RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: India is the first country to implement National Family Program in 1952. Acceptance of contraceptive methods is influenced by various factors at the individual, family, and community level with their roots in the socioeconomic and cultural milieu of Indian society. This study was carried to find the contraceptive prevalence rate among eligible couples as well as to find the factors influencing it in a rural area of Coimbatore. METHODOLOGY: The study was carried out using the data extracted from the family health survey conducted by trained field staff for the purpose of furnishing details regarding people residing in the field practice area of Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC), Vedapatti located in Coimbatore district after obtaining Institutional Human Ethical clearance. All eligible couples were included for the study. Contraceptive prevalence is expressed in percentage with 95% Confidence interval. Univariate analysis (Chi-square test) was done to find the association between contraceptive acceptance and independent variables. Strength of association is determined by odds ratio with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Contraceptive Prevalence Rate among eligible couples was found to be 75% (95% CI: 73.6-76.4). Most commonly used method among the study participants was tubectomy (81.6%), followed by condoms (11.4%), intrauterine devices (6.3%), and oral contraceptive pills (0.7%). Higher age of the women, religion, educational status of the women, socioeconomic status, working status of the women, number of living children, age at the time of marriage, and age at the time of first child birth were found to have statistical significant association with higher usage of contraception. CONCLUSION: The contraceptive prevalence rate was found to be higher in this study population and multiple factors were influencing the contraception usage among the eligible couples.
RESUMO
Background: Prophylactic milrinone is commonly used to prevent Low Cardiac Output Syndrome (LCOS) after pediatric cardiac surgery. This study compares the use of levosimendan with milrinone when used as the primary inotrope following pediatric cardiac surgery. Subjects and Methods: Forty infants undergoing corrective surgery for congenital heart disease were recruited during the study and randomized into two groups (group L and group M). During rewarming, a loading dose of levosimendan or milrinone was administered followed by a 24-hour infusion of the chosen inotrope. Echocardiographic variables were measured postoperatively. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS-20 computer package. Association between the variables was found by independent t test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean age and weight of the patient in Group L was 8.55 ± 5.83 months and 6.05 ± 2.09 kgs, while that in group M was 6.85 ± 3.57 months and 5.26 ± 2.11 kgs. 4 patients (20%) treated with levosimendan had LCOS in comparison with 6 (30%) patients in those treated with milrinone. Echocardiographic parameters in both groups L and M were comparable (cardiac index 3.47 ± 0.76 vs 3.72 ± 1.05 L/min/m2, EF 66.10 ± 7.82% vs 59.34 ± 10.74%, stroke volume index 25.4 ± 6.3 vs 27.74 ± 10.35 mL/m2). The duration of ventilation, ICU stay and hospital stay were lesser in group L (12.75 ± 9.69, 35.95 ± 12.11, 119.10 ± 46.397 vs 23.60 ± 22.03, 51.20 ± 29.92, 140.20 ± 52.65 hours). Conclusions: The incidence of LCOS was lesser in those patients treated with levosimendan, when compared with those treated with milrinone. Cardiac index and stroke volume index were comparable between the two groups. Thus, levosimendan provides a non-inferior alternative to milrinone when used as the primary inotrope following pediatric cardiac surgery.