Role dimensions of general practice nurses in Ireland.

INTRODUCTION: Primary care has the potential to address the challenges associated with the rise of chronic conditions and an aging population; however, General Practitioners are increasingly struggling to meet these demands. Fundamental to the provision of high-quality primary care is the role of the general practice nurse, who typically provides a wide range of services. Examining the current role of general practice nurses must be a first step to determining their educational needs for enhancing their long-term future contribution to primary care. METHOD: A survey design was used to explore the role of general practice nurses. A purposeful sample of general practice nurses (n=40) was undertaken between April and June 2019. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS V 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM). RESULTS: General practice nurses appear to have an agenda in relation to activities associated with wound care, immunizations, and respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Challenges to future enhancement of the role were associated with undertaking further training and their experience of having more work transferred to general practice without concomitant reallocation of resources. DISCUSSION: General practice nurses have extensive clinical experience to deliver major improvements in primary care. Educational opportunities need to be provided for upskilling existing general practice nurses and to attract future nurses into this important area. Greater understanding of the role and the potential contribution of the role in general practice is required among medical colleagues and the public.

A participatory action research study to inform combined type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease care provided in the context of advanced practice nursing.

AIM: To outline the development, implementation and evaluation of an alternative combined type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) care delivery strategy provided in the context of advanced practice nursing informed by co-created knowledge, between patients and healthcare teams to address identified gaps in care provision. DESIGN: This study was informed by the theoretical underpinnings of critical theory and operationalized using a participatory action research (PAR) design. This approach enabled alignment between the theoretical underpinnings and research methodology to respond to practice-level problems and address issues related to healthcare delivery. METHODS: The study was undertaken in a series of three cycles of enquiry over a 20 month period (July 2018-February 2020) in five geographically diverse specialist diabetes and nephrology centres. Data collection methods included PAR group minute consensus, retrospective chart review, discovery and focus group interviews. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Compared with international standard care outcomes, a higher proportion of patients attending combined care achieved best practice recommendations for blood pressure, Hba1c and lipid management (64.3% vs. <40%). Patients attending combined care experienced improved detection and management of CKD-related anaemia. Additionally, the combined care service experienced significantly lower levels of patient's failure to attend scheduled reviews compared with participating standard care services (0% vs. 7%-23.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Best practice clinical care outcomes and patient attendance improved when a combined type 2 diabetes and CKD care delivery strategy provided in the context of advanced practice nursing was adopted. IMPACT: This alternative care strategy represented a departure from standard care delivery approaches, in which care for type 2 diabetes and CKD is provided separately and led by physicians. Outcomes demonstrate improved clinical and attendance outcomes which may inform the development of future services led by advanced nurse practitioners.

Enablers and challenges to advanced nursing and midwifery practice roles.

AIM: To describe the enablers and challenges to the development and implementation of advanced nursing and midwifery practice roles in Ireland. BACKGROUND: Leadership strategies need to be put in place to enhance the development and implementation of advanced nursing and midwifery practice roles. METHOD: A descriptive qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (n = 15) was undertaken with nurses and midwives working in specialist and advanced practice roles and participants from other areas such as legislative, regulatory, policy, pharmacy, medicine and education. RESULTS: Participant's perspectives on the enablers and challenges to enacting specialist and advanced practice roles resulted in the generation of three themes: organisational factors; collegial, interprofessional and interpersonal support; and role clarity, economic and regulatory contexts. CONCLUSION: Addressing organisational factors, encouraging collegial and interprofessional support and establishing role clarity contribute to the effective development and implementation of the role of advanced practitioners. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND MIDWIFERY MANAGEMENT: Managers of nursing services need to provide leadership in developing strategies to enhance the enablers and overcome the challenges to advanced practice role development in their own organisation.

Developing a new health-related policy analysis tool: An action research cooperative inquiry approach.

AIM: To develop a tool for the analysis of nursing, midwifery and health-related policy and professional guidance documents. BACKGROUND: Analysis tools can aid both policy evaluation and policy development. However, no framework for analysing the content of professional regulation and guidance documents among health care professionals currently exists. METHOD: This study used an action research, cooperative inquiry design. Data were generated from two integrative literature reviews and discussions held during the cooperative inquiry meetings. RESULTS: A set of key themes to be considered in the development or evaluation of health policy or professional regulation and guidance documents were identified. These themes formed the basis of the six domains considered by the Health-related Policy Analysis Tool (HrPAT): Context, Process, Content, Stakeholder Consultation, Implementation and Evaluation. CONCLUSION: Use of the HrPAT can assist in policy development, evaluation and implementation, as well as providing some retrospective analytical insights into existing health policies. IMPLICATION FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Professional regulation documents, guidelines and policy reports should be capable of being scrutinized for their content, quality and developmental process. The HrPAT can assist relevant stakeholders in the development, analysis and evaluation of such documents, including local, service-level policies and guidelines.

"Heart disease never entered my head": Women's understanding of coronary heart disease risk factors.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigated experiences of women with a primary diagnosis of ACS (NSTEMI & Unstable Angina). The study explored how women interpreted their risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and how this influenced their treatment-seeking decisions. BACKGROUND: Efforts to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease, the number one killer of women, require aggressive risk factor modification, risk assessment and evidence-based treatments. CHD is largely preventable; however, despite the availability of evidence on prevention and risk factor reduction, it appears that misunderstandings persist. DESIGN: A naturalistic case study design guided this study. METHODS: Thirty women participated (n = 30); a within-case analysis was followed by a cross-case analysis. Data collection included participant diaries and face-to-face interviews. Data were analysed using modified analytic induction which allowed the emergence of theoretical insights. RESULTS: This article provides insight into women's perception of risk for CHD, particularly in relation to smoking. The findings provide a platform for a wider discourse on women's interpretation of their risk for CHD and their treatment-seeking decisions. The data reflect the ongoing misunderstanding that CHD affects men more than women. CONCLUSIONS: More focus is needed on risk factor management and CHD symptom presentation in women. An emphasis on the chronic disease aspect of CHD may promote a timely focus on secondary prevention and the follow-up needed through patient education and empowerment. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study demonstrates that primary and secondary prevention education initiatives are needed for CHD risk factor management and symptom interpretation. The implications of smoking on cardiovascular health need further dissemination. Efforts to support smoking cessation need to be strengthened and widely accessible. Primary care can have a key role to play in managing CHD risk and supporting women with positive risk factors.

The universal, collaborative and dynamic model of specialist and advanced nursing and midwifery practice: A way forward?

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To inform and guide the development of a future model of specialist and advanced nursing and midwifery practice. BACKGROUND: There is a sizable body of empirical literature supporting the unique contributions of specialist and advanced practice roles to health care. However, there is very little international evidence to inform the integration of a future model for advanced or specialist practice in the Irish healthcare system. DESIGN: A qualitative study was conducted to initiate this important area of inquiry. METHODS: Purposive sampling was used to generate a sample of informants (n = 15) for the interviews. Nurses and midwives working in specialist and advanced practice and participants from other areas such as legislative, regulatory, policy, medicine and education were included in the sampling frame. RESULTS: Arguments for a new model of specialist and advanced practice were voiced. A number of participants proposed that flexibility within specialist and advanced practitioner career pathways was essential. Otherwise, there existed the possibility of being directed into specialised "silos," precluding movement to another area of integrated practice. Future specialist and advanced practice education programmes need to include topics such as the development of emotional and political intelligence. CONCLUSION: The contribution of specialist and advanced practice roles to the health service includes providing rapid access to care, seamless patient flow across services, early discharge and lead coordinator of the patient's care trajectory. There was a recommendation of moving towards a universal model to cultivate specialist and advanced nurse and midwife practitioners. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The model design has Universal application in a range of contexts "U." It is Collaborative in its inclusivity of all key stakeholders "C." The model is Dynamic pertinent to accommodating movement of nurses and midwives across health continua rather than plateauing in very specialised "silos" "D."

Developing and sustaining specialist and advanced practice roles in nursing and midwifery: A discourse on enablers and barriers.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To collate, synthesise and discuss published evidence and expert professional opinion on enablers and barriers to the development and sustainability of specialist and advanced practice roles in nursing and midwifery. BACKGROUND: Expanded practice is a response to population health needs, healthcare costs and practitioners' willingness to expand their scope of practice through enhanced responsibility, accountability and professional autonomy. DESIGN: This discursive paper is based on a rapid review of literature on enablers and barriers to the development and sustainability of specialist and advanced practice roles and is part of a wider policy analysis. METHODS: We analysed and synthesised of 36 research articles, reviews and discussion papers on enablers and barriers in the development and sustainability of expanded practice roles. RESULTS: Several factors enable role expansion, including: role clarity; credentialing and endorsement; availability of education for expanded roles; individual practitioners' dispositions towards role expansion; support from peers, other professionals and the work organisation; and costs. Where limited or absent, these same factors can constrain role expansion. CONCLUSIONS: Enabling nurses and midwives to practice to their full scope of education and expertise is a global challenge for disciplinary leadership, a national challenge for professional regulation and a local challenge for employers and individual clinicians. These challenges need to be addressed through multistakeholder coordinated efforts at these four levels. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This discursive paper synthesises empirical evidence and expert professional opinion on the factors that enable or hinder the development and sustainability of specialist and advanced practice roles. Providing a critical appraisal of current knowledge, it provides a reference source for disciplinary debate and policy development regarding the nursing and midwifery resource and informs clinicians of the myriad issues that can impact on their capacity to expand their scope of practice.

GPs' opinions of discharge summaries generated by advanced nurse practitioners in emergency care settings.

AIM: Clinical handover at the point of discharge is critically important. It generally occurs through a written document, usually in the form of a discharge summary. Hospital discharge summaries contribute to continuity of care for patients who leave hospital and who may require care in the community provided by their GP. They must be accurate, valid, reliable, timely, legible and complete. The aim of this study was to investigate GPs' perceptions of the content of discharge summaries generated by emergency advanced nurse practitioners (EANPs). METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used and a questionnaire was distributed to 120 GPs. Raw statistical data were analysed using SPSS v22 while the qualitative data from the open-ended questions were manually analysed. FINDINGS: Most GPs were satisfied with the EANPs' discharge summary letters. However, this study supports previous papers that identified deficits in communication between secondary care and GPs. CONCLUSION: There is a need to refine discharge summaries to create an enhanced structured discharge summary template that can be used by all disciplines.

Using rapid reviews: an example from a study conducted to inform policy-making.

AIM: A discussion of the potential use of rapid review approaches in nursing and midwifery research which presents a worked example from a study conducted to inform policy decision-making. BACKGROUND: Rapid reviews, which can be defined as outputs of a knowledge synthesis approach that involves modifying or omitting elements of a systematic review process due to limited time or resources, are becoming increasingly popular in health research. This paper provides guidance on how a rapid review can be undertaken and discusses the strengths and challenges of the approach. DESIGN: Data from a rapid review of the literature undertaken in 2015 is used as a worked example to highlight one method of undertaking a rapid review. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Seeking evidence to inform health policy-making or evidence based practice is a process that can be limited by time constraints, making it difficult to conduct comprehensive systematic reviews. Rapid reviews provide a solution as they are a systematic method of synthesizing evidence quickly. CONCLUSIONS: There is no single best way to conduct a rapid review but researchers can ensure they are adhering to best practice by being systematic, having subject and methodological expertise on the review team, reporting the details of the approach they took, highlighting the limitations of the approach, engaging in good evidence synthesis and communicating regularly with end users, other team members and experts.

The perceptions of key stakeholders of the roles of specialist and advanced nursing and midwifery practitioners.

AIM: To explore the perceptions of key stakeholders of the roles of specialist and advanced nursing and midwifery practitioners. BACKGROUND: There is evidence that the contribution of these roles to patient care is poorly understood. DESIGN: This research took place over 2 months in 2015 and is part of a larger study involving a rapid review to inform policy development on the specialist and advanced nursing and midwifery practice in Ireland. As an added value, a qualitative element involving thematic analysis was undertaken with key stakeholders. METHODS: A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted incorporating semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (n = 15). Purposive sampling with maximum diversity was used to recruit a wide range of perspectives. FINDINGS: Participant's perspectives led to seven themes: Impact of these roles; role preparation, experience and organizational support; specialist and advanced practice roles in an interdisciplinary context; different folks but not such different roles; impact of specialist and advanced practice roles on patient outcomes; barriers and facilitators to enacting specialist and advanced practice roles; future development of these roles. CONCLUSION: There is acknowledgement of the positive impact of specialist and advanced practitioners; however, the evidence is currently not conclusive. Preparation for these roles needs to reflect changes in the calibre of today's professional applicants, and organizational support is paramount to their successful execution. The contribution of their activity to patient outcome needs to be made visible to enhance these roles and to justify the development of new roles across a variety of healthcare areas.

Nurses', midwives' and key stakeholders' experiences and perceptions on requirements to demonstrate the maintenance of professional competence.

AIM: To present the qualitative findings from a study on the development of scheme(s) to give evidence of maintenance of professional competence for nurses and midwives. BACKGROUND: Key issues in maintenance of professional competence include notions of self- assessment, verification of engagement and practice hours, provision of an evidential record, the role of the employer and articulation of possible consequences for non-adherence with the requirements. Schemes to demonstrate the maintenance of professional competence have application to nurses, midwives and regulatory bodies and healthcare employers worldwide. DESIGN: A mixed methods approach was used. This included an online survey of nurses and midwives and focus groups with nurses and midwives and other key stakeholders. The qualitative data are reported in this study. METHODS: Focus groups were conducted among a purposive sample of nurses, midwives and key stakeholders from January-May 2015. A total of 13 focus groups with 91 participants contributed to the study. FINDINGS: Four major themes were identified: Definitions and Characteristics of Competence; Continuing Professional Development and Demonstrating Competence; Assessment of Competence; The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Ireland and employers as regulators and enablers of maintaining professional competence. CONCLUSION: Competence incorporates knowledge, skills, attitudes, professionalism, application of evidence and translating learning into practice. It is specific to the nurse's/midwife's role, organizational needs, patient's needs and the individual nurse's/midwife's learning needs. Competencies develop over time and change as nurses and midwives work in different practice areas. Thus, role-specific competence is linked to recent engagement in practice.

'Betwixt and between health and illness' - women's narratives following acute coronary syndrome.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigated experiences of women with a primary diagnosis of ACS (NSTEMI and Unstable Angina) in the 6-8 week period following discharge from hospital. The aim was to report the experience of the mediating impact of a newly-diagnosed disease. BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality in women. Treatment modalities have improved health outcomes and survival rates, however, quality of life and ongoing morbidity after discharge is not clearly understood from a gender specific perspective. DESIGN: A naturalistic case study design guided this study. METHODS: Thirty women participated (n = 30); a within-case followed by a cross-case analysis provided meticulous knowledge of each case. Data collection included participant diaries and face to face interviews. Data were analysed using modified analytic induction which allowed the emergence of theoretical insights. The theoretical concepts, liminality and transitioning were used to inform the analysis. Within-methods triangulation captured the depth and breadth of the women's experiences. RESULTS: The data provide an insight into women's experiences following ACS and highlight a need for support structures and services after discharge. Many women reported a period of disrupted normality following discharge from hospital. While a number of women had transitioned towards recovery, many remained in a liminal space 'betwixt and between' health and illness. Cardiac rehabilitation was reported as a positive experience for those who were attending. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide a platform for a wider discourse on the needs of women with ACS in the immediate period after discharge from hospital. Women may benefit from gender-specific, appropriately timed, and targeted interventions to facilitate recovery and adaptation to living with CHD. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is essential that secondary prevention services are modelled and tailored to meet the needs of women and evaluated appropriately to ensure positive outcomes. Nursing could have a key role to play in managing and providing this support.

Quality care process metrics for nurses working in general practice, mapping the evidence: a scoping review protocol.

Background: Irish general practice nursing roles have developed and grown exponentially in response to changing policy, clinical and workforce demands over the past three decades. However, as nursing care in general practice advances at pace, comprehensive evaluation of the general practice nurse (GPN) role has not been undertaken. Therefore, processes which enable robust data collection to carefully assess the role and facilitate development of services are required. Nursing quality care metrics (QCM) are an established mechanism which measure nursing care process, evaluate quality, and impact of care, and inform service development. The use of nursing QCM has been adopted within seven distinct healthcare settings in Ireland but not general practice. This scoping review is the first stage of a project which aims to inform development of QCM within Irish GPN settings. Aim: To explore and map the literature regarding the use, application, and impact of nursing quality care metrics within a general practice, primary care setting. Methods: The following five-stage methodological framework for scoping reviews proposed by Arksey and O'Malley will be used: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting/mapping the data and (5) collating, summarizing, and reporting results. The review will be conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Conclusions: The focus of this scoping review relates to QCM which specifically measure the work of general practice nurses. It is envisioned that synthesis of international literature will give a broad perspective about QCM, their use in general practice or primary care settings, and enrich understanding of their development. It is anticipated that findings will provide key information to policy makers and health professionals interested in planning, strengthening, and delivering  primary care in Ireland.

Role dimensions of practice nurses and interest in introducing advanced nurse practitioners in general practice in Ireland.

Background: Internationally many countries have implemented strategies to enhance primary care, to strengthen their health systems to cope with an aging population, the rise of chronic conditions, and increased costs. Primary care has the potential to address these challenges, however, general practitioners are increasingly struggling to meet patient demand resulting from a growing and aging population. Expanding the role of general practice nurses to advanced nurse practitioner (ANP) level has worked internationally and could equally be a solution to the Irish context. However, their current role must first be established as well as their level of interest in becoming an ANP. Aim: To explore the role of general practice nurses and their interest in becoming an ANP. Design: A survey design. Method: A purposeful sample of general practice nurses (n = 40) was undertaken between April and June 2019. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS V 25.0; IBM). Results: General practice nurses appear to have an agenda in relation to activities associated with wound care, immunizations, respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Just over half of the respondents were not interested in becoming an ANP. Their perceived challenges associated with the implementation of the role include a lack of support from general practitioners, a lack of resources, insurance issues, and a lack of understanding of the role. Challenges were associated with undertaking further training and their experience of having more work transferred to general practice without concomitant reallocation of resources. Conclusion: General practice nurses have extensive clinical experience to deliver major improvements in primary care. Educational opportunities need to be provided for upskilling existing general practice nurses to advanced practice level. Greater understanding of the role and the potential contribution of the role in general practice is required among medical colleagues and the public.

Operationalising a modified Delphi study to progress quality care process nursing metrics for acute care.

Background: Despite representing the largest occupational group within the healthcare workforce, evidence suggests that due to the complexity of nursing practice, nurses' contribution remains 'invisible'. Quality Care Metrics aligned to standards can offer valuable numerical information that quantify input, output and dimensions of nursing care processes in complex clinical and interprofessional milieus. Aims and objectives: Progress an evidence-based metric system to measure the quality and clinical safety of nursing care within acute care in Ireland. The objectives were to: classify quality care process nursing metrics and corresponding indicators pertinent to acute care; reach agreement on a selected set of robust metrics and corresponding indicators; and implement the findings of the study. Design: A modified four-round Delphi study. Methods: The modified Delphi study integrated a four-round survey of 422 nurses, face-to-face meetings with a patient representative and key stakeholders within acute services with a final consensus meeting inclusive of a panel of 26 expert nurse clinicians. Results: There was consensus on 11 quality care process nursing metrics and 53 corresponding indicators for the acute care setting. Despite the rating of 'critical' in the Delphi rounds, a concern was reported by participants on the subjective nature of three of the developed metrics: 'patient experience', 'patient engagement' and 'professional and ethical approach to care' based on the absence of objective measurement tools that include patient input. Conversely, this led to the conundrum for the panel of experts at the final consensus meeting who were divided in their views on objectively observing, recording and subsequent auditing of those three developed metrics in real-time clinical practice. Conclusion: This paper describes the operationalisation of a modified Delphi technique that progressed a set of 11 quality care process metrics and 53 corresponding indicators. The challenge now is the implementation of these quality care process metrics so that nurses' contribution to patient-centred care is tangible in acute care.

Pain assessment and registration in medical oncology clinics: operationalised through the lens of health care professionals and patients.

Background: Pain is a common symptom in patients who survive cancer and in those who live with progressive advanced disease. Systematic screening and documentation of pain are necessary to improve the quality of cancer pain treatment, because a key pain-related barrier is that patients are reluctant to discuss pain, due to fear that reporting pain will distract the healthcare professional from their cancer treatment. Methods: This study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. Data collection incorporated three strands. The first strand involved a quantitative enquiry in which medical chart reviews of patients (n=100) attending the medical oncology outpatient clinic were examined. The second qualitative strand comprised of semi-structured interviews with patients (n=10) attending that service. The third strand was qualitative and consisted of focus group discussions with healthcare professionals (n=12). Results: All 100 patients had cancer. The quantitative findings confirmed the suboptimum assessment and subsequent recording of patient's pain, that seemed to afford a reality check for all healthcare professionals. For patients, the outcomes of the anti-cancer treatment were their priority, and pain was perceived as inevitable, being associated with a cancer diagnosis. There were multifaceted complexities voiced amongst healthcare professionals associated with balancing the benefits and harms aligned with treating cancer pain. Conclusions: Pain assessment in medical records was not systematically recorded by healthcare professionals. Patients were reluctant to self-report pain during their medical oncology outpatient review. The expectation that patients will self-report pain can be accommodated by healthcare professionals if a personalized pain goal is part of the cancer pain management plan during each clinical encounter. Healthcare professionals reported a need to take distinct responsibility for supplementing their dearth of knowledge, skills and beliefs regarding assessing and managing patients' cancer pain. Optimal pain management stems from an interprofessional approach that was applied in this study design.

A national cross-sectional survey of constipation in patients attending cancer centres in Ireland.

Background: The prevalence of constipation in patients with cancer is estimated at 50-90%. It is often associated with pain, anorexia, nausea and vomiting and impacts negatively on quality of life. Despite its common occurrence, it is often poorly recognised and treated by healthcare professionals. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey was conducted in Ireland to describe constipation prevalence and severity in patients attending cancer centres and to evaluate management efficacy.  In-patients or patients attending day oncology wards in any of the country's eight designated cancer centres were eligible to participate. Participants were shown the Bristol Stool Chart  and answered questions regarding stool appearance and sensation of  incomplete defecation; they completed the Constipation Assessment Scale. Data on pain character and intensity, opioid use, and prescribed and over-the-counter laxative use were collected. Data were summarised using descriptive statistics. Significance of variations for continuous data were determined using t-tests. Conditional ordered logistic regression was undertaken to determine factors associated with constipation. Results: The dataset comprised 491 patients. 24.8% had been reviewed by specialist palliative care; 14.5% by the anaesthetic pain team. In total, 42.2% of respondents were taking step 2 or step 3 opioids. Constipation prevalence was 67.6%; 19.4% of patients had Constipation Assessment Scale scores indicating severe constipation. A total of 46% of the respondents were not taking any laxatives. Of those who were taking laxatives, 54.8%  reported constipation symptoms. While opioid use was strongly associated with participants reporting higher scores, this association was not seen in those patients receiving specialist palliative care. Conclusions: Constipation remains a clinical problem in Irish cancer centres. Despite increased opioid use, patients receiving specialist palliative care were more likely to take laxatives and reported less constipation. Specialist palliative care practice should be studied in order to identify what are the transferable 'ingredients' of effective constipation management.

A Rapid Realist Review of Quality Care Process Metrics Implementation in Nursing and Midwifery Practice.

Quality measurement initiatives promote quality improvement in healthcare but can be challenging to implement effectively. This paper presents a Rapid Realist Review (RRR) of published literature on Quality Care-Process Metrics (QCP-M) implementation in nursing and midwifery practice. An RRR informed by RAMESES II standards was conducted as an efficient means to synthesize evidence using an expert panel. The review involved research question development, quality appraisal, data extraction, and evidence synthesis. Six program theories summarised below identify the key characteristics that promote positive outcomes in QCP-M implementation. Program Theory 1: Focuses on the evidence base and accessibility of the QCP-M and their ease of use by nurses and midwives working in busy and complex care environments. Program Theory 2: Examines the influence of external factors on QCP-M implementation. Program Theory 3: Relates to existing cultures and systems within clinical sites. Program Theory 4: Relates to nurses' and midwives' knowledge and beliefs. Program Theory 5: Builds on the staff theme of Programme Theory four, extending the culture of organizational learning, and highlights the meaningful engagement of nurses and midwives in the implementation process as a key characteristic of success. Program Theory 6: Relates to patient needs. The results provide nursing and midwifery policymakers and professionals with evidence-based program theory that can be translated into action-orientated strategies to help guide successful QCP-M implementation.

Quality care process metrics (QCP-Ms) in nursing and midwifery care processes: a rapid realist review (RRR) protocol.

Background: In 2018, the Office of the Nursing and Midwifery Services Director (ONMSD) completed phase one of work which culminated in the development and launch of seven research reports with defined suites of quality care process metrics (QC-Ms) and respective indicators for the practice areas - acute care, midwifery, children's, public health nursing, older persons, mental health and intellectual disability nursing in Ireland. This paper presents a rapid realist review protocol that will systematically review the literature that examines QC-M in practice; what worked, or did not work for whom, in what contexts, to what extent, how and why? Methods : The review will explore if there are benefits of using the QC-Ms and what are the contexts in which these mechanisms are triggered. The essence of this rapid realist review is to ascertain how a change in context generates a particular mechanism that produces specific outcomes. A number of steps will occur including locating existing theories on implementation of quality care metrics, searching the evidence, selecting relevant documents, data extraction, validation of findings, synthesising and refining programme theory. This strategy may help to describe potential consequences resulting from changes in context and their interactions with mechanisms. Initial theories will be refined throughout the process by the local reference panel, comprised of eight key intervention stakeholders, knowledge users such as healthcare professionals and an expert panel. Ethical approval is not required for this rapid realist review. Conclusion: It is anticipated that the final programme theory will help to explain how QC-Ms work in practice; for whom, why and in what circumstances. Findings of this review could help to give insights into realism as a framework and how nursing and midwifery QC-Ms have been implemented previously.

A guidance framework to aid in the selection of nursing and midwifery care process metrics and indicators.

AIM: To describe the development of a guidance framework to assist nurses and midwives in selecting nursing and midwifery care process metrics and indicators for use in practice. BACKGROUND: Process metrics are measures of care provision activities by nurses and midwives. METHODS: Phase 1 was a rapid review assessment of the literature conducted to identify an initial framework. Six electronic databases were searched with Google Scholar and reference tracking performed. Phase 2 was expert review of the developing framework by nursing and midwifery experts in practice, academia and an international expert in quality care metrics. RESULTS: The literature assessment yielded 28 papers with 59 metric attributes identified. From this, a six-domain framework was developed. Following expert review, the framework was reduced to four domains: "Process Focused," "Important," "Operational" and "Feasible." CONCLUSIONS: This is the first framework specifically to guide nurses and midwives in selecting nursing and midwifery process metrics and indicators.