Associations between reported post-COVID-19 symptoms and subjective well-being, Israel, July 2021 - April 2022.

The impact of individual symptoms reported post-COVID-19 on subjective well-being (SWB) is unknown. We described associations between SWB and selected reported symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analysed reported symptoms and subjective well being from 2295 participants (of which 576 reporting previous infection) in an ongoing longitudinal cohort study taking place in Israel. We estimated changes in SWB associated with reported selected symptoms at three follow-up time points (3-6, 6-12 and 12-18 months post infection) among participants reporting previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, adjusted for key demographic variables, using linear regression. Our results suggest that the biggest and most sustained changes in SWB stems from non-specific symptoms (fatigue -7.7 percentage points (pp), confusion/ lack of concentration -10.7 pp, and sleep disorders -11.5pp, P < 0.005), whereas the effect of system-specific symptoms, such as musculoskeletal symptoms (weakness in muscles and muscle pain) on SWB, are less profound and more transient. Taking a similar approach for other symptoms and following individuals over time to describe trends in SWB changes attributable to specific symptoms will help understand the post-acute phase of COVID-19 and how it should be defined and better managed. Post-acute COVID19 symptoms were associated with a significant decrease in subjective well being up to 18 months after initial infection.

Effectiveness and tolerability of liraglutide for the management of weight regain following sleeve gastrectomy.

Background: There is currently very little research evidence on the benefits and safety of liraglutide in the management of weight regain or inadequate weight loss following metabolic and bariatric surgery. This study aimed to determine the clinical effectiveness and tolerability of liraglutide as an adjunct therapy for managing weight regain and inadequate weight loss following sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of medical records conducted at a private clinic in Kuwait. Results: Data of 57 post-SG patients were included in the analysis. The mean (±SD) pre-treatment weight was 96.12 (29.26) kg. Following a median liraglutide treatment duration of approximately 3 months, the mean post-treatment weight was 90.19 (26.82) kg. This represents a statistically significant mean weight loss of 5.94 (6.31) kg (p < 0.001), corresponding to a loss of 6.20% of pre-treatment weight. Patients aged 31-40 years achieved a greater post-treatment weight loss of 7.63 (7.41) kg, a loss of 7.80%, relative to age groups after treatment (p = 0.047). Patients who tolerated ≥2.4 mg of liraglutide recorded a higher mean weight loss of 8.42 (7.63) kg, a loss of 8.10% (p = 0.010). Conclusion: The use of liraglutide may be an effective adjunct treatment for weight optimization following SG. Maximizing the tolerable dose may yield greater weight reduction.

Implementation and effectiveness of transgender stigma reduction interventions in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.

Background: The transgender or trans population is one of the most marginalized social groups globally, frequently experiencing ill-treatment and discrimination. This is disproportionately higher in sub-Saharan Africa where trans people experience stigma even in healthcare settings. There is limited evidence concerning the implementation and outcomes of interventions to mitigate this stigma. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to describe interventions and determine their effectiveness in reducing transgender stigma in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Searches (completed November 01, 2021, and re-run May 2022) were conducted in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EBSCOhost, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Web of science, clinicaltrials.gov, and online grey literature sources to identify publications that described interventions to reduce transgender stigma in sub-Saharan Africa. Results: From 877 literature search results, 23 full-text articles were assessed. Data were extracted from the four (4) eligible papers. Only one study explicitly mentioned transgender people. Second, while two studies incorporated conceptual frameworks, they did not show how the frameworks guided the study. The four studies implemented unique interventions at various socio-ecological levels to address individual and interpersonal and structural stigma. Each study utilized a different methodological approach, and the interventions were all evaluated qualitatively. Conclusions: There is a paucity of transgender stigma reduction interventions implemented in Sub-Saharan Africa with limited evidence of interventions delivered to mitigate stigma at interpersonal and structural levels. Future anti-transgender stigma research should consider reporting details about the core components and descriptions of the interventions. Additionally, the use of validated measures of stigma and the evaluation of interventions for implementation outcomes would be helpful.

Outcomes of interventions to optimize linkage to HIV care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation after HIV self-testing: A scoping review.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) self-testing is an innovative solution to the problem of low HIV testing coverage. It can help in realizing the first "95" of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS targets in the HIV treatment cascade. However, there is limited information to guide how those who self-test and show positive results can successfully be linked to HIV care and treatment. Therefore, this scoping review aimed at synthesizing available evidence of the outcomes of intervention strategies to optimize linkage to HIV care after HIV self-testing. Methods: Our methodology followed Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework. Two independent reviewers screened and extracted data based on predetermined criteria. The databases searched included PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Mednar, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Results: A total of 4809 records were retrieved. After full-text screening, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. The intervention strategies reported were classified into four main categories: technology-assisted interventions, innovative HIV self-testing kits distribution mechanisms, financial incentive, social entrepreneurship models, and the use of key community opinion leaders and social media influencers. This scoping review found men who have sex with men as the main recipients of the interventions to improve the rate of linkage to HIV care following HIV self-testing. Studies that met the inclusion criteria reported mixed findings on the outcomes of interventions to improve the rate of linkage to HIV care following HIV self-testing. Financial incentives, interventions leveraging technology, and key opinion leaders were the most effective strategies. Conclusions: Given that the included studies did not employ a uniform system of measurement of effectiveness, there is a need for identification of standardized definitions and clear indicators for evaluating linkage to care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation following HIV self-testing.

Screening strategies for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence on whether screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus affects health outcomes. A recent systematic review of randomised clinical trials found only one trial that met their inclusion criteria; therefore, current guidelines for screening interventions for type 2 diabetes mellitus are based on expert opinions and best practice rather than synthesised evidence. This systematic review seeks to collate evidence from non-randomised studies to investigate the effect of screening for adults with type 2 diabetes on outcomes including diabetes-related morbidity, mortality (all-cause and diabetes-related) and harms. METHODS: This systematic review will follow Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) guidelines for the synthesis of non-randomised studies. We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier and Health Source Nursing Academic (from inception onwards). We will include non-randomised trials, controlled before-after studies, interrupted time-series studies, repeated measures studies and concurrently controlled prospective cohort studies. The primary outcome will be diabetes-related morbidity (microvascular complications of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy or neuropathy or macrovascular complications of non-fatal myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease or non-fatal stroke). The secondary outcomes will be mortality (all-cause and diabetes-related) and harms of screening strategies to patients (including psychological harms or adverse events following treatments) or to health care system (including resource allocation for false-positives or overdiagnosis). Two reviewers will independently screen all citations and full-text articles. Data will be abstracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. The risk of bias of individual studies will be appraised using the ROBINS-I tool. GRADE will be used to determine the quality of the scientific evidence. If feasible, we will conduct random effects meta-analysis where appropriate. If necessary, analyses will be conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity (e.g. age, sex, socio-economic status, rural versus urban or low-middle income versus high-income country). We will disseminate the findings via publications and through relevant networks. DISCUSSION: The protocol outlines the methods for systematically reviewing and synthesising evidence of screening strategies for type 2 diabetes mellitus and their effect on health outcomes associated with the disease. The potential impact of this systematic review is improved evidence-informed decision-making for policies and practice for screening of type-2 diabetes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020147439.