Prognosis-determinant candidate genes identified by whole genome scanning in eyes with pterygia.

PURPOSE: To identify the genes that can differentiate primary from recurrent pterygia. METHODS: The transcriptional differences of primary and recurrent pterygia were first determined by microarray analyses. Computational analyses were used to extract the biological significance of the genes accurately, and a significant functional classification of the genes was made by unsupervised methodologies. After confirming the functional classification for primary and recurrent pterygia by a clustering algorithm, a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was applied. Based on a machine learning technique, the minimum number of genes that can accurately classify primary and recurrent pterygia was determined. RESULTS: Clustering analyses classified primary and recurrent pterygia transcriptomes and identified 10 clusters associated with distinct biological processes. When the SVM algorithm was applied to the microarray-analyzed products from three primary and three recurrent cases, periostin, TIMP-2, and L-3-phosphoserine phosphatase homolog (PSPHL) were identified as the minimum set of predictors with 100% accuracy. A differential expression of these genes in primary and recurrent pterygia was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. When the 24 patients with primary disease and the 8 patients with recurrent disease were analyzed with this gene set, an accuracy of classification of 84.38% was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Periostin, TIMP-2, and PSPHL can be used as predictor genes for the recurrence of pterygia. Their biological activities may explain the events leading to recurrences of pterygia and thus may be genes to target for pharmaceutical interventions.

Roles of chemokines in ocular allergy and possible therapeutic strategies.

The mechanism of ocular surface allergy in the forms of atopic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis has been highlighted by specific functions of chemokines. In the context of late-phase allergic responses, these molecules have key roles in recruitment and activation of leukocytes. Their interaction with ligands is redundantly regulated; however, results from strategies to block subsets of chemokines have revealed unexpected or highly organized roles of these mediators. Exemplified by analyses of CCL11 function, current concepts of ocular allergy support CCL11 as central mediator. We emphasize the functions as modulator of mast cell activation/differentiation. With the prospect of understanding these functions, new modalities of drugs specifically developed to target CCL11/CCR3 interaction have been discussed.