beta-Lactâmica/genética , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Cefotaxima , Ceftazidima , Ceftriaxona , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Índia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) adapts many strategies to persist and replicate inside human tissue. One such strategy is the manipulation of CD4+ TH cells for subset interconversion to regulatory subsets. The aim of the present study is to get an insight of dynamic changes of CD4+ TH cells to regulatory subsets, CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)+ T-cells and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ programmed death molecule-1 (Foxp3+) T-cells, in peripheral blood in Mtb-infected individuals and healthy contacts in a high-burden setting from Assam, Northeast India. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted in newly diagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis (APTBs) patients and 2 sets of controls: (i) individuals infected with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and (ii) healthy close tuberculosis healthy contacts (HCs). The frequencies of different subsets of CD4+ cells with regulatory markers were measured in peripheral blood in 3 groups of study participants. Results and Observations: Frequencies of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T-cells (1.84 ± 1.40 vs. 4.32 ± 1.82 vs. 11.30 ± 3.66), CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ PD1+ T-cells (0.37 ± 1.28 vs. 2.99 ± 3.69 vs. 14.54 ± 5.10) and ligand (PD-L1)-positive CD4+ TH cells (0.80 ± 0.45 vs. 2.28 ± 0.95 vs. 7.13 ± 2.02) were significantly increased from HCs to LTBIs to APTB patients, respectively (P < 0.0001). No significant changes in frequencies of total CD4+ cells were observed between APTBs (29.51 ± 11.93), LTBIs (29.23 ± 8.16) and HCs (28.16 ± 9.73) whereas the mean ratios of CD4+ to CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ were significantly decreased from 34.34 ± 47.56 in HCs to 7.96 ± 5.8 in LTBIs to 3.12 ± 2.58 in APTBs (P < 0.0001). Significant decrease in mean ratios of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ to CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ PD1+ were also observed from 4.97 ± 1.09 in HCs to 1.44 ± 0.49 in LTBIs to 0.78 ± 0.72 in APTBs. Conclusion: CD4+ TH cells change dynamically to regulatory subsets depending on the status of infection and a shift of response towards excessive regulatory T-cells, and PD-1/PD-L1 production may help in the development of active infection in latently infected individuals. These immunological parameters may be used, as potential biomarkers to see the changing dynamics of Mtb infection.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Tuberculose Pulmonar/imunologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Humanos , Índia , Subunidade alfa de Receptor de Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismoRESUMO
Existing understanding of molecular composition of sputum and its role in tuberculosis patients is variously limited to its diagnostic potential. We sought to identify infection induced sputum proteome alteration in active/non tuberculosis patients (A/NTB) and their role in altered lung patho-physiology. Out of the study population (n = 118), sputum proteins isolated from discovery set samples (n = 20) was used for an 8-plex isobaric tag for relative and absolute concentration analysis. A minimum set of protein with at least log2(ATB/NTB) >±1.0 in ATB was selected as biosignature and validated in 32 samples. Predictive accuracy was calculated from area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC of ROC) using a confirmatory set (n = 50) by Western blot analysis. Mass spectrometry analysis identified a set of 192 sputum proteins, out of which a signature of ß-integrin, vitamin D binding protein:DBP, uteroglobin, profilin and cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide was sufficient to differentiate ATB from NTB. AUC of ROC of the biosignature was calculated to 0.75. A shift in DBP-antimicrobial peptide (AMP) axis in the lungs of tuberculosis patients is observed. The identified sputum protein signature is a promising panel to differentiate ATB from NTB groups and suggest a deregulated DBP-AMP axis in lungs of tuberculosis patients.