Late treatment failures in cerebrospinal fluid in patients on long-term maintenance ART with ritonavir-boosted protease PI monotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor monotherapy (rb-PMT) remains a potentially attractive strategy for treatment simplification in HIV-infected individuals. However, long-term follow-up in particular with respect to HIV-RNA suppression in cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) is still lacking. METHODS: Patients who participated in one of the three monotherapy trials [indinavir/r, ATARITMO (atazanavir/r), MOST (lopinavir/r)] at our HIV clinic and remained successfully suppressed during the entire trial (plasma < 50 copies/mL, CSF < 100 copies/mL) were offered to continue their monotherapy under close monitoring. While on rb-PMT, patients were asked to provide CSF samples in yearly or 2-yearly intervals. All patients fully suppressed in plasma and CSF for at least 12 months were included in the analysis. Patients demonstrating any failure in plasma or CSF resumed triple combined ART. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients (5 women and 22 men) fulfilled the entry criteria. The median follow-up time was 4.8 (1.1-10.9) years with an overall experience of 139 patient-years on monotherapy. Eleven of 27 (41 %) patients (2 women and 9 men) developed virologic failure (1 in plasma only, 4 in CSF only, 4 both in plasma and CSF and 2 in plasma with CSF not available). Plasma failure occurred in 7 patients after a median follow-up of 25 (13-32) months, and CSF failure in 8 patients after a median follow-up of 30 (14-64) months. Seven patients are still on rb-PMT with atazanavir/r. Failure was associated with shorter duration of fully suppressed plasma viral load prior to starting (p < 0.022). CONCLUSION: For selected patients, rb-PMT might be a valid long-term treatment strategy. Nevertheless, even after 12 months of full HIV-RNA suppression, more than 1/3 of patients may still develop failure in either plasma or CSF. Given the observation of isolated CSF failure, treatment monitoring with regular lumbar puncture should be recommended in rb-PMT. Only monotherapy with atazanavir/r was successful beyond 39 months. Monotherapy failure was significantly associated with a shorter duration of complete HIV-RNA suppression in plasma prior to rb-PMT start. Further investigation is needed to better identify predictors for patients that will qualify for successful long-term rb-PMT.

MRSA decolonization: success rate, risk factors for failure and optimal duration of follow-up.

PURPOSE: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) decolonization is a widely established, though controversial part of many MRSA controlling strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate our decolonization success rate, identify the risk factors for decolonization failure and determine the optimal duration of follow-up in our low MRSA prevalence setting (2.6 % of isolates). METHODS: Every patient with newly detected MRSA colonization or infection between January 2007 and December 2009 was recruited to the study. The MRSA strategy of our institution (a 700 bed tertiary hospital in eastern Switzerland) consists of a 5-day regimen of nasal mupirocin ointment, chlorhexidin mouth rinse and whole body wash with didecyldimonium chloride. Systemic antibiotics are usually not added to the regimen. RESULTS: We determined a MRSA decolonization success rate of 65 % (33/51) after a median follow-up of 13 months [i.e. a tripling of the spontaneous clearance rate of 22 % (6/27) in the non-decolonized group]. The most important risk factor for decolonization failure was colonization of the respiratory tract [odds risk (OR) 9.1, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.2-66.7], as well as isolation of MRSA spa-type 002 ([R 5.8, 95 % CI 1.0-33.3). Of all the episodes of MRSA recurrence, 88 % (14/16) were detected within 270 days after decolonization. CONCLUSION: High MRSA decolonization success rates can be achieved without the routine use of oral antibiotics. A time period of 1 year after decolonization seems to be a reasonable duration of follow-up in our setting. We encourage other institutions to take into account local MRSA epidemiology (e.g. predominance of certain subtypes) for the management of MRSA patients.