Discovery of a novel 9-position modified second-generation anti-HCV candidate via bioconversion and semi-synthesis of FR901459.

Evidence that hepatitis C virus (HCV) utilizes cellular cyclophilin proteins in the virus replication cycle has increased attention on cyclophilin inhibitors as attractive therapeutic targets in the treatment of HCV. Previous reports have described a number of non-immunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors, most of which require many synthetic steps for their preparation. Sasamura et al. have previously reported the isolation of bioconversion derivative 4. This analog is a convenient starting point for optimization due to the presence of the readily modifiable primary hydroxyl group and because it shows moderate anti-HCV activity and decreased immunosuppressive activity. We have also established an efficient C-alkylation reaction at the 3-position. Through a detailed structure-activity relationship study, we discovered a new type of clinical candidate 14 which requires a short synthetic process and has potent anti-HCV activity and reduced immunosuppressive activity, as well as improved aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetics.

Welwitindolinone C synthetic studies. Construction of the welwitindolinone carbon skeleton via a transannular nitrone cycloaddition.

Described is the construction of the N-methylwelwitindolinone C core via an efficient strategy that employs a sequential rhodium carbenoid-mediated O-H insertion, Claisen rearrangement and transannular [3+2] nitrone cycloaddition.

Novel echinocandin antifungals. Part 1: novel side-chain analogs of the natural product FR901379.

A series of novel acylated analogs of the novel water-soluble echinocandin FR901379 have been prepared and evaluated for antifungal and hemolytic activity. A relationship between antifungal activity and lipophilicity of the acyl side chain, expressed as ClogP was demonstrated, and an analog (3c) with 5.5- to 8-fold superior in vivo activity relative to the previously disclosed 4-(n-octyloxy)benzoyl side chain analog, FR131535 obtained.

Novel echinocandin antifungals. Part 2: Optimization of the side chain of the natural product FR901379. Discovery of micafungin.

Further optimization of the potent antifungal activity of side chain analogs of the natural product FR901379 led to the discovery of compound 8 with an excellent, well-balanced profile. Potent compounds with reduced hemolytic potential were designed based upon a disruption of the linearity of the terphenyl lipophilic side chain. The optimized compound (8, FK463, micafungin) displayed the best balance and was selected as the clinical candidate.

Synthesis and SAR of novel parenteral anti-pseudomonal cephalosporins: discovery of FR264205.

We describe herein the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel cephalosporins with potent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Introduction of various amino groups to the 4-position of a 3-amino-2-methylpyrazole cephalosporin 3-side chain resulted in enhanced MIC values against multiple Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and ultimately led to the discovery of FR264205 (15) with excellent anti-bacterial activity and weak convulsion effect by direct intracerebroventricular injection assay.

Structural requirements for the stability of novel cephalosporins to AmpC beta-lactamase based on 3D-structure.

AmpC beta-lactamase is one of the leading causes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) resistance to cephalosporins. FR259647 is a cephalosporin having a novel pyrazolium substituent at the 3-position and exhibits excellent activity (MIC=1 microg/mL) against the AmpC beta-lactamase overproducing P. aeruginosa FP1380 strain in comparison with the third-generation cephalosporins FK518 [Abstracts of Papers, 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, GA, October 21-24, 1990, Abs. 454; Abstracts of Papers, 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, GA, October 21-24, 1990, Abs. 455; Abstracts of Papers, 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, GA, October 21-24, 1990, Abs. 456; Abstracts of Papers, 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, GA, October 21-24, 1990, Abs. 457] (MIC=16 microg/mL) and ceftazidime (CAZ) (MIC=128 microg/mL). The stability of FR259647 and FK518 to AmpC beta-lactamase was evaluated using MIC assays against both the P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain and a PAO1 mutant strain overproducing AmpC beta-lactamase as a differential assay, which indicates that the main difference derives from their stability to AmpC beta-lactamase. A structural analysis using computer simulations indicated that the difference in stability may be due to steric hindrance of the 3-position substituents causing differential affinity. This steric hindrance may disturb entry of the cephalosporins into the binding pocket. We predicted the possibility of inhibition of entry as a potential means of enhancing stability by conformational analysis. In order to validate this speculation, novel FR259647 derivatives 4-9 were designed, calculated, synthesized, and evaluated. As a result, we demonstrated that their probability of entry correlated with the MIC ratio of the mutant strain to the parent strain and supports the validity of our model.

Role of micafungin in the antifungal armamentarium.

Serious infections caused by opportunistic molds remain a major problem for public health. Immune deficiency following organ transplantation and aggressive cancer treatment has greatly increased the incidence of systemic mycoses, and invasive aspergillosis in patients with AIDS is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Amphotericin B is the first-line therapy for systemic infection because of its broad-spectrum and fungicidal activity. However, considerable side effects limit its clinical utility. The echinocandins are large lipopeptide molecules that inhibit the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, a key component of the fungal cell wall. Three echinocandins have reached the market, and some others are in early clinical development. Caspofungin was the first echinocandin to be licensed for clinical use in most countries. Micafungin is licensed for clinical use in Japan, China, Taiwan, Jordan, Korea, Hong-Kong and the US, and anidulafungin is currently licensed in the US. The novel class of echinocandins represents a milestone in antifungal drug research that has further expanded our therapeutic options. Studies to date have shown that micafungin exhibits extremely potent antifungal activity against clinically important fungi, including Aspergillus and azole-resistant strains of Candida. In animal studies, micafungin is as efficacious as amphotericin B with respect to improvement of survival rate. Micafungin is also characterized by a linear pharmacokinetic profile and substantially fewer toxic effects. Micafungin is a poor substrate for the cytochrome P450 enzymes, and compared to azoles, fewer drug interactions are described. No dose adjustments of the drug are required in the presence of mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, prednisolone, or sirolimus. Strategies using this new echinocandin agent will benefit a large number of patients with severe immune dysfunction.

Bioconversion of FR901459, a novel derivative of cyclosporin A, by Lentzea sp. 7887.

FR901459, a product of the fungus Stachybotrys chartarum No. 19392, is a derivative of cyclosporin A (CsA) and a powerful immunosuppressant that binds cyclophilin. Recently, it was reported that CsA was effective against hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, FR901459 lacks active moieties, which are essential for synthesizing more potent and safer derivatives of this anti-HCV agent. Here we identified an actinomycete strain (designated 7887) that was capable of efficient bioconversion of FR901459. Structural elucidation of the isolated bioconversion products (1-7) revealed that compounds 1-4 were mono-hydroxylated at the position of 1-MeBmt or 9-MeLeu, whereas compounds 5-7 were bis-hydroxylated at both positions. The results of morphological and chemical characterization, as well as phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), suggested that strain 7887 belonged to the genus Lentzea. Comparison of the FR901459 conversion activity of strain 7887 with several other Lentzea strains revealed that although all examined strains metabolized FR901459, strain 7887 had a characteristic profile with respect to bioconversion products. Taken together, these findings suggest that strain 7887 can be used to derivative FR901459 to produce a chemical template for further chemical modifications that may provide more effective and safer anti-HCV drugs.

Use of a serum-based antifungal susceptibility assay to predict the in vivo efficacy of novel echinocandin compounds.

In vitro susceptibility assays of antifungal activity do not always accurately predict in vivo efficacy. As well as having a clear clinical importance, the ability to predict efficacy is also essential for effective screening of novel drug compounds. Initial screening of novel compounds must often be based on in vitro data. The present report describes the use of serum-MIC, an in vitro test of antifungal susceptibility, to accurately predict in vivo efficacy of echinocandin drugs in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. The basis of the serum-MIC method was to measure the inhibitory activity of a test compound against Candida albicans hyphal growth in the presence of pooled mouse serum. For 13 previously uncharacterized echinocandin compounds, as well as for the known echinocandin drugs, micafungin and caspofungin, serum-MIC determinations were shown to give better correlation to efficacy in the animal model than conventional, CLSI standard, in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests. The most accurate prediction of efficacy was obtained when the serum-MIC was adjusted in relation to the serum concentration at 30 min post-treatment. Furthermore, when the efficacy of micafungin was determined by measuring C. albicans kidney burden in the mouse model of infection, the adjusted serum-MIC consistently reflected the effective serum concentrations. Our data indicate that determination of serum-MIC values will facilitate prediction of the in vivo potency of new antifungal compounds such as novel echinocandins.

Determination of antifungal activities in serum samples from mice treated with different antifungal drugs allows detection of an active metabolite of itraconazole.

To establish an in vitro method of predicting in vivo efficacy of antifungal drugs against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, the antifungal activities of fluconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B were determined in mouse serum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each drug was measured using mouse serum as a diluent. For C. albicans, the assay endpoint of azoles was defined as inhibition of mycelial extension (mMIC) and for A. fumigatus, as no growth (MIC). The MICs of amphotericin B for both pathogens were defined as the MIC at which no mycelial growth occurred. Serum MIC or mMIC determinations were then used to estimate the concentration of the drugs in serum of mice treated with antifungal drugs by multiplying the antifungal titer of the serum samples by the serum (m)MIC. The serum drug concentrations were also determined by HPLC. The serum concentrations estimated microbiologically showed good agreement with those determined by HPLC, except for itraconazole. Analysis of the serum samples from itraconazole-treated mice by a sensitive bioautography revealed the presence of additional spots, not seen in control samples of itraconazole. The bioautography assay demonstrated that the additional material detected in serum from mice treated with itraconazole was an active metabolite of itraconazole. The data showed that the apparent reduction in the itraconazole serum concentration as determined by HPLC was the result of the formation of an active metabolite, and that the use of a microbiological method to measure serum concentrations of drugs can provide a method for prediction of in vivo efficacy of antifungal drugs.