Sow hematological parameters in late pregnancy and an investigation as to whether these parameters are predictors of stillbirths in a Canadian sow herd.

Animal and objective: The objectives of this study were to produce hematological reference intervals for late-pregnancy sows and to assess whether there were associations between sow hematological end points and the number of stillborn pigs. Procedure: Whole blood was collected from 272 healthy pregnant sows ~1 wk before farrowing, and complete blood (cell) counts and hemoglobin determinations were obtained. Sows were monitored during farrowing, and litter characteristics, including number of stillborn piglets, were recorded. Results and conclusion: Values for red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular concentration, platelets, and white blood cells were significantly higher in Parity 1 sows compared to older sows. The mean (± SD) litter size was 14.5 ± 3.4 pigs, with 1.5 ± 2.0 stillborn pigs per litter. There was no significant association between any hematological end point (except white blood cell counts) and the likelihood of a stillborn piglet in a litter. There was a relationship between parity and stillbirth (P < 0.05), with higher-parity sows being more likely than younger sows to produce a stillborn piglet. Although it had been reported that anemic sows were more likely to have stillbirths, perhaps the relatively high mean hemoglobin concentration of sows in this study resulted in the lack of a relationship.

Paramètres hématologiques des truies en fin de gestation et enquête visant à déterminer si ces paramètres sont des prédicteurs de mortinatalités dans un troupeau de truies canadien. Animal et objectif: Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de produire des intervalles de référence hématologiques pour les truies en fin de gestation et d'évaluer s'il existait des associations entre les paramètres hématologiques des truies et le nombre de porcelets mort-nés. Procédure: Du sang total a été collecté auprès de 272 truies gravides en bonne santé environ 1 semaine avant la mise bas, et une numération cellulaire complète et des déterminations d'hémoglobine ont été obtenues. Les truies ont été surveillées pendant la mise bas et les caractéristiques de la portée, y compris le nombre de porcelets mort-nés, ont été enregistrées. Résultats et conclusion: Les valeurs des globules rouges, de l'hémoglobine, du volume corpusculaire moyen, de l'hémoglobine corpusculaire moyenne, de la concentration corpusculaire moyenne, des plaquettes et des globules blancs étaient significativement plus élevées chez les truies de parité 1 que chez les truies plus âgées. La taille moyenne (± ET) des portées était de 14,5 ± 3,4 porcs, avec 1,5 ± 2,0 porcs mort-nés par portée. Il n'y avait aucune association significative entre un quelconque paramètre hématologique (à l'exception du nombre de globules blancs) et la probabilité d'avoir un porcelet mort-né dans une portée. Il y avait une relation entre la parité et la mortinatalité (P < 0,05), les truies ayant une parité plus élevée étant plus susceptibles que les truies plus jeunes de produire un porcelet mort-né. Bien qu'il ait été rapporté que les truies anémiques étaient plus susceptibles d'avoir des mortinatalités, la concentration moyenne d'hémoglobine relativement élevée des truies dans cette étude a peut-être entraîné l'absence de relation.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a potential biomarker of swine welfare.

Objective: Describe concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) detectable in piglet sera before and after road transport, and evaluate the correlation of serum BDNF with other physiological parameters used to assess swine welfare. Animals: Commercial crosses of piglets that underwent weaning and transport at approximately 3 wk of age. Procedure: Sixteen piglets were randomly selected from a larger study for complete blood counts, serum biochemistry testing, cortisol assays, and BDNF assays. Samples were collected 1 d before transport and immediately after transport (> 30 h) under commercial conditions. We assessed the change in serum BDNF concentration; and the correlations between serum BDNF and serum cortisol, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios (N:L), glucose, and hematological indicators of muscle fatigue. Results: Serum BDNF concentrations increased after transport (P < 0.05) and changed inversely compared to cortisol and N:L. Consistent correlations between BDNF and other physiological parameters were not observed. High inter-pig variation in serum BDNF was present at both sample times. Conclusions: Serum BDNF may be used as an additional indicator of swine welfare. Further research characterizing piglet BDNF concentrations in response to conditions promoting positive or negative affective states would be valuable. Clinical relevance: This communication discusses common hematological parameters used to quantify changes in pig welfare and introduces BDNF, which is a parameter of interest in human cognitive functioning research that may be useful for evaluating the effect of exposure to beneficial or aversive stimuli in animals. The implications of variation in sample collection, handling, and storage procedures for BDNF detection are highlighted.

Concentrations sériques du facteur neurotrophique dérivé du cerveau en tant que biomarqueur potentiel du bien-être des porcs. Objectif: Décrire les concentrations de facteur neurotrophique dérivé du cerveau (BDNF) détectables dans les sérums de porcelets avant et après le transport routier, et évaluer la corrélation du BDNF sérique avec d'autres paramètres physiologiques utilisés pour évaluer le bien-être des porcs. Animaux: Croisements commerciaux de porcelets qui ont été sevrés et transportés à l'âge d'environ 3 semaines. Procédure: Seize porcelets ont été sélectionnés au hasard dans une étude plus vaste pour une numération globulaire complète, des tests de biochimie sérique, des dosages de cortisol et des dosages de BDNF. Les échantillons ont été prélevés 1 jour avant le transport et immédiatement après le transport (> 30 h) dans des conditions commerciales. Nous avons évalué la variation de la concentration sérique de BDNF; et les corrélations entre le BDNF sérique et le cortisol sérique, les rapports neutrophiles/lymphocytes (N:L), le glucose et les indicateurs hématologiques de la fatigue musculaire. Résultats: Les concentrations sériques de BDNF ont augmenté après le transport (P < 0,05) et ont changé inversement par rapport au cortisol et à N:L. Des corrélations cohérentes entre le BDNF et d'autres paramètres physiologiques n'ont pas été observées. Une forte variation inter-porcs du BDNF sérique était présente aux deux moments d'échantillonnage. Conclusions: Le BDNF sérique peut être utilisé comme indicateur supplémentaire du bien-être des porcs. Des recherches supplémentaires caractérisant les concentrations de BDNF chez les porcelets en réponse à des conditions favorisant des états affectifs positifs ou négatifs seraient utiles. Pertinence clinique: Cette communication traite des paramètres hématologiques courants utilisés pour quantifier les changements dans le bien-être des porcs et présente le BDNF, qui est un paramètre d'intérêt dans la recherche sur le fonctionnement cognitif humain qui peut être utile pour évaluer l'effet de l'exposition à des stimuli bénéfiques ou aversifs chez les animaux. Les implications pour la détection par le BDNF des variations dans les procédures de collecte, de manipulation et de stockage des échantillons sont mises en évidence.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Pharmacokinetics of combined administration of iron dextran with meloxicam or flunixin meglumine in piglets.

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of compounding non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) meloxicam or flunixin meglumine with iron dextran (ID) in piglets. Animal: Forty piglets (8 d of age) were randomly allocated into 5 groups (8 piglets/group) and received 1 intramuscular injection in the neck of the following treatments: flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg) administered alone (F) or mixed with ID (F+ID); or meloxicam (0.4 mg/kg) administered alone (M) or mixed with ID (M+ID); or ID alone. Procedure: Blood samples were collected via indwelling jugular catheters at pre-dose, and 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min, and 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h post-treatment to determine plasma NSAIDs concentrations using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters for plasma meloxicam and flunixin meglumine concentration-time profiles were determined for each piglet using noncompartmental analysis approaches. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software with significance set at P < 0.05. Results: The AUC0-tlast, AUC0-∞, Cmax, and relative bioavailability values in the M+ID and F+ID groups were lower than corresponding M and F groups. The M+ID group elimination half-life was lower, whereas λz and tmax values were greater than the corresponding M group. Conclusion: Relative bioavailability of meloxicam and flunixin meglumine were reduced when compounded with ID in the same bottle and administered to piglets. Clinical relevance: Further research is warranted to evaluate if decreased NSAID exposure when compounded with ID alters analgesic efficacy or drug residue depletion.

Objectif: L'objectif était d'évaluer la pharmacocinétique de la combinaison d'anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens (NSAID) méloxicam ou flunixine méglumine avec du fer dextran (ID) chez les porcelets. Animal: Quarante porcelets (âgés de 8 jours) ont été répartis au hasard en cinq groupes (8 porcelets/groupe) et ont reçu une injection intramusculaire dans le cou des traitements suivants : flunixine méglumine (2,2 mg/kg) administrée seule (F) ou mélangée avec ID (F+ID); soit du méloxicam (0,4 mg/kg) administré seul (M) ou en mélange avec ID (M+ID); ou du ID seul. Procédure: Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés via des cathéters jugulaires à demeure à la pré-dose, et 10, 20, 30, 45 et 60 min, et 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 et 72 h après le traitement pour déterminer la concentration plasmatique de NSAID par chromatographie liquide-spectrométrie de masse en tandem. Les paramètres pharmacocinétiques des profils concentration-temps du méloxicam et de la flunixine méglumine plasmatiques ont été déterminés pour chaque porcelet à l'aide d'approches d'analyse non compartimentale. Les analyses statistiques ont été effectuées à l'aide du logiciel SAS avec un seuil de signification fixé à P < 0,05. Résultats: Les valeurs AUC0­tlast, AUC0­∞, Cmax et de biodisponibilité relative dans les groupes M+ID et F+ID étaient inférieures à celles des groupes M et F correspondants. La demi-vie d'élimination du groupe M+ID était plus faible, tandis que les valeurs λz et tmax étaient supérieures à celles du groupe M correspondant. Conclusion: La biodisponibilité relative du méloxicam et de la méglumine de flunixine était réduite lorsqu'ils étaient combinés avec ID dans le même flacon et administrés aux porcelets. Pertinence clinique: Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer si une diminution de l'exposition aux NSAID lorsqu'elle est associée à une ID modifie l'efficacité analgésique ou l'épuisement des résidus de médicaments.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

A case of tail-biting on a multi-site swine operation in Ontario.

This case study describes a severe tail-biting event on a multi-site swine operation in Ontario and outlines the management strategies implemented in an attempt to control the problem. An established social order was clearly present before the tail-biting event occurred. Over 40% of tail-docked pigs in 3 of 8 grower-finisher barns were severely affected, leading to higher mortality and increased numbers of pigs re-housed in hospital pens. Environmental factors, management practices, and animal health in the barns experiencing the tail-biting event are described, including detection of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in corn at > 2 ppm. Changes implemented in response to tail-biting included altering the phase-feeding schedule, adding enrichment devices, and increasing surveillance. The subsequent cohort of pigs was followed through the finisher barns and did not engage in the same severity or prevalence of tail-biting as the previous cohort of pigs which experienced the tail-biting event. Key clinical message: No single factor was identified as the initiating cause for the severe tail-biting event. The subsequent cohort of pigs in 4 barns of the same operation were monitored for tail-biting from entry until market, and the incidence of tail-biting was very low.

Un cas de caudophagie dans une exploitation porcine à sites multiples en Ontario. Cette étude de cas décrit un cas grave de caudophagie dans une exploitation porcine à sites multiples en Ontario et décrit les stratégies de gestion mises en oeuvre pour tenter de limiter le problème. Un ordre social établi était clairement présent avant que l'événement de mordillage de queue ne se produise. Plus de 40 % des porcs à la queue coupée dans trois des huit élevages de type croissance-finition ont été gravement touchés, ce qui a entraîné une mortalité plus élevée et un nombre accru de porcs relogés dans des enclos hospitaliers. Les facteurs environnementaux, les pratiques de gestion et la santé animale dans les porcheries où sévissaient la caudophagie sont décrits, y compris la détection de la mycotoxine désoxynivalénol dans le maïs à > 2 ppm. Les changements mis en oeuvre en réponse à la caudophagie comprenaient la modification du calendrier d'alimentation par phases, l'ajout de dispositifs d'enrichissement et l'augmentation de la surveillance. La cohorte suivante de porcs a été suivie dans les porcheries de finition et n'a pas eu la même gravité ou prévalence de caudophagie que la cohorte précédente de porcs qui ont subi l'événement de caudophagie.Message clinique clé :Aucun facteur unique n'a été identifié comme la cause initiale de l'événement grave de caudophagie. La cohorte suivante de porcs dans quatre porcheries de la même exploitation a été surveillée pour la caudophagie depuis l'entrée jusqu'au marché, et l'incidence de la caudophagie était très faible.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Diagnostic testing patterns for Streptococcus equi subsp. equi in Ontario horses during the years 2008 to 2018.

This retrospective study describes testing patterns and the incidence of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi in Ontario to assess the utility of laboratory data for surveillance purposes. Laboratory records for equine infectious disease test submissions were extracted from the Animal Health Laboratory (AHL) at the University of Guelph for the years 2008 to 2018. Yearly and seasonal trends in S. equi testing and the proportion of tests that returned positive results were assessed. The number of samples submitted for S. equi testing decreased over the 11-year period (odds ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval: 0.92 to 0.999; P = 0.04). A generalized linear model identified a significant seasonal effect for animals recognized as clinically ill, with the highest test positivity noted in the winter. Although this study identified important trends in the incidence of S. equi in Ontario, the variability in information accompanying test submissions made the data challenging to interpret, highlighting the need for more complete diagnostic submission data for S. equi.

Tendance des tests diagnostiques pour Streptococcus equi subsp. equi chez les chevaux de l'Ontario au cours des années 2008 à 2018. Cette étude rétrospective décrit les tendances des test et l'incidence de Streptococcus equi subsp. equi en Ontario pour évaluer l'utilité des données de laboratoire à des fins de surveillance. Les dossiers de laboratoire pour les soumissions de tests de maladies infectieuses équines ont été extraits des données du Animal Health Laboratory (AHL), University of Guelph pour les années 2008 à 2018. Les tendances annuelles et saisonnières des tests de S. equi et la proportion de tests qui ont donné des résultats positifs ont été évaluées. Le nombre d'échantillons soumis pour la recherche de S. equi a diminué au cours de la période de 11 ans (rapport de cotes = 0,96, intervalle de confiance à 95% : 0,92 à 0,999; P = 0,04). Un modèle linéaire généralisé a identifié un effet saisonnier significatif pour les animaux reconnus comme cliniquement malades, la positivité de test la plus élevée étant notée en hiver. Bien que cette étude ait identifié des tendances importantes dans l'incidence de S. equi en Ontario, la variabilité des informations accompagnant les soumissions a rendu les données difficiles à interpréter, soulignant le besoin de données plus complètes lors de soumission pour le diagnostic S. equi.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ketoprofen when compounded with iron dextran for use in nursing piglets.

In Canada, piglets receive analgesia to control pain after surgical castration. There is interest in examining the potential to mix non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with iron dextran prior to injection to minimize piglet handling and labor. The objective of this study was to compare pharmacokinetics and the relative bioavailability of ketoprofen given alone (3.0 mg/kg IM) versus the same dose of ketoprofen mixed with iron dextran (52.8 mg/kg IM) (ketoprofen + iron dextran) before injection in piglets. Piglets 8 to 11 d old were allocated into 2 treatment groups (n = 8/group). Plasma drug concentrations were measured using mass spectrometry at 13 time points after injection. No significant differences were detected between the 2 groups when examining pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g., Cmax, Tmax, AUC) or relative bioavailability for either S- or R-ketoprofen enantiomers (P > 0.05). However, pain control efficacy and food safety studies of these formulations are required to further examine this practice.

Pharmacocinétique et biodisponibilité du kétoprofène lorsque mélangé avec du fer dextran pour utilisation chez les porcelets allaitants. Au Canada, les porcelets reçoivent une analgésie pour diminuer la douleur après une castration chirurgicale. Il y a un intérêt à examiner la possibilité de mélanger des anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens avec du fer dextran avant l'injection afin de minimiser la manipulation des porcelets et le travail. L'objectif de cette étude était de comparer la pharmacocinétique et la biodisponibilité relative du kétoprofène administré seul (3,0 mg/kg IM) par rapport à la même dose de kétoprofène mélangé à du fer dextran (52,8 mg/kg IM) (kétoprofène + fer dextran) avant l'injection des porcelets. Des porcelets âgés de 8 à 11 jours ont été répartis en deux groupes de traitement (n = 8/groupe). Les concentrations plasmatiques de médicament ont été mesurées par spectrométrie de masse à 13 moments dans le temps après l'injection. Aucune différence significative n'a été détectée entre les deux groupes lors de l'examen des paramètres pharmacocinétiques (par ex., Cmax, Tmax, AUC) ou de la biodisponibilité relative pour les énantiomères S- ou R-kétoprofène (P > 0,05). Cependant, des études sur l'efficacité de la diminution de la douleur et la sécurité alimentaire de ces formulations sont nécessaires pour examiner de manière plus approfondie cette pratique.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Descriptive network analysis of a Standardbred horse training facility contact network: Implications for disease transmission.

Infectious respiratory disease is a common cause of morbidity among racehorses. Quantification of contact patterns in training facilities could help inform disease prevention strategies. The study objectives were to: i) describe the contact network among horses, locations, and humans at a Standardbred horse training facility in Ontario; ii) describe the characteristics of highly influential individuals; and iii) investigate how management changes alter the network metrics and discuss the potential implications for disease transmission. Proximity loggers detected contacts among horses, staff, and locations (n = 144). Network metrics and node centrality measures were described for a 2-mode and horse-only contact network. The 2-mode network density was 0.16. and the median node degree was 20 [interquartile range (IQR) = 12 to 27]. Yearlings and floating staff were most influential in the network suggesting biosecurity programs should emphasize reducing contacts in these groups. Removing highly influential staff or co-housing of age groups resulted in changes to network diameter and density.

Analyse descriptive du réseau de contacts d'un centre d'entraînement de chevaux Standardbred : Implications pour la transmission de maladies. Les maladies respiratoires infectieuses sont une cause commune de morbidité parmi les chevaux de course. Une quantification des patrons de contact dans les centres d'entraînement pourrait aider à avoir des stratégies appropriées de prévention des maladies. Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient de : i) décrire le réseau des contacts entre les chevaux, les localisations et les humains à un centre d'entraînement pour chevaux Stadardbred en Ontario; ii) décrire les caractéristiques d'individus très influents; iii) examiner comment les changements de gestion altèrent le réseau des systèmes de mesure et discuter les implications potentielles pour la transmission des maladies. Des enregistreurs de proximité détectèrent les contacts parmi les chevaux, le personnel et les localisations (n = 144). Les systèmes de mesure et les mesures de centralité des noeuds furent décrits pour un réseau à 2 modes et un réseau de contact entre chevaux uniquement. La densité du réseau à 2 modes était de 0,16 et le degré médian du noeud était 20 [écart interquartile (IQR) = 12 à 27]. Les yearlings et le personnel occasionnel étaient les plus influents dans le réseau suggérant que les programmes de biosécurité devraient mettre l'emphase sur une réduction des contacts dans ces groupes. Le retrait de personnel très influent ou cohabitation de groupes d'âge a résulté en des changements dans le diamètre et la densité du réseau.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Modeling livestock population structure: a geospatial database for Ontario swine farms.

BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases in farmed animals have economic, social, and health consequences. Foreign animal diseases (FAD) of swine are of significant concern. Mathematical and simulation models are often used to simulate FAD outbreaks and best practices for control. However, simulation outcomes are sensitive to the population structure used. Within Canada, access to individual swine farm population data with which to parameterize models is a challenge because of privacy concerns. Our objective was to develop a methodology to model the farmed swine population in Ontario, Canada that could represent the existing population structure and improve the efficacy of simulation models. RESULTS: We developed a swine population model based on the factors such as facilities supporting farm infrastructure, land availability, zoning and local regulations, and natural geographic barriers that could affect swine farming in Ontario. Assigned farm locations were equal to the swine farm density described in the 2011 Canadian Census of Agriculture. Farms were then randomly assigned to farm types proportional to the existing swine herd types. We compared the swine population models with a known database of swine farm locations in Ontario and found that the modeled population was representative of farm locations with a high accuracy (AUC: 0.91, Standard deviation: 0.02) suggesting that our algorithm generated a reasonable approximation of farm locations in Ontario. CONCLUSION: In the absence of a readily accessible dataset providing details of the relative locations of swine farms in Ontario, development of a model livestock population that captures key characteristics of the true population structure while protecting privacy concerns is an important methodological advancement. This methodology will be useful for individuals interested in modeling the spread of pathogens between farms across a landscape and using these models to evaluate disease control strategies.

A clinical trial investigating the impact of in-feed flavophospholipol on Salmonella shedding and antimicrobial resistance in pigs.

A clinical trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of in-feed flavophospholipol in reducing Salmonella shedding and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) associated with Salmonella and generic Escherichia coli in naturally infected grower-finisher pigs. Pigs were obtained from a farm with a history of salmonellosis and were housed at a research facility. Over the span of 10 weeks the pigs received either a feed containing 4 ppm of flavophospholipol (treatment, n = 25) or a non-medicated feed (control, n = 20). Weekly fecal samples were collected and cultured for Salmonella and generic E. coli. A subset of Salmonella and E. coli isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to compare the prevalence of Salmonella shedding and AMR in Salmonella and E. coli isolates in treatment and control groups. Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella shedding (P > 0.05) and AMR in Salmonella (P > 0.01) and E. coli (P > 0.005) isolates was not different between the treatment and control groups.

Essai clinique étudiant l'impact du flavophospholipol dans les aliments sur l'excrétion de Salmonellaet l'antibiorésistance chez les porcs. Un essai clinique a été réalisé pour évaluer l'efficacité du flavophospholipol dans les aliments pour réduire l'excrétion de Salmonella et l'antibiorésistance associée à Salmonella et à Escherichia coli générique chez les porcs d'engraissement naturellement infectés. Les porcs obtenus provenaient d'une ferme ayant des antécédents de salmonellose et ils ont été logés à un établissement de recherche. Pendant 10 semaines, les porcs ont reçu soit des aliments contenant 4 ppm de flavophospholipol (traitement, n = 25) ou des aliments non médicamentés (témoin, n = 20). Des échantillons fécaux hebdomadaires ont été prélevés et soumis à des cultures pour Salmonella et E. coli générique. Un sous-groupe d'isolats de Salmonella et d'E. coli ont été testés pour la susceptibilité antimicrobienne. Un modèle de régression logistique à effets contrastés à plusieurs niveaux a été utilisé pour comparer la prévalence d'excrétion de Salmonella et de l'antibiorésistance dans les isolats de Salmonella et d'E. coli dans le groupe de traitement et le groupe témoin. Dans l'ensemble, la prévalence d'excrétion de Salmonella (P > 0,05) et de l'antibiorésistance des isolats de Salmonella (P > 0,01) et d'E. coli (P > 0,005) n'était pas différente entre le groupe de traitement et le groupe témoin.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

A longitudinal study describing horse demographics and movements during a competition season in Ontario, Canada.

The objective of this study was to describe the demographics and movement patterns of a sample of horses in Ontario, Canada. A convenience sample of 222 owners completed an initial questionnaire to provide demographic information for 570 horses. These horses were enrolled in a longitudinal study to document their movements from May to November 2015 using a monthly questionnaire. The median age of the participating horses was 11 years (IQR: 8 to 16 years). The primary discipline of participating horses included competitive disciplines (63.3%), leisure (33.3%), and racing (3.2%). During the 7-month period, there were 3001 unidirectional movements of horses between facilities. Reasons for travel on/off a facility included attending a competition (38.7%), leisure activities (18.8%), and training (7.5%). The demographic and movement data presented in this study provide insight into the characteristics of a subset of horses in Ontario, and may contribute to outbreak preparedness in the population.

Étude longitudinale décrivant les données démographiques des chevaux et leurs mouvements durant une saison compétitive en Ontario, au Canada. L'objectif de cette étude consistait à décrire les données démographiques et les mouvements d'un échantillon de chevaux en Ontario, au Canada. Un échantillon utile était composé de 222 propriétaires qui ont rempli un premier questionnaire afin de fournir des données démographiques pour 570 chevaux. Ces chevaux étaient inscrits dans une étude longitudinale afin de documenter leurs mouvements de mai à novembre 2015 à l'aide d'un questionnaire mensuel. L'âge médian des chevaux participants était de 11 ans (IQR : 8 à 16 ans). La discipline primaire des chevaux participants comprenait des disciplines de compétition (63,3 %), d'agrément (33,3 %) et de course (3,2 %). Durant la période de 7 mois, il y a eu 3001 déplacements unidirectionnels de chevaux entre les installations. Les raisons des déplacements à l'aller ou au départ d'une installation incluaient une compétition (38,7 %), des activités d'agrément (18,8 %) et l'entraînement (7,5 %). Les données sur la démographie et les mouvements dans cette étude ont fourni des renseignements sur les caractéristiques d'un sous-groupe de chevaux en Ontario et pourront contribuer à la préparation aux éclosions au sein de la population.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Descriptive and network analyses of the equine contact network at an equestrian show in Ontario, Canada and implications for disease spread.

BACKGROUND: Identifying the contact structure within a population of horses attending a competition is an important element towards understanding the potential for the spread of equine pathogens as the horses subsequently travel from location to location. However, there is limited information in Ontario, Canada to quantify contact patterns of horses. The objective of this study was to describe the network of potential contacts associated with an equestrian show to determine how this network structure may influence potential disease transmission. RESULTS: This was a descriptive study of horses attending an equestrian show in southern Ontario, Canada on July 6 and 7, 2014. Horse show participants completed a questionnaire about their horse, travel patterns, and infection control practices. Questionnaire responses were received from horse owners of 79.7% (55/69) of the horses attending the show. Owners reported that horses attending the show were vaccinated for diseases such as rabies, equine influenza, and equine herpesvirus. Owners demonstrated high compliance with most infection control practices by reporting reduced opportunities for direct and indirect contact while away from home. The two-mode undirected network consisted of 820 nodes (41 locations and 779 horses). Eight percent of nodes in the network represented horses attending the show, 87% of nodes represented horses not attending the show, but boarded at individual home facilities, and 5% represented locations. The median degree of a horse in the network was 33 (range: 1-105). CONCLUSIONS: Developing disease management strategies without the explicit consideration of horses boarded at individual home facilities would underestimate the connectivity of horses in the population. The results of this study provides information that can be used by equestrian show organizers to configure event management in such a way that can limit the extent of potential disease spread.

Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for Ontario commercial nursing pigs close to the time of weaning.

The evaluation of pig hematology and biochemistry parameters is rarely done largely due to the costs associated with laboratory testing and labor, and the limited availability of reference intervals needed for interpretation. Within-herd and between-herd biological variation of these values also make it difficult to establish reference intervals. Regardless, baseline reference intervals are important to aid veterinarians in the interpretation of blood parameters for the diagnosis and treatment of diseased swine. The objective of this research was to provide reference intervals for hematology and biochemistry parameters of 3-week-old commercial nursing piglets in Ontario. A total of 1032 pigs lacking clinical signs of disease from 20 swine farms were sampled for hematology and iron panel evaluation, with biochemistry analysis performed on a subset of 189 randomly selected pigs. The 95% reference interval, mean, median, range, and 90% confidence intervals were calculated for each parameter.

Intervalles de références de l'hématologie et de la biochimie pour des porcelets à l'allaitement vers le moment du sevrage dans des élevages commerciaux de l'Ontario. L'évaluation des paramètres hématologiques et biochimiques des porcs est rarement réalisée surtout en raison des coûts associés aux tests de laboratoire ainsi qu'à la main-d'œuvre et à la disponibilité limitée d'intervalles de référence requis pour l'interprétation. La variation de ces valeurs au sein de troupeaux et entre les troupeaux complique l'établissement des intervalles de référence. Néanmoins, des intervalles de référence de base sont importants pour appuyer les vétérinaires dans l'interprétation des paramètres sanguins pour le diagnostic et le traitement des porcs malades. Cette recherche avait pour objectif de fournir des intervalles de référence pour les paramètres hématologiques et biochimiques des porcelets commerciaux à l'allaitement âgés de 3 semaines en Ontario. Des échantillons ont été prélevés pour un total de 1032 porcs ne présentant pas de signes cliniques de maladie provenant de 20 fermes porcines pour une évaluation du profil d'hématologie et du fer et une analyse biochimique a été réalisée pour un sous-groupe de 189 porcs choisis au hasard. L'intervalle de référence de 95 %, la moyenne, la médiane, l'étendue de référence et les intervalles de confiance de 90 % ont été calculés pour chaque paramètre.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

The use of serum beta-hydroxybutyrate to determine whether nursery pigs selected on the basis of clinical signs are anorexic.

The process of weaning pigs alters intestinal structures and influences piglet behavior, which can result in anorexia. When housed in large groups, affected pigs can be difficult to identify at an early stage. The clinical signs of anorexia include loss in body condition (thinness) and repetitive oral behavior (chomping). The objective of this study was to determine if pigs identified at 4 to 7 days post-weaning on the basis of clinical signs were anorexic based on elevated serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels (ketosis). A total of 240 pigs from 8 farms (30 pigs per farm) were selected based on observation of their abnormal oral behavior (Chomp; n = 10), poor body condition, (Thin; n = 10), or healthy appearance (Control; n = 10). Standard laboratory testing and a ketone handheld meter were used to measure BHB levels and were compared using non-parametric receiver operating characteristic analyses. Most pigs selected based on clinical signs were not anorexic as confirmed by their normal BHB levels.

Utilisation du bêta-hydroxybutyrate sérique afin de déterminer si les porcs de pouponnière, sélectionnés en se basant sur les signes cliniques, sont anorexiques. Le processus de sevrage des porcs modifie les structures intestinales et influence le comportement des porcelets, ce qui peut produire de l'anorexie. Lorsqu'ils sont logés dans de grands groupes, les porcs touchés peuvent être difficiles à identifier au début du processus. Les signes cliniques de l'anorexie incluent une perte de condition corporelle (minceur) et un comportement oral répétitif (mordillements). Cette étude avait pour objectif de déterminer si les porcs, identifiés entre 4 et 7 jours après le sevrage en se fondant sur les signes cliniques, étaient anorexiques en se basant sur des taux élevés de bêta-hydroxybutyrate sérique (BHS) (cétose). Un total de 240 porcs de 8 fermes (30 porcs par ferme) ont été choisis sur la base de l'observation de leur comportement oral anormal (mordillement; n = 10), mauvaise note d'état corporel, (mince; n = 10) ou d'apparence en santé (témoin; n = 10). Des tests de laboratoire standards et un compteur de cétone portable ont été utilisés pour mesurer les taux de BHS et ont été comparés en utilisant des analyses non paramétriques de fonction d'efficacité du récepteur. La plupart des porcs choisis en se fondant sur les signes cliniques n'étaient pas anorexiques comme l'ont confirmé les taux normaux de BHS.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Biosecurity perceptions among Ontario horse owners during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Disease outbreaks present a significant challenge to horse health and welfare and the economic stability of horse industries internationally. This is a particular concern in Ontario, Canada, where there have been frequent outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases among horses. Despite these risks, there has been limited research on whether Ontario horse owners engage in biosecurity measures sufficient to mitigate risk of equine diseases, and whether current events such as the COVID-19 pandemic influence attitudes towards equine biosecurity practices. OBJECTIVE: To explore Ontario horse owners' perceptions, attitudes and experiences relating to on-farm biosecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative study using virtual semi-structured interviews. METHODS: Participants (horse owners, frequent horse riders and part boarders) were recruited using social media snowball sampling where advertisements were shared by equine and veterinary organisations. Interviews were conducted virtually between June and September 2022 and were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three key themes relating to biosecurity perceptions among the 14 participants were identified. Participants relied on minimal preventative measures (such as vaccines) where perceived risk of disease was low, but implemented additional measures including quarantine and handwashing when perceived risk of disease was high. Participants' choice of biosecurity practices often mirrored those recommended by the barn manager. Moreover, participants felt that responsibility for biosecurity was not shared equally across horse owners, with more emphasis placed on those engaging in high-risk situations for disease spread. Despite experiencing biosecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic, horse owners were not consistently applying these practices to their horse care routines. MAIN LIMITATIONS: The perspectives reported here are from a small sample of horse owners and may not be generalisable to all populations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that horse owners need improved access to and engagement with educational initiatives that emphasise the importance and purpose of all biosecurity measures.

Exploring veterinary professionals' perceptions of pet weight-related communication in companion animal veterinary practice.

BACKGROUND: Pet obesity is commonly encountered by veterinary professionals, yet little is known about their perception of communicating about pet weight. The objective of this study was to explore veterinary professionals' perception of discussing pet obesity with clients. METHODS: An online survey targeting veterinary professionals was distributed via social media and veterinary organisation newsletters. Topics included respondents' perceptions of weight-related communication, factors related to approaching weight conversations and implicit weight bias. RESULTS: A total of 102 respondents to the survey were included in the final analysis. Avoidance of discussing pet obesity with certain clients was common (53.9%; 55/102). The most endorsed term for describing pets with excess weight to clients was 'overweight' (97.1%; 99/102). The pet's body condition score was rated the most important factor to consider when deciding how to approach a weight discussion with clients. Although only 29 participants completed the implicit association test (IAT), most of these participants were identified as having an unconscious preference for thin people. The small sample size limited the vignette analysis to descriptive only, and the IAT results should be interpreted cautiously. CONCLUSION: This exploratory, cross-sectional study provides early insight into veterinary professionals' perceptions of pet obesity-related communication and suggests the presence of weight bias in the profession that warrants further investigation.

Investigating the distribution of calls to a North American animal poison control call center by veterinarians and the public in space, time, and space-time.

Health assessments via phone call or tele-triage have become very popular. Tele-triage in the veterinary field and North American context is available since the early 2000s. However, there is little knowledge of how caller type influences the distribution of calls. The objectives of this study were to examine the distribution of calls to the Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) by caller type in space, time, and space-time. Data regarding caller location were obtained from the APCC by American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). The data were analysed using the spatial scan statistic to identify clusters of higher-than-expected proportion of veterinarian or public calls in space, time, and space-time. Statistically significant spatial clusters of increased call frequencies by veterinarians were identified in some western, midwestern, and southwestern states for each year of the study period. Furthermore, annual clusters of increased call frequencies by the general public were identified from some northeastern states. Based on yearly scans, we identified statistically significant temporal clusters of higher-than-expected public calls during Christmas/winter holidays. During space-time scans of the entire study period, we identified a statistically significant cluster of higher-than-expected proportion of veterinarian calls at the beginning of the study period in the western, central, and southeastern states followed by a significant cluster of excess public calls near the end of the study period on the northeast. Our results suggest that user patterns of the APCC vary by region and both season and calendar time.

Comparing the diagnostic performance of ordinary, mixed, and lasso logistic regression models at identifying opioid and cannabinoid poisoning in U.S. dogs using pet demographic and clinical data reported to an animal poison control center (2005-2014).

Researchers have begun studying the impact of human opioid and cannabinoid use on dog populations. These studies have used data from an animal poison control center (APCC) and there are concerns that due to the illicit nature and social stigma concerning the use of these drugs, owners may not always be forthcoming with veterinarians or APCC staff regarding pet exposures to these toxicants. As a result, models derived from APCC data that examine the predictability of opioid and cannabinoid dog poisonings using pet demographic and health disorder information may help veterinarians or APCC staff more reliably identify these toxicants when examining or responding to a call concerning a dog poisoned by an unknown toxicant. The fitting of epidemiologically informed statistical models has been useful for identifying factors associated with various health conditions and as predictive tools. However, machine learning, including lasso regression, has many useful features as predictive tools, including the ability to incorporate large numbers of independent variables. Consequently, the objectives of our study were: 1) identify pet demographic and health disorders associated with opioid and cannabinoid dog poisonings using ordinary and mixed logistic regression models; and 2) compare the predictive performance of these models to analogous lasso logistic regression models. Data were obtained from reports of dog poisoning events collected by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' (ASPCA) Animal Poisoning Control Center, from 2005-2014. We used ordinary and mixed logistic regression models as well as lasso logistic regression models with and without controlling for autocorrelation at the state level to train our models on half the dataset and test their predictive performance on the remainder. Although epidemiologically informed logistic regression models may require substantial knowledge of the disease systems being investigated, they had the same predictive abilities as lasso logistic regression models. All models had relatively high predictive parameters except for positive predictive values, due to the rare nature of calls concerning opioid and cannabinoid poisonings. Ordinary and mixed logistic regression models were also substantially more parsimonious than their lasso equivalents while still allowing for the epidemiological interpretation of model coefficients. Controlling for autocorrelation had little effect on the predictive performance of all models, but it did reduce the number of variables included in lasso models. Several disorder variables were associated with opioid and cannabinoid calls that were consistent with the acute effects of these toxicants. These models may help build diagnostic evidence concerning dog exposure to opioids and cannabinoids, saving time and resources when investigating these cases.

Assessing owners' readiness to change their behaviour to address their companion animal's obesity.

BACKGROUND: Owner behaviour change in relation to management is critical for successful pet weight loss. The stages of change (SOC) can be used to conceptualise the process of intentional behaviour change. Clients may be more likely to make successful changes when practitioners use communication techniques appropriate for a client's current stage. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess pet owners' SOC in relation to managing the weight of their overweight or obese pet. METHODS: An online questionnaire targeting dog and cat owners was distributed via snowball sampling. A total of 532 questionnaires were included in the analysis. Of these, 153 participants (28.8%) self-identified their pet's body condition score (BCS) as greater than 5 (on a nine-point scale). An adapted University of Rhode Island Change Assessment scale was completed by 119 of these participants (77.8%) to assess their readiness to change related to managing their overweight or obese pet. RESULTS: Most participants were scored in the precontemplation (52.1%) and contemplation (42%) stages, where readiness to change is low. Owner assessments likely resulted in underestimation of pets' BCS. CONCLUSION: The results offer preliminary insight into the SOC of owners who identify their pets as overweight or obese. Developing tools to assess and understand owners' readiness to change may be useful in informing veterinary professionals' communication approaches when engaging in weight management conversations.

Does Vaccine-Induced Maternally-Derived Immunity Protect Swine Offspring against Influenza a Viruses? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Challenge Trials from 1990 to May 2021.

It is unclear if piglets benefit from vaccination of sows against influenza. For the first time, methods of evidence-based medicine were applied to answer the question: "Does vaccine-induced maternally-derived immunity (MDI) protect swine offspring against influenza A viruses?". Challenge trials were reviewed that were published from 1990 to April 2021 and measured at least one of six outcomes in MDI-positive versus MDI-negative offspring (hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, virus titers, time to begin and time to stop shedding, risk of infection, average daily gain (ADG), and coughing) (n = 15). Screening and extraction of study characteristics was conducted in duplicate by two reviewers, with data extraction and assessment for risk of bias performed by one. Homology was defined by the antigenic match of vaccine and challenge virus hemagglutinin epitopes. Results: Homologous, but not heterologous MDI, reduced virus titers in piglets. There was no difference, calculated as relative risks (RR), in infection incidence risk over the entire study period; however, infection hazard (instantaneous risk) was decreased in pigs with MDI (log HR = -0.64, 95% CI: -1.13, -0.15). Overall, pigs with MDI took about a ½ day longer to begin shedding virus post-challenge (MD = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.99) but the hazard of infected pigs ceasing to shed was not different (log HR = 0.32, 95% CI: -0.29, 0.93). HI titers were synthesized qualitatively and although data on ADG and coughing was extracted, details were insufficient for conducting meta-analyses. Conclusion: Homology of vaccine strains with challenge viruses is an important consideration when assessing vaccine effectiveness. Herd viral dynamics are complex and may include concurrent or sequential exposures in the field. The practical significance of reduced weaned pig virus titers is, therefore, not known and evidence from challenge trials is insufficient to make inferences on the effects of MDI on incidence risk, time to begin or to cease shedding virus, coughing, and ADG. The applicability of evidence from single-strain challenge trials to field practices is limited. Despite the synthesis of six outcomes, challenge trial evidence does not support or refute vaccination of sows against influenza to protect piglets. Additional research is needed; controlled trials with multi-strain concurrent or sequential heterologous challenges have not been conducted, and sequential homologous exposure trials were rare. Consensus is also warranted on (1) the selection of core outcomes, (2) the sizing of trial populations to be reflective of field populations, (3) the reporting of antigenic characterization of vaccines, challenge viruses, and sow exposure history, and (4) on the collection of non-aggregated individual pig data.

Identifying an outbreak of a novel swine disease using test requests for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome as a syndromic surveillance tool.

BACKGROUND: Animal disease monitoring and surveillance are crucial for ensuring the health of animals, humans and the environment. Many studies have investigated the utility of monitoring syndromes associated with data from veterinary laboratory submissions, but no research has focused on how negative test results from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory data can be used to improve our knowledge of disease outbreaks. For example, if a diagnostic laboratory was seeing a disproportionate number of negative test results for a known disease could this information be an indication of a novel disease outbreak? The objective of this study was to determine the association between the porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) outbreak in Ontario 2004-2006 and the results of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSV) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the results of PRRSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic tests requested by veterinarians. RESULTS: Retrospective data were collected from the Animal Health Laboratory (AHL) at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada and were comprised of weekly counts of PRRSV ELISA and PRRSV PCR diagnostic tests requested by swine practitioners from 2000-2007. The results of the PRRSV ELISA and PRRSV PCRs were analysed separately in two models using logistic regression with the dependent variables being: the weekly probability of PRRSV ELISA positivity, and the weekly probability of PRRSV PCR positivity, respectively. The weekly probability of PRRSV PCR positivity decreased during the PVCAD outbreak (OR=0.66, P=0.01). The weekly probability of PRRSV ELISA positivity was not associated with the PCVAD outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that during the PCVAD outbreak in Ontario from December 2004-May 2006, the probability of a positive PRRSV PCR at the AHL decreased. We conclude that when a decrease in test positivity occurs for a known disease, it may suggest that a new disease agent is emerging in the population. Hence, monitoring the test results of commonly used first-order tests for a known disease (e.g. PRRSV) has the potential to be a unique form of syndromic data for the timely identification of novel disease outbreaks in swine populations.