VITOM-3D assisted paramedian forehead flap for nasal reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The study was designed with the purpose of showing the potential advantages of the VITOM-3D assisted paramedian forehead flap for nasal reconstruction. METHODS: A 72 years-old female patient presented to our department with a wide left nasal defect. On her clinical history she referred a basal cell carcinoma of the left nasal skin treated with multiple excision in another center without reconstruction. On clinical examination, we observed the absence of the left nasal tip, columella, upper lateral and lower lateral cartilage. In our experience the paramedian forehead flap based on supratrochlear artery is a feasible reconstruction (Shokri, T., et al). The first surgeon (Dr. Placentino) along with the head and neck team decided to reconstruct the nasal defect assisted by the 3D 4 K exoscope (VITOM®; Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany). RESULTS: The goal of reconstruction is to carefully evaluate the nasal defects and rebuild the nose as close as possible to its original shape with the multilayer technique, creating the internal lining, the intermediate bony-cartilage structure and external skin. (Kim, I.A., et al). The exoscope allowed us to reconstruct the inner layer with the mucoperiostal septal flap, middle layer with auricular cartilage and the external skin through the elevation of the paramedian forehead flap. The flap is elevated from cranio-caudal direction including skin, subcutaneous tissue, frontalis muscle and associated fascia or periosteum. Donor site was primarily closed with the exception of a small defect. Post-operative period was uneventful, and after a period of 4 weeks when vascularization was complete, the patient underwent pedicle excision. At the recent 6 months follow-up, the flap had healed completely with the shape of nose restored with good symmetry. CONCLUSION: High-definition (4 K), three-dimensional (3D) exoscope are being used to perform a growing number of head and neck surgeries (Bartkowiak, E., et al). However, the use of the 3D exoscope in the nasal reconstruction has not been previously described. In our opinion the potential advantages of this technique are, firstly, to achieve a better magnification and to improve the vision of anatomical structure that leads to a better functional and aesthetic result, secondly, to reduce surgical times. High-definition allowed us to highlight the scar tissue and preserve as much healthy tissue as possible. In addition, we underline the use of the exoscope for a better remodeling of cartilage.

3D endoscopic endonasal craniectomy for intestinal type adeno-carcinoma (ITAC) of the nasal cavity.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the potential advantages of the 3D endoscope-assisted craniectomy for tumor of the nasal cavity. METHODS: A 77-year-old man with a 6 month history of persistent progressive right nasal obstruction and iposmia is reported. Physical examination, including nasal endoscopy, revealed a large mass within the right nasal cavity. He had no associated symptoms such as visual complaints, paresthesia, and facial pain. He worked as a carpenter. Further imaging by CT and MRI revealed a large, expansive nasal-ethmoid lesion that almost completely occupies the right nasal cavity with partial extension posterior to the choana, extensive erosion of the ethmoid. Medially marks the nasal septum with deviation to the left. Laterally it marks the medial wall of the maxillary sinus and at the top it is in contact with the cribriform plate which seems to be interrupted in the right parasagittal seat at the 3rd anterior of the olfactory cleft. Histopathological analysis of the specimen was consistent with sinonasal adenocarcinoma, intestinal type (ITAC) cT4aN0 ([1]). RESULTS: Patient was taken up for surgery by transnasal 3D endoscopic approach for excision of tumor with repair of the skull base defect, using Karl Storz IMAGE1 S D3-Link™ and 4-mm TIPCAM®. The mass could be dissected free of the dura and the entire specimen was removed completely and sent for histopthological examination. We followed our 8 main surgical steps: 1) Tumor disassembling; 2) Nasal septum removal; 3) Centripetal bilateral ethmoidectomy and sphenoidotomy; 4) Draf III frontal sinusotomy 5) Anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery closure 6) Skull base removal; 7) Intracranial work; 8) Reconstruction time. A 4 × 2.3 cm skull base defect was repaired using triple layer of fascia lata (Intracranial intradural, intracranial extradural and extracranial) and was sealed using tissue glue (TisselR). Post-operative recovery was uneventful, pack were removed on 3rd postoperative day and patient was discharged on the 7th post-operative day. After 2 years of follow up, the patient is free of disease. CONCLUSION: We describe 3D endoscopic transnasal craniectomy for Intestinal Type Adeno-Carcinoma (ITAC) of the nasal cavity as a feasible technique for the surgical management of sino-nasal tumors ([2].) Our experience with this approach has been outstanding. We firmly believe that in the first three steps of the procedure the 3D endoscope is not necessary because it extends the surgical time and induce eyestrain of the main surgeon. Nevertheless, 3D endoscope gives the major advantage during the skull base removal and the intracranial work. It offers an optimal vision and better perception of depth with safe manipulation of the instruments avoiding injuries to healthy tissue ([3]). Furthermore, 3D images offer better understanding of the relationship between anatomical landmarks, helping the didactic learning curve of our residents.

Eagle Syndrome: 3D endoscope-assisted anterior tonsillar fossa approach to styloid process.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the potential advantages of the 3D endoscope-assisted anterior tonsillar fossa approach to elongated styloid process. METHODS: A 58 years-old woman was reported to our Department with one-year history of odynophagia, latero-cervical pain on the left side, and ipsilateral foreign body sensation. Pain was dull and intermittent in nature. The patient had visited different clinics, she had a physiatric and maxillo-facial evaluation with two dental extraction without any relief of the symptoms. On physical examination a hard-bony consistency area was palpated over left-sided tonsillar fossa, evocating severe pain. Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) confirmed an anomalous length of the left styloid process and a diagnosis of Eagle's syndrome (ES) was made. After careful surgical and anesthesiology evaluation, we decided to proceed with the partial excision of the styloid process with a 3d endoscope-assisted transoral anterior tonsillar fossa approach (Reddy et al., 2020). RESULTS: The patient was relieved of her symptoms after the surgery and was discharged after 1 day. Postsurgical healing was uneventful, pharyngodynia was observed for the first 48 h and treated with anti-inflammatory medication. No early or late postoperative complications, including massive bleeding, neurovascular injury or infection, were encountered. At 1 year follow up visit the patient was still asymptomatic and the CT scan did not show any abnormalities. The 3D endoscope provided a high-quality magnification of the tonsillar fossa, which allow us to correctly identify the site of incision. Styloid process was identified through digital palpation. After sufficient dissection of the tip, the distal part of the elongated styloid process was osteotomised and retrieved with a curved instrument. Local hemostasis was achieved and wound was closed in layers. CONCLUSION: Some authors suggested novel surgical approach for ES like transoral robotic surgery (Rizzo-Riera et al., 2020 [2]). We present the 3D endoscope-assisted anterior tonsillar fossa approach as a feasible alternative for the surgical management of ES. Our experience with this approach has been outstanding, guaranteeing an optimal vision and depth of the surgical field with safe manipulation of the instruments which avoided injuries to healthy tissue. Furthermore, 3d endoscope was a great didactic tool. In our opinion is not necessary to remove all the styloid process, as other authors suggest (Lisan et al., 2019 [3]), but is sufficient a partial styloidectomy after cutting the stylohyoid ligament.

Oral Reconstruction with Locoregional Flaps after Cancer Ablation: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Introduction: The planning of oral reconstruction after tumor resection is a pivotal point for head and neck surgeons. It is mandatory to consider two aspects: the size of the surgical defect and the complexity of the oral cavity as an anatomical region. We offer a review of the literature that focuses on four types of locoregional flaps that can be profitably used for such reconstruction: infrahyoid (IF), nasolabial (NF), platysma (PF), and submental (SF). Methods: The study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. This systematic review was carried out according to the PICOS acronym through a comprehensive electronic search on PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. For each selected article, we extrapolated eight main parameters, of which all mean values were compared through an ANOVA test. The dimensions of the oral defects were referred to as "small" (<7 cm2), "medium" (7-50 cm2), or "large" (>50 cm2). Results: A total of 139 articles were selected with a total of 5898 patients. The mean ages for each type of flap were not statistically significant (p = 0.30, p > 0.05). Seven sublocations of oral defects were reported: The most common was the tongue (2003 [34.0%] patients), followed by the floor of the mouth (1786 [30.4%]), buccal mucosa (981 [16.6%]), cheek (422 [7.2%]), hard palate (302 [5.1%]), alveolar ridge (217 [3.7%]), and retromolar trigone (187 [3.2%]). The defects were mainly medium-sized (4507 [76.4%] patients), and fewer were small-sized (1056 [17.9%]) or large-sized (335 [5.7%]). Complications were noted, the most frequent of which was flap necrosis, seen in 0.57% of cases. The functional and esthetical results were mainly positive. Conclusions: Locoregional flaps represent a good alternative in medium-sized defects as well as a fairly good alternative in small- and large-sized defects when other options are ruled out.

Surgical Approach to Frontal and Ethmoid Sinus Osteomas: The Experience of 2 Metropolitan Italian Hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to report the surgical management experience of patients with osteomas of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses performed in 2 metropolitan Italian hospitals between 2012 and 2019. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of cases of frontal and ethmoid osteomas from the Ca' Granda Niguarda Hospital of Milan and the Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital of Rome was performed. All patients underwent preoperative computed tomography and, when orbital or intracranial extension was suspected, magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical treatment was performed according to Chiu classification. RESULTS: A total of 38 cases of frontal and ethmoid sinus osteomas were included in the study; 22 patients were men and 16 were women. The mean age at diagnosis was 49 years. Seven (18.4%) patients were treated using an open approach; 3 (7.9%) patients underwent open and endoscopic approach; the remaining 28 (73.7%) patients were treated with endoscopic approach. Seven (18.4%) patients had a cerebrospinal fluid leak intraoperatively and were treated with the placement of tissue graft through the defect. The mean follow-up time was 18 months; no recurrence was observed at 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Osteomas of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses can be treated using different techniques, mostly endoscopically. The choice of surgical approach (endoscopic vs open) depends on the location and size of the osteoma, anatomical size, characteristic of the sinus, surgeon's experience, and available existing technical facilities. Cerebrospinal fluid leak is a possible complication of surgery.

Endoscopic Endonasal Repair of Congenital Choanal Atresia: Predictive Factors of Surgical Stability and Healing Outcomes.

Background: To assess the long-term outcomes and independent predictors of surgical success of a one-stage minimally invasive surgical procedure for congenital choanal atresia (C.C.A.). Methods: a retrospective multicentric study was conducted between 2010 and 2022. An endonasal endoscopic approach was performed in 38 unilateral or bilateral C.C.A. children. All the patients were clinically and radiologically assessed and followed for at least 2 years. Seven outcome measures were applied. Consequently, surgical success was correlated with all the independent variables reported. Results: 18/38 (47.36%) patients presented normal postoperative healing, 8/38 (21.05) had moderate restenosis (<50%), while 12/38 (31.57%) cases were severe (>50%), requiring a surgical revision. No statistical significance was found for average hospital stay between stenosis >50% and <50% patients (p = 0.802) and postoperative pain (p = 0.075); instead, the severe restenosis group demonstrated a higher delay of breast suction (p < 0.001). Among the independent variables predictors of surgical success, the presence of Charge syndrome and rhinopharyngeal stenosis demonstrated higher risks for surgical revision (OR: 4.00, 95% CI: 0.57−28.01, and OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 0.55−13.69, respectively). On the contrary, the hypoplastic inferior turbinate and bilateral C.C.A. showed a lower risk for severe restenosis by a higher endoscopic surgical space and creating a single larger opening (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.22−3.52, and OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.10−2.08). Conclusion: Several independent variables could influence the surgical success after C.C.A. endoscopic repair; however, more high-quality evidence is needed to generate an effective predictive model.