Levels of serum estradiol and lifestyle factors related with bone mineral density in premenopausal Mexican women: a cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many factors, such as heredity, ethnicity, nutrition and other lifestyle factors, have been related to bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Additionally, bone mass has been significantly associated with decreased estrogen levels. However, fewstudies have been conducted on premenopausal women. The present study was designed to estimate the relationship between low bone mineral density and levels of serum estradiol and lifestyle factors in premenopausal Mexican women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 270 women between 40 and 48 years of age who participate in the Health Workers Cohort Study. Information on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Body mass index and serum estradiol were measured with standard procedures; bone mineral density was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were computed to evaluate the relationship between low bone mineral density and levels of serum estradiol and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: In linear regression analysis levels of estradiol, body mass index, physical activity, and vitamin D intake were positively related to bone mineral density. Age, cigarette smoking and caffeine were inversely associated with BMD. Finally, the odds of low bone mineral density increase significantly when the premenopausal women had low levels of serum estradiol (OR = 4.93, 95 % CI: 2.14, 11.37). CONCLUSION: These data support that low serum estradiol, advancing age, lower physical activity, lower vitamin D intake, cigarette smoking, and higher amount of caffeine intake are linked to low bone mineral density in premenopausal Mexican women.

[Nutritional status and food intake frequency in children with autism spectrum disorder]. / Estado de nutrición y frecuencia de consumo de alimentos de niños con trastorno del espectro autista.

Introduction: Introduction: children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly present food hyperselectivity, which could lead to malnutrition. Furthermore, they are usually observed with eutrophic development, and a tendency to overweight or obesity, which might occur because of food preferences. Objectives: to evaluate nutritional status based on anthropometric measurements, and to determine the food intake frequency of Mexican children with ASD. Methods: a cross-sectional study that included 31 children of both sexes, from 5 to 10 years of age, with ASD, recruited for convenience at the Hospital del Niño DIF Hidalgo, Mexico. The variables considered were: weight, height, body mass index, muscle mass, fat mass, and frequency of food consumption. Results: the eutrophic nutritional status had a prevalence of 70.9 %, overweight of 12.9 % and obesity of 12.9 %. According to sex, women had significantly lower BMI and fat mass, but higher muscle mass than men. When comparing by diagnosis, there were no statistical differences. The most commonly consumed foods were tomato, carrot, banana, apple, corn tortilla, wheat flour bread, rice, beans, chicken, egg, whole milk, vegetable oil, gelatin and sweetened beverages. They mostly consumed plain water every day. Conclusions: children with ASD have a eutrophic nutritional status in addition to a significant tendency to overweight and obesity, probably related to a high consumption of sweetened beverages and jelly, as well as a low intake of vegetables. This indicates the need for nutritional surveillance to prevent the development of chronic degenerative diseases.

Introducción: Introducción: comúnmente, los niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) presentan hiperselectividad, que podría llevarlos a desnutrición; sin embargo, suelen observarse con desarrollo eutrófico y tendencia al sobrepeso o la obesidad, probablemente por la preferencia de determinados alimentos. Objetivos: evaluar el estado de nutrición basándose en mediciones antropométricas, y determinar la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos de los niños mexicanos con TEA. Métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó a 31 niños de ambos sexos, de 5 a 10 años de edad, con TEA, reclutados por conveniencia en el Hospital del Niño DIF Hidalgo, México. Las variables consideradas fueron: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, masa muscular, masa grasa y frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Resultados: el estado de nutrición eutrófico tuvo una prevalencia del 70,9 %, el sobrepeso del 12,9 % y la obesidad del 12,9 %. De acuerdo al sexo, las mujeres presentaron significativamente menor IMC y masa grasa pero mayor masa muscular que los varones. Al comparar por diagnóstico, no existieron diferencias estadísticas. Los alimentos más consumidos fueron: jitomate, zanahoria, plátano, manzana, tortilla, pan de harina de trigo, arroz, frijol, pollo, huevo, leche entera, aceite vegetal, gelatina y bebidas endulzadas. En su mayoría consumían agua natural todos los días. Conclusiones: los niños con TEA presentan un estado nutricional eutrófico; sin embargo, existe una importante tendencia al sobrepeso y la obesidad, probablemente relacionada con un elevado consumo de bebidas endulzadas y gelatina, así como una escasa ingesta de verdura. Lo anterior indica la necesidad de vigilancia nutricional, para prevenir el desarrollo de enfermedades crónico degenerativas.

The Use of Probiotics as Adjuvant Therapy of Periodontal Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.

For many years, the use of probiotics in periodontitis treatment was reflected in their abilities to control the immune response of the host to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and to upset periodontopathogens. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to assess the use of probiotics as adjuvant therapy on clinical periodontal parameters throughout a systematic review and meta-analysis. The literature was screened, up to 4 June 2021, by two independent reviewers (L.H. and R.B.) in four electronic databases: PubMed (MedLine), ISI Web of Science, Scielo, and Scopus. Only clinical trials that report the effect of the use of probiotics as adjuvants in the treatment of periodontal disease were included. Comparisons were carried out using Review Manager Software version 5.3.5 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). A total of 21 studies were considered for the meta-analysis. For the index plaque, the use of probiotics did not improve this clinical parameter (p = 0.16). On the other hand, for the periodontal pocket depth, the clinical attachment loss, the bleeding on probing, and the use of probiotics as adjuvant therapy resulted in an improvement of these parameters, since the control group achieved statistically higher values of this parameter (p < 0.001; p < 0.001; and p = 0.005, respectively). This study suggests that the use of probiotics led to an improvement in periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and bleeding on probing parameters. On the other hand, this protocol seems to not be beneficial for the index plaque parameter.