Association between Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk of Glaucoma in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.

PURPOSE: To examine the association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) use and the development of glaucoma in individuals with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Nationwide, nested case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: From a nationwide cohort of 264 708 individuals, we identified 1737 incident glaucoma cases and matched them to 8685 glaucoma-free controls, all aged more than 21 years and treated with metformin and a second-line antihyperglycemic drug formulation, with no history of glaucoma, eye trauma, or eye surgery. METHODS: Cases were incidence-density-matched to 5 controls by birth year, sex, and date of second-line treatment initiation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for glaucoma, defined by first-time diagnosis, first-time use of glaucoma-specific medication, or first-time glaucoma-specific surgical intervention. RESULTS: Compared with the reference group, who received treatments other than GLP-1RA, individuals who were exposed to GLP-1RA treatment exhibited a lower risk of incident glaucoma (HR, 0.81; CI, 0.70-0.94; P = 0.006). Prolonged treatment extending beyond 3 years lowered the risk even further (HR, 0.71; CI, 0.55-0.91; P = 0.007). Treatment with GLP-1RA for 0 to 1 year (HR, 0.89; CI, 0.70-1.14; P = 0.35) and 1 to 3 years (HR, 0.85; CI, 0.67-1.06; P = 0.15) was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to GLP-1RA was associated with a lower risk of developing glaucoma compared with receiving other second-line antihyperglycemic medication. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Prevalence of Charles Bonnet syndrome in patients with age-related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual impairment in the developed world. A number of patients experience complex lifelike visual experiences-Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS). In this systematic review, our aim was to provide an overview of the CBS literature in relation to AMD, to determine the prevalence of CBS in patients with AMD and to provide an overview of associated demographical and clinical aspects. We searched the literature databases PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Central, and PsycINFO on 22 March 2019 for studies evaluating the prevalence of CBS in patients with AMD. Two independent authors extracted the data and evaluated risk of bias. Studies were reviewed qualitatively in the text and quantitatively in a meta-analysis including subgroup analyses for differences between demographic and clinical factors. We identified 18 studies with data on >4303 patients with AMD. We found an overall prevalence of CBS of 15.8% (95% confidence interval: 11.0%-21.2%). When looking at consecutively recruited patients with neovascular AMD from the clinic, prevalence of CBS was 7.2% (95% confidence interval: 4.3%-10.6%). Among visitors to visual rehabilitation centres, prevalence of CBS was 31.6% (95% confidence interval: 21.7%-42.3%). Taken together, we find that CBS is rather common in patients with AMD.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is aetiologically linked to immunological ageing and dysfunction. One aspect of this is the altered neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which in other domains have been associated with inflammation and angiogenesis, and therefore investigated in patients with AMD in several papers. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we summarize findings in patients with AMD in relation to NLR, both qualitatively and quantitatively. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central and identified six studies from where we extracted data on 1178 individuals (777 patients with AMD and 401 healthy controls). Patients with AMD had a higher NLR (weighted mean difference: 0.37, CI 95% 0.08 to 0.66, p = 0.013) when compared to healthy controls. In subgroup analyses, we did not find a significant difference between patients with dry AMD and healthy controls (weighted mean difference: 0.34, CI 95% -0.03 to 0.69, p = 0.068), but did find a strong significant difference between patients with neovascular AMD and healthy controls (weighted mean difference: 0.54, CI 95% 0.23 to 0.86, p = 0.00068). Hence, we find that the association between AMD and elevated NLR may have stronger relevance to the neovascular subtype of AMD. However, the clinical value of measuring the NLR remains unclear.