Cochlear hair cell innervation is dependent on a modulatory function of Semaphorin-3A.

BACKGROUND: Proper connectivity between type I spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and inner hair cells (IHCs) in the cochlea is necessary for conveying sound information to the brain in mammals. Previous studies have shown that type I SGNs are heterogeneous in form, function and synaptic location on IHCs, but factors controlling their patterns of connectivity are not well understood. RESULTS: During development, cochlear supporting cells and SGNs express Semaphorin-3A (SEMA3A), a known axon guidance factor. Mice homozygous for a point mutation that attenuates normal SEMA3A repulsive activity (Sema3aK108N ) show cochleae with grossly normal patterns of IHC innervation. However, genetic sparse labeling and three-dimensional reconstructions of individual SGNs show that cochleae from Sema3aK108N mice lacked the normal synaptic distribution of type I SGNs. Additionally, Sema3aK108N cochleae show a disrupted distribution of GLUA2 postsynaptic patches around the IHCs. The addition of SEMA3A-Fc to postnatal cochleae led to increases in SGN branching, similar to the effects of inhibiting glutamate receptors. Ca2+ imaging studies show that SEMA3A-Fc decreases SGN activity. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to the canonical view of SEMA3A as a guidance ligand, our results suggest SEMA3A may regulate SGN excitability in the cochlea, which may influence the morphology and synaptic arrangement of type I SGNs.

An analysis of vascular surgery education publications reveals an educational shortage.

BACKGROUND: As vascular surgery training continues to evolve with the growth of integrated vascular surgery residency (0+5) programs and the consolidation of fellowship programs, optimizing all aspects of the education for vascular surgery trainees, both fellows and 0+5 residents, has become increasingly important. In the present study, we aimed to determine the prevalence, quality, and content of vascular surgery education publications across journals. METHODS: Journal websites (n = 26) and PubMed were queried to identify vascular surgery education publications from 2012 to 2021. The publications were organized into 11 content categories: (1) curriculum, (2) simulation, (3) trainee assessment, (4) program evaluation, (5) wellness/burnout, (6) diversity/inclusion, (7) mentorship/career, (8) case outcomes, (9) perceptions of training, (10) social media, and (11) other. Publication interactivity and quality were measured via PlumX data and Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument scores. The data were analyzed via univariate analysis and linear regression. RESULTS: A total of 115 vascular surgery education publications (0.2% [interquartile range (IQR), 0.04%-0.5%] of total publications) were identified from the selected journals. The Journal of Vascular Surgery had the highest proportion (0.8%) of vascular surgery education publications, followed by the Journal of Surgical Education (0.7%) and Annals of Vascular Surgery (0.6%). Vascular surgery journals constituted most (79%) of the publications. Of the authors, 15% (IQR, 0%-25%) had a master's or doctorate degree in education. Senior authors were more often identified as male gender (77%), and more first authors (41%) were identified as female gender. An interactivity analysis showed that there were 10.3 citations (IQR, 12), 33.1 captures (IQR, 34), and 8.4 social media interactions (IQR 14) per publication. The educational quality had a median Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument score of 11 (IQR, 9-12.5), with 49% of publications having a score greater than the median. Publications on training (44% curriculum and 20% simulation) were significantly more frequent than other topics (P < .001), with no change in the publication content over 10 years (P = .29). The volume of vascular surgery education publications did not change during the study period (P = .13) despite the ongoing changes in the educational environment. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the increasing importance placed on vascular surgery education by national vascular societies, publications on vascular surgery education have remained sparse among all journals. Also, the vascular surgery educational content has not changed during the past 10 years, with a primary focus on curriculum and simulation training. Further promotion of vascular surgery educational research is required to increase the quality, volume, and diversity of education publications.

Effects of letrozole cotreatment on endocrinology and follicle development in women undergoing ovarian stimulation in an antagonist protocol.

STUDY QUESTION: What are the downstream endocrine and paracrine consequences of letrozole (LZ) cotreatment during ovarian stimulation and is follicle growth and recruitment affected? SUMMARY ANSWER: Letrozole cotreatment induces marked changes in both the follicular and luteal phase endocrinology causing potentiation of follicle diameter and an improved corpus luteum function without affecting the secondarily recruited follicle cohort. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Letrozole is a third-generation aromatase inhibitor that is well-established as an effective ovulatory agent, while its possible benefits in standard in vitro fertilization protocols are less thoroughly investigated. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This study included a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized study with LZ or placebo intervention during ovarian stimulation for IVF treatment, an observational preceding baseline natural cycle and a succeeding follow-up visit. Participants were enrolled between August 2016 and November 2018. Data from the randomized, stimulated cycle were part of a larger RCT, which was previously published. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The study was conducted at a public fertility clinic at Herlev Hospital, Denmark, including 31 healthy, normo-responding women eligible for IVF treatment. They underwent a natural baseline cycle and were subsequently randomized to receive either LZ 5 mg (n = 16) or placebo (n = 15) daily during ovarian stimulation from cycle day (CD) 2-3 until induction of ovulation. Throughout both cycles, monitoring was performed every third day with transvaginal ultrasound for assessment of follicle count and diameter, and blood analyses for the determination of twelve endocrine and paracrine parameters. A follow-up assessment was performed at CD2-3 in the succeeding cycle. In the randomized part of the study, we determined differences in blood parameters, follicle recruitment, and follicle diameter. In the observational part of the study, we assessed follicle recruitment in between cycles and its correlation to endocrine parameters. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Letrozole cotreatment significantly suppressed oestradiol (E2) concentrations in the follicular phase (area under the curve (AUC) -58% (95% CI [-70%; -43%], P < 0.001)) and luteal phase (AUC -39% [-63%; -1%], P = 0.046). This had a marked effect on the endocrine and paracrine output with increased follicular phase luteinizing hormone (AUC +37% [3%; 82%], P = 0.033), androstenedione (AUC +36% [6%; 74%], P = 0.016), testosterone (AUC +37% [7%; 73%], P = 0.013) and 17-OH-progesterone (AUC +114% [10%; 318%], P = 0.027). Furthermore, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was increased at stimulation day 5 in the LZ group (P < 0.05). In the luteal phase, increased corpus luteum output was reflected by elevated progesterone (AUC +44% [1%; 104%], P = 0.043), inhibin A (AUC +52% [11%; 108%], P = 0.011), androstenedione (AUC +31% [9%; 58%], P = 0.006) and testosterone (AUC +29% [6%; 57%], P = 0.012) in the LZ group. The altered balance between oestrogens and androgens was reflected in a markedly reduced SHBG concentration in the LZ group throughout the luteal phase (AUC -35% [-52%; -11%], P = 0.009). Endocrine and paracrine parameters were similar between groups at the follow-up visit. Letrozole cotreatment significantly increased the mean number of follicles >16 mm at oocyte retrieval (7.2 vs 5.2, difference: 2.0, 95% CI [0.1; 3.8], P = 0.036), while the mean total number of follicles at oocyte retrieval was the same (23.7 vs 23.5, difference: 0.2 [-5.8; 6.1], P = 0.958), and the mean FSH consumption during the stimulated cycle was similar (1500 vs 1520 IU, difference -20 IU [-175; 136], P = 0.794). Between cycles, the mean antral follicle count at CD2-3 was unchanged (natural cycle 19.0, stimulated cycle 20.9, follow-up cycle 19.7, P = 0.692) and there was no effect of LZ cotreatment on the recruitment of the next follicle cohort (test for interaction, P = 0.821). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: This study included a relatively small, selected group of healthy women with an expected normal ovarian function and reserve, and the effects of LZ may therefore be different in other patient groups. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: We confirm some previous findings concerning increased follicle growth and increased endogenous FSH and androgen production, which support the rationale for further studies on the use of LZ cotreatment, for example, as a form of endogenous androgen priming sensitizing the follicle to FSH. Letrozole appears to improve the luteal phase with better stimulation of corpus luteum and progesterone secretion. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): The authors declare no conflicts of interest relating to the present work. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02939898.

Inferring the Total-Evidence Timescale of Marattialean Fern Evolution in the Face of Model Sensitivity.

Phylogenetic divergence-time estimation has been revolutionized by two recent developments: 1) total-evidence dating (or "tip-dating") approaches that allow for the incorporation of fossils as tips in the analysis, with their phylogenetic and temporal relationships to the extant taxa inferred from the data and 2) the fossilized birth-death (FBD) class of tree models that capture the processes that produce the tree (speciation, extinction, and fossilization) and thus provide a coherent and biologically interpretable tree prior. To explore the behavior of these methods, we apply them to marattialean ferns, a group that was dominant in Carboniferous landscapes prior to declining to its modest extant diversity of slightly over 100 species. We show that tree models have a dramatic influence on estimates of both divergence times and topological relationships. This influence is driven by the strong, counter-intuitive informativeness of the uniform tree prior, and the inherent nonidentifiability of divergence-time models. In contrast to the strong influence of the tree models, we find minor effects of differing the morphological transition model or the morphological clock model. We compare the performance of a large pool of candidate models using a combination of posterior-predictive simulation and Bayes factors. Notably, an FBD model with epoch-specific speciation and extinction rates was strongly favored by Bayes factors. Our best-fitting model infers stem and crown divergences for the Marattiales in the mid-Devonian and Late Cretaceous, respectively, with elevated speciation rates in the Mississippian and elevated extinction rates in the Cisuralian leading to a peak diversity of ${\sim}$2800 species at the end of the Carboniferous, representing the heyday of the Psaroniaceae. This peak is followed by the rapid decline and ultimate extinction of the Psaroniaceae, with their descendants, the Marattiaceae, persisting at approximately stable levels of diversity until the present. This general diversification pattern appears to be insensitive to potential biases in the fossil record; despite the preponderance of available fossils being from Pennsylvanian coal balls, incorporating fossilization-rate variation does not improve model fit. In addition, by incorporating temporal data directly within the model and allowing for the inference of the phylogenetic position of the fossils, our study makes the surprising inference that the clade of extant Marattiales is relatively young, younger than any of the fossils historically thought to be congeneric with extant species. This result is a dramatic demonstration of the dangers of node-based approaches to divergence-time estimation, where the assignment of fossils to particular clades is made a priori (earlier node-based studies that constrained the minimum ages of extant genera based on these fossils resulted in much older age estimates than in our study) and of the utility of explicit models of morphological evolution and lineage diversification. [Bayesian model comparison; Carboniferous; divergence-time estimation; fossil record; fossilized birth-death; lineage diversification; Marattiales; models of morphological evolution; Psaronius; RevBayes.].

Engineering of Injectable Antibiotic-laden Fibrous Microparticles Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel for Endodontic Infection Ablation.

This study aimed at engineering cytocompatible and injectable antibiotic-laden fibrous microparticles gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels for endodontic infection ablation. Clindamycin (CLIN) or metronidazole (MET) was added to a polymer solution and electrospun into fibrous mats, which were processed via cryomilling to obtain CLIN- or MET-laden fibrous microparticles. Then, GelMA was modified with CLIN- or MET-laden microparticles or by using equal amounts of each set of fibrous microparticles. Morphological characterization of electrospun fibers and cryomilled particles was performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental hydrogels were further examined for swelling, degradation, and toxicity to dental stem cells, as well as antimicrobial action against endodontic pathogens (agar diffusion) and biofilm inhibition, evaluated both quantitatively (CFU/mL) and qualitatively via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and SEM. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The modification of GelMA with antibiotic-laden fibrous microparticles increased the hydrogel swelling ratio and degradation rate. Cell viability was slightly reduced, although without any significant toxicity (cell viability > 50%). All hydrogels containing antibiotic-laden fibrous microparticles displayed antibiofilm effects, with the dentin substrate showing nearly complete elimination of viable bacteria. Altogether, our findings suggest that the engineered injectable antibiotic-laden fibrous microparticles hydrogels hold clinical prospects for endodontic infection ablation.

Validation of a non-motor fluctuations questionnaire in Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Non-motor fluctuations (NMF) in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain poorly recognized but have a high impact on patients' quality of life. The lack of assessment tools limits our understanding of NMF, compromising appropriate management. Our objective was to validate a hetero-questionnaire for NMF in PD patients at different stages of the disease: without treatment, without motor fluctuations, with motor fluctuations. METHODS: We included patients in 15 centers in France. Our questionnaire, NMF-Park, resulted from previous studies, allowing us to identify the more pertinent NMF for evaluation. Patients reported the presence (yes or no) of 22 selected NMF, and their link with dopaminergic medications. The assessment was repeated at one and two years to study the progression of NMF. We performed a metrological validation of our questionnaire. RESULTS: We included 255 patients (42 without treatment, 88 without motor fluctuations and 125 with motor fluctuations). After metrological validation, three dimensions of NMF were found: dysautonomic; cognitive; psychiatric. The sensory/pain dimension described in the literature was not statistically confirmed by our study. DISCUSSION: Our questionnaire was validated according to clinimetric standards, for different stages of PD. It was clinically coherent with three homogeneous dimensions. It highlighted a link between fatigue, visual accommodation disorder, and cognitive fluctuations; and the integration of sensory/pain fluctuations as part of dysautonomic fluctuations. It focused exclusively on NMF, which is interesting considering the described differences between non-motor and motor fluctuations. CONCLUSION: Our study validated a hetero-questionnaire of diagnosis for NMF for different stages of PD.

Formation and contraction of multicellular actomyosin cables facilitate lens placode invagination.

Embryonic morphogenesis relies on the intrinsic ability of cells, often through remodeling the cytoskeleton, to shape epithelial tissues during development. Epithelial invagination is an example of morphogenesis that depends on this remodeling but the cellular mechanisms driving arrangement of cytoskeletal elements needed for tissue deformation remain incompletely characterized. To elucidate these mechanisms, live fluorescent microscopy and immunohistochemistry on fixed specimens were performed on chick and mouse lens placodes. This analysis revealed the formation of peripherally localized, circumferentially orientated and aligned junctions enriched in F-actin and MyoIIB. Once formed, the aligned junctions contract in a Rho-kinase and non-muscle myosin dependent manner. Further molecular characterization of these junctions revealed a Rho-kinase dependent accumulation of Arhgef11, a RhoA-specific guanine exchange factor known to regulate the formation of actomyosin cables and junctional contraction. In contrast, the localization of the Par-complex protein Par3, was reduced in these circumferentially orientated junctions. In an effort to determine if Par3 plays a negative role in MyoIIB accumulation, Par3-deficient mouse embryos were analyzed which not only revealed an increase in bicellular junctional accumulation of MyoIIB, but also a reduction of Arhgef11. Together, these results highlight the importance of the formation of the multicellular actomyosin cables that appear essential to the initiation of epithelial invagination and implicate the potential role of Arhgef11 and Par3 in their contraction and formation.

Novel variants in CDH2 are associated with a new syndrome including Peters anomaly.

Peters anomaly (PA) is a congenital corneal opacity associated with corneo-lenticular attachments. PA can be isolated or part of a syndrome with most cases remaining genetically unsolved. Exome sequencing of a trio with syndromic PA and 145 additional unexplained probands with developmental ocular conditions identified a de novo splicing and three novel missense heterozygous CDH2 variants affecting the extracellular cadherin domains in four individuals with PA. Syndromic anomalies were seen in three individuals and included left-sided cardiac lesions, dysmorphic facial features, and decreasing height percentiles; brain magnetic resonance imaging identified agenesis of the corpus callosum and hypoplasia of the inferior cerebellar vermis. CDH2 encodes for N-cadherin, a transmembrane protein that mediates cell-cell adhesion in multiple tissues. Immunostaining in mouse embryonic eyes confirmed N-cadherin is present in the lens stalk at the time of separation from the future cornea and in the developing lens and corneal endothelium at later stages, supporting a possible role in PA. Previous studies in animal models have noted the importance of Cdh2/cdh2 in the development of the eye, heart, brain, and skeletal structures, also consistent with the patient features presented here. Examination of CDH2 in additional patients with PA is indicated to confirm this association.

Potent inhibitors of malarial P. Falciparum protein kinase G: Improving the cell activity of a series of imidazopyridines.

Development of a class of bicyclic inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG), starting from known compounds with activity against a related parasite PKG orthologue, is reported. Examination of key sub-structural elements led to new compounds with good levels of inhibitory activity against the recombinant kinase and in vitro activity against the parasite. Key examples were shown to possess encouraging in vitro ADME properties, and computational analysis provided valuable insight into the origins of the observed activity profiles.

Potent bicyclic inhibitors of malarial cGMP-dependent protein kinase: approaches to combining improvements in cell potency, selectivity and structural novelty.

Focussed studies on imidazopyridine inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG) have significantly advanced the series towards desirable in vitro property space. LLE-based approaches towards combining improvements in cell potency, key physicochemical parameters and structural novelty are described, and a structure-based design hypothesis relating to substituent regiochemistry has directed efforts towards key examples with well-balanced potency, ADME and kinase selectivity profiles.

Phylogeny of the gymnosperm genus Cycas L. (Cycadaceae) as inferred from plastid and nuclear loci based on a large-scale sampling: Evolutionary relationships and taxonomical implications.

The gymnosperm genus Cycas is the sole member of Cycadaceae, and is the largest genus of extant cycads. There are about 115 accepted Cycas species mainly distributed in the paleotropics. Based on morphology, the genus has been divided into six sections and eight subsections, but this taxonomy has not yet been tested in a molecular phylogenetic framework. Although the monophyly of Cycas is broadly accepted, the intrageneric relationships inferred from previous molecular phylogenetic analyses are unclear due to insufficient sampling or uninformative DNA sequence data. In this study, we reconstructed a phylogeny of Cycas using four chloroplast intergenic spacers and seven low-copy nuclear genes and sampling 90% of extant Cycas species. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenies suggest: (1) matrices of either concatenated cpDNA markers or of concatenated nDNA lack sufficient informative sites to resolve the phylogeny alone, however, the phylogeny from the combined cpDNA-nDNA dataset suggests the genus can be roughly divided into 13 clades and six sections that are in agreement with the current classification of the genus; (2) although with partial support, a clade combining sections Panzhihuaenses + Asiorientales is resolved as the earliest diverging branch; (3) section Stangerioides is not monophyletic because the species resolve as a grade; (4) section Indosinenses is not monophyletic as it includes Cycas macrocarpa and C. pranburiensis from section Cycas; (5) section Cycas is the most derived group and its subgroups correspond with geography.

Role of JNK during buccopharyngeal membrane perforation, the last step of embryonic mouth formation.

BACKGROUND: The buccopharyngeal membrane is a thin layer of cells covering the embryonic mouth. The perforation of this structure creates an opening connecting the external and the digestive tube which is essential for oral cavity formation. In humans, persistence of the buccopharyngeal membrane can lead to orofacial defects such as choanal atresia, oral synechiaes, and cleft palate. Little is known about the causes of a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane and, importantly, how this structure ruptures. RESULTS: We have determined, using antisense and pharmacological approaches, that Xenopus embryos deficient c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling have a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane. JNK deficient embryos have decreased cell division and increased cellular stress and apoptosis. However, altering these processes independently of JNK did not affect buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. JNK deficient embryos also have increased intercellular adhesion and defects in e-cadherin localization. Conversely, embryos with overactive JNK have epidermal fragility, increased E-cadherin internalization, and increased membrane localized clathrin. In the buccopharyngeal membrane, clathrin is colocalized with active JNK. Furthermore, inhibition of endocytosis results in a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane, mimicking the JNK deficient phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that JNK has a role in the disassembly adherens junctions by means of endocytosis that is required during buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. Developmental Dynamics 246:100-115, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Prospective Association of the Diurnal Cortisol Rhythm With Sleep Duration and Perceived Sleeping Problems in Preschoolers: The Generation R Study.

OBJECTIVE: Cortisol, the end product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, plays an important role in modulating sleep. Yet, studies investigating the association between diurnal cortisol rhythm and sleep patterns in young children are scarce. We tested the hypothesis that the diurnal cortisol rhythm is associated with shorter sleep duration and more sleep problems across early childhood. METHODS: This study was embedded in Generation R, a population-based cohort from fetal life onward. Parents collected saliva samples from their infant at five moments during day 1. In 322 infants aged 12 to 20 months, we determined the diurnal cortisol rhythm by calculating the area under the curve (AUC), the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and the diurnal slope. Sleep duration and sleep behavior were repeatedly assessed across ages of 14 months to 5 years. Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess related cortisol measures to sleep duration and sleep behavior. RESULTS: The diurnal cortisol slope and the CAR, but not the AUC, were associated with sleep duration across childhood. Children with flatter slopes and children with a more positive CAR were more likely to have shorter nighttime sleep duration (ß per nmol/L/h slope = -0.12, 95% confidence interval = -0.19 to -0.05, p = .001; ß per nmol/L CAR = -0.01, 95% confidence interval = -0.02 to 0.00, p = .04). Cortisol measures did not predict sleep problems. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that a flatter diurnal cortisol slope and a more marked morning rise, which can indicate stress (or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation), have a long-term association with sleep regulation.

Origin and diversification of living cycads: a cautionary tale on the impact of the branching process prior in Bayesian molecular dating.

BACKGROUND: Bayesian relaxed-clock dating has significantly influenced our understanding of the timeline of biotic evolution. This approach requires the use of priors on the branching process, yet little is known about their impact on divergence time estimates. We investigated the effect of branching priors using the iconic cycads. We conducted phylogenetic estimations for 237 cycad species using three genes and two calibration strategies incorporating up to six fossil constraints to (i) test the impact of two different branching process priors on age estimates, (ii) assess which branching prior better fits the data, (iii) investigate branching prior impacts on diversification analyses, and (iv) provide insights into the diversification history of cycads. RESULTS: Using Bayes factors, we compared divergence time estimates and the inferred dynamics of diversification when using Yule versus birth-death priors. Bayes factors were calculated with marginal likelihood estimated with stepping-stone sampling. We found striking differences in age estimates and diversification dynamics depending on prior choice. Dating with the Yule prior suggested that extant cycad genera diversified in the Paleogene and with two diversification rate shifts. In contrast, dating with the birth-death prior yielded Neogene diversifications, and four rate shifts, one for each of the four richest genera. Nonetheless, dating with the two priors provided similar age estimates for the divergence of cycads from Ginkgo (Carboniferous) and their crown age (Permian). Of these, Bayes factors clearly supported the birth-death prior. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the choice of the branching process prior can have a drastic influence on our understanding of evolutionary radiations. Therefore, all dating analyses must involve a model selection process using Bayes factors to select between a Yule or birth-death prior, in particular on ancient clades with a potential pattern of high extinction. We also provide new insights into the history of cycad diversification because we found (i) periods of extinction along the long branches of the genera consistent with fossil data, and (ii) high diversification rates within the Miocene genus radiations.

Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Mexico in 2020-2021: Risk Areas and Climatic Distribution.

Mexico is home to 14 species of lagomorphs, 6 of which are endemic. Studies on diseases affecting native lagomorphs are scarce, and in most cases, the impact on their populations remains largely unknown. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), especially the RHDV2 variant, causes a serious and extremely contagious disease, resulting in high mortality rates and major declines in wild lagomorph populations. The objectives of this study were to identify disease hotspots and critical biodiversity regions in Mexico through the combined use of disease information and lagomorph distribution maps and to determine the areas of greatest concern. In total, 19 states of Mexico recorded RHDV2 from April 2020 to August 2021, and 12 of them reported the wild species Sylvilagus audubonii, Lepus californicus, and unidentified Leporidae species. The distribution of RHDV2 in Mexico can be closely predicted from climatic variables. RHDV2 hotspots are located in the central-southern area of the Mexican Highlands and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, where the virus affects multiple species. This knowledge is essential for proposing specific actions to manage and preserve lagomorph populations at risk and address these issues as soon as possible.

Interleukin 31 mediates pruritus in horses.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of recombinant equine IL-31 (eIL-31) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Equine IL-31 mRNA sequences were verified by sequencing. Recombinant eIL-31 was produced using mammalian and bacterial expression systems. From November 2019 through February 2021, 12 normal horses, 6 to 10 years old with no history or clinical signs consistent with allergic skin disease, were injected ID with eIL-31 and saline in 2 challenge studies. Pruritus-associated behaviors were recorded for a minimum of 15 minutes preinjection and 4 hours postinjection. Adherent monocytes from 3 pruritic horses, exhibiting insect bite hypersensitivity and/or atopic dermatitis, were stimulated with bacterial eIL-31, and subsequent phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was measured by western blot and AlphaLISA. RESULTS: The bacterial eIL-31 was produced with greater purity than the mammalian eIL-31 (> 95% vs 70%). Pruritus was elicited by both recombinant proteins. The mammalian eIL-31 induced mild pruritus (cumulative seconds spent itching postinjection ranged from 6 to 313). The bacterial eIL-31 induced marked pruritus in some horses (a cumulative maximum of 5,529 seconds spent itching in 1 horse) and a milder response in others (range of cumulative seconds spent itching, 17 to 2,313). Most pruritus occurred after 2 hours and subsided by 4 hours postinjection. Bacterial eIL-31 induced STAT3 phosphorylation in adherent monocytes from allergic horses. CONCLUSIONS: In this proof-of-concept study, IL-31 was found to mediate pruritus and was associated with STAT3 phosphorylation in horses as in other species. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Interleukin 31 is a promising therapeutic target for equine allergic pruritus.

Association of multiple metabolic and cardiovascular markers with the risk of cognitive decline and mortality in adults with Alzheimer's disease and AD-related dementia or cognitive decline: a prospective cohort study.

Background and objectives: There is a scarcity of data stemming from large-scale epidemiological longitudinal studies focusing on potentially preventable and controllable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related dementia (ADRD). This study aimed to examine the effect of multiple metabolic factors and cardiovascular disorders on the risk of cognitive decline and AD/ADRD. Methods: We analyzed a cohort of 6,440 participants aged 45-84 years at baseline. Multiple metabolic and cardiovascular disorder factors included the five components of the metabolic syndrome [waist circumference, high blood pressure (HBP), elevated glucose and triglyceride (TG) concentrations, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations], C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), factor VIII, D-dimer, and homocysteine concentrations, carotid intimal-medial thickness (CIMT), and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Cognitive decline was defined using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) score, and AD/ADRD cases were classified using clinical diagnoses. Results: Over an average follow-up period of 13 years, HBP and elevated glucose, CRP, homocysteine, IL-6, and ACR concentrations were significantly associated with the risk of mortality in the individuals with incident AD/ADRD or cognitive decline. Elevated D-dimer and homocysteine concentrations, as well as elevated ACR were significantly associated with incident AD/ADRD. Elevated homocysteine and ACR were significantly associated with cognitive decline. A dose-response association was observed, indicating that an increased number of exposures to multiple risk factors corresponded to a higher risk of mortality in individuals with cognitive decline or with AD/ADRD. Conclusion: Findings from our study reaffirm the significance of preventable and controllable factors, including HBP, hyperglycemia, elevated CRP, D-dimer, and homocysteine concentrations, as well as, ACR, as potential risk factors for cognitive decline and AD/ADRD.

Effect of Needle Gauge Size on Pain During Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injection: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Concerns related to pain from intravitreal injections are one of the key factors mentioned by patients when asked about therapy. In this systematic review and network meta-analysis, we evaluate the literature of comparative clinical trials on the relationship between needle gauge size and pain experience during intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. METHODS: We searched 12 literature databases on 14 October 2023 for comparative studies of gauge sizes for intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. The primary outcome of interest was the reported pain experience immediately after the injection. All outcomes of pain were transformed into standardized effect sizes using Cohen's d. Using a network meta-analysis approach, we were able to compare all gauge sizes and rank them according to the reported pain experience. RESULTS: We identified nine eligible studies with data on a total of 998 patients and 1004 eyes. Needle sizes studied were 26-gauge, 27-gauge, 29-gauge, 30-gauge, 32-gauge, 33-gauge, and 34-gauge. A complete network was present, which allowed for a network meta-analysis. We used the thickest (26-gauge) needle as the reference group and observed a clear trend of lower pain experience with thinner gauge sizes (d: -0.4, d: -2.7, d: -3.8, d: -4.8, d: -4.5, and d: -5.3; respectively, for 27-gauge, 29-gauge, 30-gauge, 32-gauge, 33-gauge, and 34-gauge). CONCLUSION: A gauge size of 30 or thinner may minimize patient discomfort related to intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy.

Focused Ultrasound-Enhanced Liquid Biopsy: A Promising Diagnostic Tool for Brain Tumor Patients.

The performance of minimally invasive molecular diagnostic tools in brain tumors, such as liquid biopsy, has so far been limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB hinders the release of brain tumor biomarkers into the bloodstream. The use of focused ultrasound in conjunction with microbubbles has been shown to temporarily open the BBB (FUS-BBBO). This may enhance blood-based tumor biomarker levels. This systematic review provides an overview of the data regarding FUS-BBBO-enhanced liquid biopsy for primary brain tumors. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Embase databases with key terms "brain tumors", "liquid biopsy", "FUS" and their synonyms, in accordance with PRISMA statement guidelines. Five preclinical and two clinical studies were included. Preclinical studies utilized mouse, rat and porcine glioma models. Biomarker levels were found to be higher in sonicated groups compared to control groups. Both stable and inertial microbubble cavitation increased biomarker levels, whereas only inertial cavitation induced microhemorrhages. In clinical studies involving 14 patients with high-grade brain tumors, biomarker levels were increased after FUS-BBBO with stable cavitation. In conclusion, FUS-BBBO-enhanced liquid biopsy using stable cavitation shows diagnostic potential for primary brain tumors. Further research is imperative before integrating FUS-BBBO for liquid biopsy enhancement into clinical practice.

Growth and body composition of infants born moderate-to-late preterm fed a protein- and mineral-enriched postdischarge formula compared with a standard term formula until 6 months corrected age, a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Infants born moderate-to-late preterm (i.e., 32 wk-35 wk 6 d gestation) are, analogous to those born very preterm, at risk of later obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Appropriate early life nutrition is key for ensuring optimal growth and body composition, thereby mitigating potential cardiometabolic risks. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare growth and body composition between infants born moderate-to-late preterm fed isocaloric but protein- and mineral-enriched postdischarge formula (PDF) or standard term formula (STF) until 6 mo corrected age (CA; i.e., after term equivalent age [TEA]). METHODS: After enrollment (≤7 d postpartum), infants received PDF if (fortified) mother's own milk (MOM) was insufficient. At TEA, those receiving >25% of intake as formula were randomized to either continue the same PDF (n = 47) or switch to STF (n = 50); those receiving ≥75% of intake as MOM (n = 60) served as references. At TEA and 6 mo CA, we assessed anthropometry and body composition using both dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP). RESULTS: Feeding groups had similar gestational age (median [25th percentile;75th percentile]: 34.3 [33.5; 35.1] wk), birthweight (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 2175 ± 412 g), anthropometry, and body composition at TEA. At 6 mo CA, infants fed PDF had slightly, but significantly, greater length (67.6 ± 2.5 and 66.9 ± 2.6 cm, P < 0.05) and larger head circumference (43.9 ± 1.3 and 43.4 ± 1.5 cm, P < 0.05) compared to infants fed STF. Also, infants fed PDF had higher lean mass (LM) and bone mineral content estimated by DXA (4772 ± 675 and 4502 ± 741 g; 140 ± 20 and 131 ± 23 g, respectively; P < 0.05). ADP estimates, however, were not statistically different between feeding groups. CONCLUSIONS: Infants born moderate-to-late preterm demonstrated modest increases in length, head circumference, LM, and bone mineral content when fed PDF compared to STF for 6 mo after TEA. This trial was registered at the International Clinical Trial Registry Platform as NTR5117 and NTR NL4979.