Fate of pathogen indicators in a domestic blend of food waste and wastewater through a two-stage anaerobic digestion system.

Anaerobic digestion is a viable on-site treatment technology for rich organic waste streams such as food waste and blackwater. In contrast to large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants which are typically located away from the community, the effluent from any type of on-site system is a potential pathogenic hazard because of the intimacy of the system to the community. The native concentrations of the pathogen indicators Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens and somatic coliphage were tracked for 30 days under stable operation (organic loading rate (OLR) = 1.8 kgCOD m(-3) day(-1), methane yield = 52% on a chemical oxygen demand (COD) basis) of a two-stage laboratory-scale digester treating a mixture of food waste and blackwater. E. coli numbers were reduced by a factor of 10(6.4) in the thermophilic stage, from 10(7.5±0.3) to 10(1.1±0.1) cfu 100 mL(-1), but regenerated by a factor of 10(4) in the mesophilic stage. Neither the thermophilic nor mesophilic stages had any significant impact on C. perfringens concentrations. Coliphage concentrations were reduced by a factor of 10(1.4) across the two stages. The study shows that anaerobic digestion only reduces pathogen counts marginally but that counts in effluent samples could be readily reduced to below detection limits by filtration through a 0.22 µm membrane, to investigate membrane filtration as a possible sanitation technique.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors revert abnormal right ventricular filling in patients with restrictive left ventricular disease.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to determine mechanisms underlying abnormalities of right ventricular (RV) diastolic function seen in heart failure. BACKGROUND: It is not clear whether these right-sided abnormalities are due to primary RV disease or are secondary to restrictive physiology on the left side of the heart. The latter regresses with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I). METHODS: Transthoracic echo-Doppler measurements of left- and right-ventricular function in 17 patients with systolic left ventricular (LV) disease and restrictive filling before and 3 weeks after the institution of ACE-I were compared with those in 21 controls. RESULTS: Before ACE-I, LV filling was restrictive, with isovolumic relaxation time short and transmitral E wave acceleration and deceleration rates increased (p < 0.001). Right ventricular long axis amplitude and rates of change were all reduced (p < 0.001), the onset of transtricuspid Doppler was delayed by 160 ms after the pulmonary second sound versus 40 ms in normals (p < 0.001) and overall RV filling time reduced to 59% of total diastole. Right ventricular relaxation was very incoordinate and peak E wave velocity was reduced. Peak RV to right atrial (RA) pressure drop, estimated from tricuspid regurgitation, was 45+/-6 mm Hg, and peak pulmonary stroke distance was 40% lower than normal (p < 0.001). With ACE-I, LV isovolumic relaxation time lengthened, E wave acceleration and deceleration rates decreased and RV to RA pressure drop fell to 30+/-5 mm Hg (p < 0.001) versus pre-ACE-I. Right ventricular long axis dynamics did not change, but tricuspid flow started 85 ms earlier to occupy 85% of total diastole; E wave amplitude increased but acceleration and deceleration rates were unaltered. Values of long axis systolic and diastolic measurements did not change. Peak pulmonary artery velocity increased (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormalities of RV filling in patients with heart failure normalize with ACE-I as restrictive filling regresses on the left. This was not due to altered right ventricular relaxation or to a fall in pulmonary artery pressure or tricuspid pressure gradient, but appears to reflect direct ventricular interaction during early diastole.

Electromechanical left ventricular behavior after nonsurgical septal reduction in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the electromechanical consequences of nonsurgical septal reduction in a group of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). BACKGROUND: Patients with HOCM may benefit symptomatically from nonsurgical septal reduction as an alternative to dual chamber pacing and sensing (DDD) pacing and surgical myectomy. METHODS: We studied 20 symptomatic patients with HOCM (12 men), mean age 52 +/- 17 years, before and after septal reduction using echocardiography and electrocardiogram (ECG). RESULTS: Septal reduction with a significant rise in cardiac enzymes was successfully achieved in all patients resulting in a 50% reduction in resting left ventricular (LV) outflow tract gradient within 24 h of procedure and an 80% reduction after six months. Left ventricular outflow tract diameter increased at 24 h with a further increase six months later. QRS duration increased by 35 ms at 24 h after procedure associated with right bundle branch block (RBBB) and significant rightward axis rotation in 16 patients. R-wave amplitude in V1 fell by 7 +/- 4 mm in 15/20 patients, 13 of whom developed reduction of septal long axis excursion. Left-axis deviation appeared in three patients and septal q-wave was suppressed in 12 long-axis excursion; peak shortening and lengthening rates all fell at the septal site by 20% at 24 h. Only septal excursion returned back to baseline values at six months. Wall motion also became incoordinate so that postejection septal shortening increased by three times control values at 24 h and by four times six months later. CONCLUSIONS: Nonsurgical septal reduction is associated with a drop in LV outflow tract obstruction and the creation of a localized myocardial infarction (MI) increasing LV outflow tract diameter. The technique also results in a consistent alteration of septal activation and secondary incoordination. The latter could play a significant role in gradient reduction and symptomatic improvement in a manner similar to that seen with DDD pacing.

Exercise echocardiography in children with Kawasaki disease: ventricular long axis is selectively abnormal.

In asymptomatic children with Kawasaki disease, left ventricular traditional markers of systolic and diastolic function are maintained. However, long-axis function, which represents the subendocardium, is abnormal during stress, particularly in patients with versus without coronary aneurysm.

Abnormal ventricular activation and repolarisation during dobutamine stress echocardiography in coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess possible ECG changes caused by dobutamine stress and their relation to wall motion disturbances in patients with coronary artery disease. DESIGN: Prospective recording and analysis of 12 lead ECG at rest and during each stage of dobutamine stress echocardiography, and correlation with wall motion changes. SETTING: A tertiary referral centre for cardiac disease equipped with non-invasive facilities for pharmacological stress tests. SUBJECTS: 27 patients, mean (SD) age 60 (8) years, with documented evidence of coronary artery disease in whom dobutamine stress echo was clinically indicated, and 17 controls of similar age. RESULTS: In controls, all ECG intervals shortened with increasing heart rate but in the patient group only PR and QT intervals shortened while QRS duration broadened and QTc interval prolonged progressively. In the 27 patients, 16 developed chest pain, 15 with reduced left ventricular long axis systolic excursion (p < 0.001), and all showed reduced peak lengthening rate; ST segment shift appeared in 16, 13 of whom developed chest pain, but did not correlate with reduction of either systolic long axis excursion or peak lengthening rate; QRS duration broadened in 20, 16 with reduction of long axis excursion (p < 0.02) which was more often seen at the septum (p < 0.005); QTc interval prolonged in 19, all of whom had associated reduction of peak long axis lengthening rate (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: QRS duration and QTc interval both normally shorten with dobutamine stress, while in coronary artery disease they both lengthen: changes in QRS duration correlate with systolic and QTc interval with diastolic left ventricular wall motion disturbances. ST segment shift also occurred in most patients, but without consistent correlation with wall motion abnormalities. It was thus less discriminating than the other two abnormalities in this respect.

Capture immunoassay for the diagnosis of bovine mastitis using a monoclonal antibody to polymorphonuclear granulocytes.

A direct capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure elevated polymorphonuclear granulocyte (PMN) antigens using horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) conjugated rabbit polyclonal anti-PMN antisera and a monoclonal antibody specific for PMN cells. Optical densities obtained in the ELISA were used to predict the cell counts of milk samples. Predicted counts were not significantly different from actual somatic cell counts (SCC). In a total of 156 bovine milk samples the correlation coefficient between somatic cell counting, taking greater than 500,000 cells/ml as being indicative of mastitis, and the assay was 0.94, yielding an assay sensitivity of 95.2% and a specificity of 97.3%. In further trials the ELISA could detect elevated PMN antigens in milk with SCC as low as 100,000 cells/ml. The results indicate that the monoclonal antibody based direct ELISA has excellent potential in the detection and determination of bovine mastitis.

Electromechanical interrelations during dobutamine stress in normal subjects and patients with coronary artery disease: comparison of changes in activation and inotropic state.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the effects of altered ventricular activation during dobutamine stress on left ventricular function in normal subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease, and to distinguish these from an inotropic response. DESIGN: Prospective analysis of 12 lead ECG and echocardiogram at rest and at peak stress. SETTING: Tertiary referral centre for cardiac disease equipped with non-invasive facilities for pharmacological stress testing. METHODS: 22 patients with coronary artery disease were compared with 17 age matched controls. Left ventricular ejection and filling patterns were assessed using Doppler echocardiography. Activation effects were correlated with relative left ventricular ejection and filling times, and the Z ratio ([left ventricular ejection + filling times]/RR interval). Inotropic response was measured from peak aortic acceleration. RESULTS: In controls, QRS shortened (by 4 ms, p < 0.001), and total ejection and filling periods lengthened (by 2 s/min, p < 0.01 and 5 s/min, p < 0.001, respectively). The Z ratio thus increased and correlated with QRS shortening (r(2) = 0.69). Peak aortic acceleration (PAA) increased by 135%, p < 0.001. In patients, QRS lengthened at peak stress (by 9 ms, p < 0.001). Total ejection and filling times did not change, but Z ratio fell, correlating with QRS prolongation (r(2) = 0.65). Nevertheless, PAA increased by 63%, p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Relative ejection and filling times reflect ventricular activation at rest and during stress independent of changes in inotropic state. By contrast, peak aortic acceleration reflects the positive inotropic effect of dobutamine on the myocardium, regardless of changes in activation.

Long axis electromechanics during dobutamine stress in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: To dissociate the effect of inotropy from activation change during dobutamine stress on left ventricular long axis function in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: 25 patients with CAD and normal left ventricular cavity size and 30 with cavity dilatation-18 with normal activation (DCM-NA) and 12 with left bundle branch block (DCM-LBBB)-were compared with 20 controls. 12 lead ECG and septal long axis echograms were assessed at rest and peak dobutamine stress. Amplitude, shortening and lengthening velocities, postejection shortening, Q wave to onset of shortening (Q-OS), and A2 to onset of lengthening (A2-OL) were measured. Inotropy was evaluated from peak aortic acceleration. RESULTS: In controls, amplitude, shortening and lengthening velocities, and peak aortic acceleration increased with stress; QRS, Q-OS, and A2-OL shortened (all p < 0.001); and contraction remained coordinate. In the group of patients with CAD and normal left ventricular cavity size, shortening velocity and peak aortic acceleration increased with stress (p < 0.005). However, amplitude and lengthening velocity did not change, QRS, Q-OS, and A2-OL lengthened (p < 0.01), and incoordination appeared. Results were similar in the group with DCM-NA. In the DCM-LBBB group, shortening velocity and peak aortic acceleration increased modestly with stress (p < 0.01) but amplitude, lengthening velocity, QRS, Q-OS, A2-OL, and incoordination remained unchanged. Overall, change in shortening velocity correlated with that in peak aortic acceleration (r(2) = 0.71), in amplitude with that in lengthening velocity (r(2) = 0.74), and in QRS with both Q-OS (r(2) = 0.69) and A2-OL (r(2) = 0.63). CONCLUSION: The normal long axis response to dobutamine reflects both inotropy and rapid activation. In CAD, inotropy is preserved with development of ischaemia but the normal increase in amplitude is lost and prolonged activation delays the time course of shortening, causing pronounced incoordination. Overall, shortening rate uniformly reflects inotropy while lengthening rate depends mainly on systolic amplitude rather than primary diastolic involvement, even with overt ischaemia.