The origin and role of autophagy in the formation of cytoplasmic granules in canine lingual granular cell tumors.

Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are histologically characterized by polygonal neoplastic cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules. In humans, these cells are considered to be derived from Schwann cells, and the cytoplasmic granules are assumed to be autophagosomes or autophagolysosomes. However, the origin and nature of the cytoplasmic granules in canine GCTs have not been well characterized. The present study examined 9 canine lingual GCTs using immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and cell culture and xenotransplantation experiments. In some cases, the tumor cells expressed S100, CD133, and desmin. The cytoplasmic granules were positive for LC3, p62, NBR1, and ubiquitin. TEM revealed autophagosome-like structures in the cytoplasm of the granule-containing cells. The cultured GCT cells were round to spindle shaped and expressed S100, nestin, Melan-A, CD133, LC3, p62, NBR1, and ubiquitin, suggesting that they were of neural crest origin, redifferentiated into melanocytes, and exhibited upregulated autophagy. The xenotransplanted tumors consisted of spindle to polygonal cells. Only a few cells contained cytoplasmic granules, and some had melanin pigments in their cytoplasm. The xenotransplanted cells expressed S100, nestin, Melan-A, and CD133. P62 and ubiquitin were detected, regardless of the presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules, while LC3 and NBR1 were detected only in the neoplastic cells containing cytoplasmic granules. These findings suggest that some xenotransplanted cells redifferentiated into melanocytes and that autophagy was upregulated in the cytoplasmic granule-containing cells. In conclusion, canine lingual GCTs originate from the neural crest and develop cytoplasmic granules via autophagy. In addition, the microenvironment of GCT cells affects their morphology.

Clinical and Pathologic Study of Feline Merkel Cell Carcinoma With Immunohistochemical Characterization of Normal and Neoplastic Merkel Cells.

The authors herein describe the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of normal Merkel cells as well as the clinicopathologic findings of Merkel cell carcinoma in cats. Merkel cells were characterized as vacuolated clear cells and were individually located in the epidermal basal layer of all regions examined. Clusters of Merkel cells were often observed adjacent to the sinus hair of the face and carpus. Immunohistochemically, Merkel cells were positive for cytokeratin (CK) 20, CK18, p63, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, and protein gene product 9.5. Merkel cell carcinoma was detected as a solitary cutaneous mass in 3 aged cats (13 to 16 years old). On cytology, large lymphocyte-like cells were observed in all cases. Histologic examinations of surgically resected tumors revealed nests of round cells separated by various amounts of a fibrous stroma. Tumor cells were commonly immunopositive for CK20, CK18, p63, neuron-specific enolase, and synaptophysin, representing the characteristics of normal Merkel cells.

Evidence of Spontaneous Recovery of Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumour in a Heifer: A Retrospective Report.

A 14-month-old Japanese Black heifer was evaluated on Day 0 (D 0) for enlargement of the right ovary (RO). Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) revealed that the RO was markedly enlarged and multicystic, while the left ovary (LO) was small and inactive. The presumptive diagnosis was granulosa-theca cell tumour (GTCT), which was confirmed by markedly elevated plasma anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) of 4.42 ng/ml. Therefore, ovariectomy of the RO was the treatment of choice. The heifer was checked by TRUS and blood sampling on D 42, D 63 and immediately before ovariectomy on D 85. On D 42, TRUS did not show marked changes in either ovary in comparison with D 0. However, on D 63, the RO had transformed into a single cyst, and on D 85, the LO had resumed cyclic activity. The RO was extracted on D 85 by hand-assisted laparoscopic ovariectomy to allow better control. Unexpectedly, histopathology revealed the lesion to be a fluid-filled cystic structure, with no neoplastic proliferation of follicular epithelium that would indicate GTCT. The wall of the cystic structure consisted of collagen fibres and a few degenerated granulosa cells. The retrospective hormonal analysis revealed that the AMH concentrations had markedly dropped on D 63 and 85, which coincided with resumption of cyclicity in the LO. These findings suggest that the GTCT had self-cured and transformed into a cyst-like structure. The heifer then received an oestrous synchronization regime on D 105, was artificially inseminated on D 115 and became pregnant.

Clinical and pathologic features of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo).

Clinical and pathologic features of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis in a 4-month-old ferret are reported. Clinical signs including neurological symptoms appeared at 3 months of age and progressed rapidly. By magnetic resonance imaging, severe cerebral atrophy was recognized. Histopathologically, there was severe neuronal loss and diffuse astrogliosis with macrophage accumulations; lesions were found predominantly in the cerebral cortex. Intracytoplasmic pigments were observed in surviving neurons and macrophages throughout the brain. The pigments were intensely positive for periodic acid-Schiff, Luxol fast blue, and Sudan black B and exhibited a green autofluorescence. Electron microscopic examination revealed the accumulation of electron-dense granular material within lysosomes of neurons and macrophages. Immunohistochemically, a large number of saposin-positive granules accumulated in the neuronal cells, astrocytes, and macrophages of the lesions, but significant immunoreactivity for subunit c of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthase was not observed. Based on these findings, the animal was diagnosed as affected by neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.

GM2 gangliosidosis variant 0 (Sandhoff-like disease) in a family of toy poodles.

BACKGROUND: GM2 gangliosidosis variant 0 (human Sandhoff disease) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiencies of acid ß-hexosaminidase (Hex) A and Hex B because of an abnormality of the ß-subunit, a common component in these enzyme molecules, which is coded by the HEXB gene. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical, pathological, biochemical, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of Sandhoff-like disease identified in a family of Toy Poodles. ANIMALS: Three red-haired Toy Poodles demonstrated clinical signs including motor disorders and tremor starting between 9 and 12 months of age. The animals finally died of neurological deterioration between 18 and 23 months of age. There were some lymphocytes with abnormal cytoplasmic vacuoles detected. METHODS: Observational case study. RESULTS: The common MRI finding was diffuse T2-hyperintensity of the subcortical white matter in the cerebrum. Bilateral T2-hyperintensity and T1-hypointensity in the nucleus caudatus, and atrophic findings of the cerebrum and cerebellum, were observed in a dog in the late stage. Histopathologically, swollen neurons with pale to eosinophilic granular materials in the cytoplasm were observed throughout the central nervous system. Biochemically, GM2 ganglioside had accumulated in the brain, and Hex A and Hex B were deficient in the brain and liver. Pedigree analysis demonstrated that the 3 affected dogs were from the same family line. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The Sandhoff-like disease observed in this family of Toy Poodles is the 2nd occurrence of the canine form of this disease and the 1st report of its identification in a family of dogs.

Immunohistochemical features of dystrophic axons in Papillon dogs with neuroaxonal dystrophy.

The immunohistochemical features of dystrophic axons in brain tissues of Papillon dogs with neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) were examined in comparison with 1 dog with cerebellar cortical abiotrophy (CCA) and a dog without neurologic signs. Histologically, many dystrophic axons were observed throughout the central nervous system of all dogs with NAD. These axonal changes were absent in the dog with CCA and in the control dog. Severe Purkinje cell loss was found in the dog with CCA, whereas the lesions were milder in all dogs with NAD. Immunohistochemically, the many dystrophic axons were positive for neurofilaments, tau, alpha/beta-synuclein, HSP70, ubiquitin, synaptophysin, syntaxin-1, and synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25). A few dystrophic axons were positive for alpha-synuclein. In addition, these dystrophic axons, especially in the nucleus gracilis, cuneatus, olivaris, and spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, were intensely immunopositive for the 3 calcium-binding proteins calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin. The accumulation of synapse-associated proteins in the dystrophic axons may indicate dysfunction of the synapse at the presynaptic portion. The accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the dystrophic axon and region-specific appearance of calcium-binding protein-positive spheroids are considered as unique features in NAD of Papillon dogs, providing the key to elucidate the pathogenesis.

A case of canine apocrine sweat gland adenoma, clear cell variant.

A cutaneous mass at the base of the retroauricular region of a 4-year-old, female Golden Retriever was examined pathologically. Histologically, the mass formed multiple nodules consisting of a proliferation of large clear cells with abundant cytoplasm. Mitotic figures among the neoplastic cells were very sparse. The large clear cells were intensely positive for cytokeratins (AE1/AE4, cytokeratin 8 and 18) and moderately positive for lysozyme and contained periodic acid-Schiff-positive granules in the cytoplasm. In addition, small flat cells lined the islands of neoplastic large clear cells, and these were strongly positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, and some were positive for cytokeratin (AE1/AE4), suggesting they were myoepithelial cells. No local recurrence or metastasis has been recognized during the 18 months since surgical excision. On the basis of these findings, the present tumor was diagnosed as apocrine sweat gland adenoma, clear cell variant. There have been few previous reports of canine apocrine adenomas showing a clear cell morphology.