Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Rare Cause of Pyrexia of Unknown Origin.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome due to excessive immune activation leading to hyperinflammation. It may be familial due to mutations in immune regulatory genes, especially genetic defects of lymphocyte toxicity. The sporadic cases are triggered by infections (mostly viral), malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. Herewith we report the case of a 20-year-old male with febrile illness who was ultimately diagnosed with HLH.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Juglone Derivatives against Enterococcus faecalis: An In Silico and In Vitro Approach.

Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is normally found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. E. faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a number of invasive and noninvasive infections. The emergence of multidrug resistance and biofilm formation by the bacterium have rendered the treatment of E. faecalis infections very difficult. Due its high rate of resistance and biofilm formation, there are very few options of treatment. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial and biofilm activities of juglone derivatives such as 2-methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone and 2-ethoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and biofilm-producing strains of E. faecalis. Agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to determine the antibacterial activities. Biofilm attachment and preformed biofilm inhibition were determined using crystal violet staining assay. Both juglone derivatives displayed promising antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against E. faecalis. Among these compounds, 2-ethoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone possessed better inhibitory activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9.7 ± 3 µM as compared to 2-methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone (MIC, 19.5 ± 2 µM). Additionally, 2-ethoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone also showed stronger antibiofilm activity than 2-methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone. Furthermore, both the ligand molecules were docked into the binding site of the enterococcal surface protein, and the results revealed that both the molecules are actively binding in the target site. Based on these findings, juglone derivatives may be considered useful for the treatment of E. faecalis infections; however, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action.