Baseline Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Stroke Recurrence During Secondary Prevention With Pravastatin.

Background and Purpose- As a prespecified post hoc analysis of the J-STARS (Japan Statin Treatment Against Recurrent Stroke) Echo Study, the 5-year stroke recurrence rate according to the baseline mean carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) with and without pravastatin treatment was investigated. Methods- Patients were randomly assigned to receive pravastatin 10 mg/day (pravastatin group) or control group (nonstatin treatment; 1:1) for 5 years. Baseline mean IMT of the common carotid artery was measured by ultrasonography. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate whether the stroke (any ischemic stroke, atherothrombotic brain infarction, or lacunar infarction) recurrence rate was different according to tertiles of baseline mean IMT. Results- A total of 793 patients, including 388 in the pravastatin group and 405 in the control group, were investigated. In the control group, Cox proportional hazards models showed that participants in the highest tertile IMT group (≥0.931 mm) had a higher rate of atherothrombotic brain infarction than those in the lowest tertile IMT group (<0.812 mm; [hazard ratio, 9.08; 95% CI, 1.15-71.43]). Patients in the pravastatin group had a lower risk of atherothrombotic brain infarction than those in the control group only in the highest tertile IMT group by the log-rank test ( P value=0.045). Conclusions- Long-term pravastatin administration may prevent the occurrence of atherothrombotic brain infarction in noncardioembolic infarction patients with the highest tertile IMT. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00361530.

Long-Term Effect of Pravastatin on Carotid Intima-Media Complex Thickness: The J-STARS Echo Study (Japan Statin Treatment Against Recurrent Stroke).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The effect of statins on progression of carotid intima-media complex thickness (IMT) has been shown exclusively in nonstroke Western patients. This study aimed to determine the effect of low-dose pravastatin on carotid IMT in Japanese patients with noncardioembolic ischemic stroke. METHODS: This is a substudy of the J-STARS trial (Japan Statin Treatment Against Recurrent Stroke), a multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial to examine whether pravastatin reduces stroke recurrence. Patients were randomized to receive pravastatin (10 mg daily, usual dose in Japan; pravastatin group) or not to receive any statins (control group). The primary outcome was IMT change of the common carotid artery for a 5-year observation period. IMT change was compared using mixed-effects models for repeated measures. RESULTS: Of 864 patients registered in this substudy, 71 without baseline ultrasonography were excluded, and 388 were randomly assigned to the pravastatin group and 405 to the control group. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different, except National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores (median, 0 [interquartile range, 0-2] versus 1 [interquartile range, 0-2]; P=0.019) between the 2 groups. Baseline IMT (mean±SD) was 0.887±0.155 mm in the pravastatin group and 0.887±0.152 mm in the control group (P=0.99). The annual change in the IMT at 5-year visit was significantly reduced in the pravastatin group as compared with that in the control group (0.021±0.116 versus 0.040±0.118 mm; P=0.010). CONCLUSIONS: The usual Japanese dose of pravastatin significantly reduced the progression of carotid IMT at 5 years in patients with noncardioembolic stroke. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00361530.

Relationship Between Infarct Volume and Prothrombin Time-International Normalized Ratio in Ischemic Stroke Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: In Japan, warfarin treatment at prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) of 1.60-2.60 is recommended for elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). But it remains unknown whether PT-INR 1.60-1.99 has a similar effect on stroke severity as a value >2.0. The purpose of this study was to clarify the association between infarct volume and PT-INR levels.Methods and Results:The 180 patients (mean age, 76 years [SD, 10 years], 53% male) selected from 429 consecutive ischemic stroke patients admitted within 48 h of onset between 2004 and 2014 with NVAF were included. We classified them into 4 groups according to their PT-INR values on admission: no warfarin (NW), 129 patients; PT-INR <1.60 (poor control: PC), 29 patients; PT-INR 1.60-1.99 (low-intensity control: LC), 14 patients; and PT-INR ≥2.00 (high-intensity control: HC), 8 patients. Median (interquartile range: IQR) of infarct volume was 55 mL (IQR 14-175) in the NW, 42 mL (IQR 27-170) in the PC, 36 mL (IQR 6-130) in the LC, and 11 mL (IQR 0-39) in the HC groups. The infarct volume of the HC group was significantly smaller than in the other 3 groups, but no difference existed between the LC and PC groups or the LC and NW groups. CONCLUSIONS: Warfarin control at PT-INR of 1.60-1.99 is not effective for reducing the severity of ischemic stroke in NVAF patients.

Ischemic Stroke Mortality Is More Strongly Associated with Anemia on Admission Than with Underweight Status.

BACKGROUND: Underweight patients have recently been reported as a group with a high risk of poststroke death. Anemia also increases mortality rates in stroke patients. However, the causal associations between body weight and anemia resulting in stroke-related death remain unclear. We examined the association of weight status and hemoglobin levels with 3-month mortality after ischemic stroke. METHODS: The study enrolled all consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke and no history of stroke admitted to our hospital between January 2010 and December 2013. The patients were categorized into 4 body mass index (BMI) categories (underweight, normal-weight, overweight, and obese). Anemia was evaluated according to the World Health Organization criteria (men, <13 g/dL; women, <12 g/dL). RESULTS: A total of 1733 acute ischemic stroke patients (149 underweight, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2; 1076 normal-weight, BMI = 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; 436 overweight, BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m2; and 72 obese, BMI > 30 kg/m2) were included. Death within 3 months occurred in 65 patients (underweight, 10.1%; normal-weight, 3.4%; overweight, 2.3%; and obese, 5.6%). Compared to nonanemic patients, those with anemia (n = 329, 19.0%) had lower BMI (21.8 kg/m2 versus 23.7 kg/m2, P <.001) and higher mortality rates (9.1% versus 2.5%, P <.001). Underweight status was associated with 3-month mortality after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and initial stroke severity. However, in the models that included laboratory findings, it was anemia status (odds ratio, 2.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.46-5.43), not underweight status, that was independently associated with 3-month mortality. CONCLUSION: Anemia on admission was associated with stroke mortality independent of underweight status.

C1 transverse process-hyoid bone line for preoperative evaluation of the accessible internal carotid artery on carotid endarterectomy: technical note.

BACKGROUND: The preoperative imaging diagnosis of the distal portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is extremely important for carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Herein the authors defined a line from the C1 transverse process to the hyoid bone (C1-H line) and evaluated whether the line can be used to predict an accessible ICA in CEA. METHODS: A cross point between the C1-H line and distal ICA was analyzed using three-dimensional computerized tomographic angiography (3D-CTA) in 20 patients. The C1-H line was compared to the line drawn from the mastoid process to the mandible (M-M line). Intraoperative exposure of the distal ICA was evaluated using both lines. Furthermore, the distance of each line from the C2 vertebra was measured to identify the distance difference of each line in relation to the cervical posture. RESULTS: A distal ICA exposed at a cross point of the C1-H line corresponded well with the intraoperative findings. The cross point between the C1-H line and distal ICA was positioned at an average of 7.0 ± 0.7 mm cranially in comparison to the M-M line. The C1-H line showed smaller distance differences at different cervical positions than the M-M line. The C1-H line moved an average of 2.8 ± 2.5 mm from a cervical neutral position to an extensional one in the perpendicular direction. CONCLUSION: The C1-H line measured by 3D-CTA is a simple and useful indicator of the distal ICA exposure in the preoperative diagnosis for CEA.

CD34+/CD144+ circulating endothelial cells as an indicator of carotid atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The relationships between the number of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and indicators of carotid atherosclerosis, such as the intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque score are not well characterized in patients with chronic ischemic stroke. The objective of this study was to investigate these relationships in patients with chronic ischemic stroke and in patients with risk factors for stroke. METHODS: A total of 58 patients (69.6 ± 10.0 years, 21 females) with chronic ischemic stroke or with risk factors for stroke were included in this study. IMT was measured using an IntimaScope, and the numbers of CECs and EPCs were measured using flow cytometry. CECs and EPCs were defined as CD34+/CD144+ and CD34+/CD133+ cells, respectively. RESULTS: The number of CECs in patients with large artery atherosclerosis was higher than that in patients with cardioembolism or small vessel occlusion (P < .05). In contrast, there were no significant differences in the number of EPCs between groups. A positive correlation was also observed between the plaque score and the number of CECs (r(2) = .139, P < .05, n = 36). Moreover, the number of CECs in patients with moderate and severe atherosclerosis (.32 ± .11/µL, n = 22) was higher than that in patients with no plaque and mild atherosclerosis (.25 ± .07/µL, n = 34, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The number of CECs was high in patients with large artery atherosclerosis who experienced chronic ischemic stroke. And this number may reflect severity of carotid atherosclerosis.

Multicenter Study of Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Infusion around Hiroshima, Japan: The Hiroshima Acute Stroke Retrospective and Prospective Registry Study.

OBJECTIVE: Approximately 10 years have passed since intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy was approved in Japan. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify the effectiveness and safety of IV alteplase therapy with the Japanese original dose around Hiroshima via consideration of the patients' backgrounds, examination findings, and outcomes. METHODS: All consecutive patients with ischemic stroke who received IV alteplase therapy between October 2005 and October 2010 were registered. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty-nine patients with ischemic stroke (172 female [40.1%], mean age 73.7 ± 11.8 years) were registered. The proportion of patients over 75 years old was 51.5% (221 patients). The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at admission were 13 (interquartile range, 9-19), and the NIHSS scores 24 hours after alteplase infusion were 8 (interquartile range, 3-15). The proportion of intracerebral hemorrhage within the initial 36 hours was 20.2% (86 patients). After the multivariate regression analysis, a history of hypertension (odds ratio = 4.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-14.79; P = .01) and no recanalization (odds ratio = 10.10; 95% confidence interval, 3.03-39.33; P < .0001) were independently associated with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 2 or higher at 3 months. Patients over 75 years old were not significantly associated with an intracerebral hemorrhage within the initial 36 hours and an mRS score of 2 or higher at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study demonstrated that IV alteplase therapy with the Japanese original dose was effective and exhibited a safety profile similar to other studies. Moreover, we should not hesitate to IV alteplase therapy simply because of advanced age.

Effects of Meteorological Conditions on the Risk of Ischemic Stroke Events in Patients Treated with Alteplase--HEWS-tPA.

BACKGROUND: Predicting a day that presents a high risk for the occurrence of ischemic stroke events may enable health professionals to prepare for emergency stroke therapy more properly. We evaluated the association between meteorological conditions and the frequency of ischemic stroke events in Japanese patients. METHODS: Ischemic stroke patients (n = 299) who were treated with alteplase at 9 stroke hospitals in 3 restricted areas were examined. The daily rates of ischemic stroke events were compared with the daily mean thermo-hydrological index (THI), the atmospheric pressure, and the daily changes of these variables for the 6 days preceding an ischemic stroke event using Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: We trisected onset days based on the THI (low-temperature, intermediate-temperature, and high-temperature), atmospheric pressure (low-pressure, intermediate-pressure, and high-pressure), changes in THI for preceding 6 days from the previous day (cooler, unchanged-temperature, and warmer), and changes in atmospheric pressure (decreased-pressure, unchanged-pressure, and increased-pressure). The frequency of ischemic stroke was significantly higher on low-temperature or high-pressure days (risk ratio, 1.398, P = .022; risk ratio, 1.374, P = .039), on warmer-temperature days, and when atmospheric pressure varied from the day before (P < .05). There were significantly lower risks for ischemic stroke events on cooler-temperature days, and higher risks were associated with a variation in atmospheric pressure 3 days before the onset from 4 days before (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: There were higher risks for ischemic stroke events associated with low ambient temperature, high atmospheric pressure, increased temperature, and varied atmospheric pressure. Also, atmospheric pressure variation 3 days before may be associated.

Isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis caused by internal carotid artery dissection.

We here report the case of isolated hypoglossal nerve paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated characteristic findings of internal carotid artery dissection that should be considered as one of the differential diagnosis of ipsilateral pure hypoglossal nerve paralysis.

Safety evaluation of substituting clopidogrel for ticlopidine in Japanese patients with ischemic stroke--Hiroshima ticlopidine, clopidogrel safe exchange trial.

BACKGROUND: Clopidogrel is sometimes substituted for ticlopidine when cerebrovascular or cardiovascular patients develop hematologic abnormalities after ticlopidine treatment. However, the adverse event rate after the substitution to clopidogrel remains undetermined. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to define the risk of adverse events after substituting clopidogrel for ticlopidine without a washout period. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled patients older than 20 years who had a history of noncardioembolic strokes, including transient ischemic attacks, were treated with ticlopidine for at least 6 months. This study was conducted from August 26, 2008, when the first patient was enrolled, to January 16, 2012, the date of the last patient examination, at 8 active stroke centers in Hiroshima, Japan. We excluded patients who had severe disabilities, evidence of cardioembolic stroke, or history of a bleeding event. Each patient received clopidogrel (either 50 mg or 75 mg) once a day in place of ticlopidine without a washout period. Follow-up exams were scheduled within 12 months after the medication substitution. The primary end point of this study was adverse events of interest, including clinically significant reduced blood cell counts, hepatic dysfunction, bleeding, and other serious side effects. RESULTS: In this study, 110 patients were enrolled and analyzed in an intent-to-treat manner (modified intent to treat). Within the scheduled follow-up periods, 9 primary end point events were observed in separate patients. The primary end point events were observed at a rate of 8.4% per year (Kaplan-Meier method). At the time of enrolment, 16 patients met the exclusion criteria, of which 8 recovered from their abnormal hematologic results to the institutional normal limit after the substitution of ticlopidine for clopidogrel (57.4% per year). CONCLUSIONS: The adverse event rates after the substitution of ticlopidine for clopidogrel is similar to the adverse event rates of patients who were initially treated with clopidogrel. The substitution of clopidogrel for ticlopidine should be considered for patients who develop hematologic abnormalities from ticlopidine treatment.

The association between hyperintense vessel sign and final ischemic lesion differ in its location.

BACKGROUND: The hyperintense vessel sign (HVS) on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images can frequently be detected in patients with acute cerebral infarction attributable to large artery stenosis or occlusion. The prognostic values and clinical characteristics of HVS remain to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of HVS with ischemic lesions and severity of neurologic deficit. METHODS: A total of 96 consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients (54 women, median age 76.5 [range 39-97] years), who had symptomatic severe stenosis or occlusion in the proximal middle cerebral artery that was detected with magnetic resonance angiography within 24 hours of onset, were enrolled. The extent of HVS was graded by a systematic quantitative scoring system (the HVS distribution score) based on Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomographic Score. RESULTS: An HVS was detected in 89 patients (93%) at admission, and the patients who displayed wider HVS distribution scores exhibited more severe neurologic deficits at admission (P<.05). The follow-up magnetic resonance imaging, which was obtained in 79 patients (82%), was performed an average of 13 days. The association between HVS distribution score and final ischemic lesions was strongly observed (n=67, P<.05) but not in the patients with intravenous thrombolysis (n=12, P=.06). CONCLUSIONS: Although the distribution of HVS reflected final ischemic lesion, this association might not apply to the patients with the thrombolysis treatment. The interpretation of HVS distribution score with acute ischemic stroke patients should be discussed dependent on thrombolysis.

Association of serum anti-periodontal pathogen antibody with ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and ischemic stroke. In this study, we evaluated whether serum antibody levels against individual periodontal pathogens are significantly associated with ischemic stroke subtypes and their risk factors. METHODS: Patients with acute ischemic stroke (n = 132; 74 male and 58 female, 71.3 ± 10.7 years) and patients with no previous stroke (n = 77; 38 male and 39 female, 70.7 ± 9.5 years) were consecutively enrolled in this study. Stroke subtype was evaluated based on the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification. Serum was obtained from each patient after obtaining their consent to participate in the study. The levels of serum antibodies against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) were evaluated by ELISA. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured by nephelometry. RESULTS: Serum hs-CRP levels were significantly associated with acute ischemic stroke even after controlling for acute ischemic stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and bulb/ internal carotid artery (ICA) atherosclerosis which were statistically selected (coefficient 0.245, 95% CI 0.142-0.347, p < 0.0001). The serum-antibody level of Pi was significantly higher in atherothrombotic-stroke patients than in patients with no previous stroke (p = 0.0035). Detectable serum anti-Pg antibody was significantly associated with atrial fibrillation (overall χ(2) = 35.5, R(2) = 0.18, n = 209, p < 0.0001; anti-Pg antibody: OR 4.36, 95% CI 1.71-12.10, p = 0.0017), and detectable serum anti-Pi antibody was significantly associated with bulb/ICA atherosclerosis after controlling for the statistically selected associated factors (overall χ(2) = 46.1, R(2) = 0.18, n = 209, p < 0.0001; anti-Pg antibody: OR 16.58, 95% CI 3.96-78.93, p < 0.0001). The levels of serum anti-Pi antibody were significantly associated with atherothrombotic stroke with the statistically selected associated factors excluding bulb/ICA atherosclerosis (overall χ(2) = 77.0, R(2) = 0.44, n = 129, p < 0.0001; anti-Pi antibody: OR 23.6, 95% CI 2.65-298.2, p = 0.008). However, when we included bulb/ICA atherosclerosis in this model, the levels of serum anti-Pi antibody were no longer significantly associated with atherothrombotic stroke (overall χ(2) = 98.0, R(2) = 0.56, n = 129, p < 0.0001; anti-Pi antibody: p = 0.107). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that anti-Pg antibody is associated with atrial fibrillation and that anti-Pi antibody is associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis. In addition, anti-Pi antibody may be associated with atherothrombotic stroke through its association with carotid artery atherosclerosis. Thus, periodontitis may lead to serious systemic diseases.

Japan Stroke Society Guideline 2021 for the Treatment of Stroke.

The revised Japan Stroke Society Guidelines for the Treatment of Stroke were published in Japanese in July 2021. In this article, the extracted recommendation statements are published. The revision keeps pace with the great progress in stroke control based on the recently enacted Basic Act on Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease in Japan. The guideline covers the following areas: primary prevention, general acute management of stroke, ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, asymptomatic cerebrovascular disease, other cerebrovascular disease, and rehabilitation.

Relationship between 3-O-methyldopa and the clinical effects of entacapone in advanced Parkinson's disease.

The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between serum 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) and the clinical effects of entacapone. The 3-OMD and maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of levodopa were measured in 21 Parkinson's Disease patients who took 100 mg levodopa / dopa decarboxylase inhibitor. After the administration of entacapone, the 3-OMD concentration and percentage of "on" time during waking hours (% of "on" time) were studied for 8 weeks. The 3-OMD concentration was reduced by 34%, and the increase in % of "on" time was 28% at the 8th week compared with baseline. We defined the COMT-index as [baseline 3-OMD concentration] / [levodopa Cmax when 100 mg levodopa was administered alone]. The COMT-index was significantly correlated with the increase in % of "on" time at the 8th week. In conclusion, the measurement of baseline 3-OMD and levodopa pharmacokinetics is useful for predicting the clinical effects of entacapone.

[Clinical characteristics of ischemic stroke in elderly patients with cancer].

AIM: We classified acute ischemic stroke patients with cancer according to their causal relations, and attempted to evaluate the clinical characteristics of ischemic stroke associated with cancer. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of all acute ischemic stroke patients admitted to our hospital between January 2006 and March 2009. Among acute ischemic stroke patients, we identified 30 patients with a history of cancer, or who developed cancer within 1 year from their ischemic stroke onset. There were 2 patients excluded from our evaluation because they had undergone extirpation of their cancer more than 5 years before stroke onset, and no recurrence of cancer within 5 years of stroke onset was noted. Finally, 28 patients were enrolled and evaluated in this study. Ischemic stroke was classified based on the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. In addition, we classified the patients according to their causal relations of ischemic stroke with cancer. RESULTS: The median patient age was 74 years (range, 56 to 91 years); 68% of patients were men. Of these, 8 (29%) were classified into an ischemic stroke related to cancer group. There was a higher prevalence of ischemic stroke related to cancer in patients under 75 years old with clinical stage IV cancer (p=0.02). D-dimer tended to be higher in those patients with ischemic stroke related to cancer in this study (p=0.13). CONCLUSION: Ischemic stroke related to cancer was found more frequently in patients under 75 years old with advanced cancer. Additionally, D-dimer tended to be higher in those patients with ischemic stroke related to cancer.

The pathophysiology of prospective memory failure after diffuse axonal injury--lesion-symptom analysis using diffusion tensor imaging.

BACKGROUND: Prospective memory (PM) is one of the most important cognitive domains in everyday life. The neuronal basis of PM has been examined by a large number of neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies, and it has been suggested that several cerebral domains contribute to PM. For these activation studies, a constellation of experimental PM trials was developed and adopted to healthy subjects. In the present study, we used a widely used clinical PM assessment battery to determine the lesions attributable to PM failure, with the hypothesis that lesion-symptom analysis using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in subjects with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) can reveal the neuronal basis of PM in everyday life. RESULTS: Fourteen DAI patients (age: range of 18-36, median 24) participated in this study. PM failure was scored in the range of 0-6 using three sub-tests of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test. The PM scores of DAI patients were in the range of 2-6 (median 4.5, inter-quartile range 2.25). The severity of axonal injury following DAI was examined using fractional anisotropy (FA), one of the DTI parameters, at voxel level in each subject. We then obtained clusters correlated with PM failure by conducting voxel-based regression analysis between FA values and PM scores. Three clusters exhibited significant positive correlation with PM score, the left parahippocampal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobe, and left anterior cingulate. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first lesion-symptom study to reveal the neuronal basis of PM using DTI on subjects with DAI. Our findings suggest that the neuronal basis of PM is in the left parahippocampal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobe, and/or left anterior cingulate. These findings are similar to those of previous activation studies with loading experimental PM tasks.

Trigeminal neuropathy from perineural spread of an amyloidoma detected by blink reflex and thin-slice magnetic resonance imaging.

The purpose of this study was to describe a trigeminal neuropathy caused by the perineural spread of an amyloidoma. A 62-year-old woman had an amyloidoma of the Gasserian ganglion that was hypointense on T2-weighted images; the lesion was enhanced by gadolinium on thin-slice magnetic resonance imaging. There was no evidence of systemic amyloidosis or underlying inflammatory or neoplastic disorders. Her blink reflex and thin-slice magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the right trigeminal nerve was involved. A rare trigeminal neuropathy resulted from the perineural spread of a primary amyloidoma that was difficult to detect by conventional magnetic resonance imaging.

Diagonal ear-lobe crease is correlated with atherosclerotic changes in carotid arteries.

BACKGROUND: The diagonal ear-lobe crease (ELC) is reported to be a marker of cardiovascular disease. Very few reports have assessed the relationship of ELC with atherosclerosis. This relationship is investigated here using a Japanese population. METHODS AND RESULTS: A prospective cross-sectional study included 212 consecutive patients. Bilateral ear lobes were checked for the ELC and this was followed by carotid ultrasonography to measure the far wall common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT), plaque score (PS) and plaque number (PN). Patients with ELC had significantly higher carotid IMT than controls (0.90 +/-0.24 vs 0.77 +/-0.15, respectively, P<0.001). ELC presence correlated significantly with carotid IMT, PS, and PN (r=0.306, P<0.0001; r=0.198, P<0.008 and r=0.221, P<0.0001, respectively), and also with age, male sex and hypertension. ELC presence and absence in mild or no PS and moderate or severe PS subgroups was significant, with a chi-squared value of 7.59 (P<0.006). In multivariate regression analysis, ELC presence correlated with CCA-IMT independently. The odds ratio for the presence of ELC in patients with CCA-IMT of <0.8 mm vs patients with CCA-IMT of >or=0.8 mm (the median value) was 0.41 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.76). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed an association between ELC and increased CCA-IMT, PS, and PN.

[Adult onset Alexander disease with a novel variant (S398F) in the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene].

We report a 58-year-old woman with adult onset Alexander disease. At the age of 54 she noticed numbness in bilateral legs and at 57 she developed left sided spastic gait. Her walking difficulty was gradually worsened and followed by the development of weakness in left arm, dysarthria and dysphagia. Her mother and elder brother also had similar clinical presentations which suggested an autosomal dominant neurological disorder. With MRI findings showing localized atrophy of medulla oblongata and upper cervical cord with hyperintensities on T2-weighted image, diagnosis of adult onset Alexander disease was made. We performed genetic analysis and found novel variant (S398F) in the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene. In case of slowly progressive myelopathy with bulbar palsy of unknown origin, especially those with atrophy limited to medulla oblongata and upper cervical cord, adult onset Alexander disease should be taken into consideration.

Cumulative Effects of LDL Cholesterol and CRP Levels on Recurrent Stroke and TIA.

AIMS: To investigate the relative contribution of on-treatment low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and C-reactive protein (CRP) to the risk of recurrent stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in patients with history of ischemic stroke. METHODS: A total of 1095 patients with non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke were randomized into two groups: control and patients receiving 10 mg of pravastatin per day. After excluding 18 patients who did not have baseline CRP data, the effects of LDL cholesterol and CRP on recurrent stroke and TIA were prospectively assessed in 1077 patients. RESULTS: During the follow-up of 4.9±1.4 years, there were 131 recurrent stroke or TIA cases. Patients with ontreatment LDL cholesterol ＜120 mg/dL showed 29% reduction in recurrent stroke and TIA than those with LDL cholesterol ≥ 120 mg/dL (event rate 2.20 vs. 3.11 per 100 person-years, hazard ratio [HR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50-0.99, p＝0.048). Patients with CRP ＜1 mg/L had 32% reduction compared with that of patients with CRP ≥ 1 mg/L (event rate 2.26 vs. 3.40 per 100 person-years; HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.96, p＝0.031). Although LDL cholesterol and CRP levels were not correlated in individual patients, those who achieved both LDL cholesterol ＜120 mg/dL and CRP ＜1 mg/L showed 51% reduction compared with that of patients with LDL cholesterol ≥ 120 mg/dL and CRP ≥ 1 mg/L (event rate 2.02 vs. 4.19 per 100 person-years; HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.31-0.79). CONCLUSIONS: The control of both LDL cholesterol and CRP levels appears to be effective for preventing recurrent stroke and TIA in patients with non-cardiogenic ischemic stroke.