Food safety in Peru: A review of fresh produce production and challenges in the public health system.

Peru has a commodities-based economy where agriculture plays an essential role in the nation's development. Among agricultural products, fruits and vegetables are foundational to Peruvian culture and a healthy and nutritious diet. Produce is also the primary income source for thousands of small-scale farmers and producers throughout the country. Peru has significant potential to export agricultural and value-added products. Nevertheless, the Peruvian food chain has weak food safety and quality standards, limiting access to international markets. The inherent lack of food safety surveillance and management systems negatively affects public health. In the past decade, fresh and raw produce has been associated with several foodborne outbreaks worldwide, resulting in significant health and economic losses. This alarming situation for public health officials and regulators has called for the strengthening of produce safety standards and food safety risk management for safer food and to reduce the incidence of foodborne illnesses. This review summarizes the current status of produce safety in Peru and explores opportunities (e.g., policy, university capacity development) toward a safer food system.

Occurrence of Chemical Contaminants in Peruvian Produce: A Food-Safety Perspective.

The presence of chemical contaminants in agricultural products is a continued food-safety challenge in Peru. This country has robust agriculture potential, but its output of fruits and vegetables is severely impacted by massive mining activities, as well as poor farming practices, including the use of polluted irrigation water, misuse of pesticides, and inadequate postharvest conditions. This review examines the current scientific knowledge on the levels of pesticide residues, heavy metals, and mycotoxins on crops produced in Peru. The available data shows that several crop varieties are contaminated with these classes of chemical contaminants, and at levels that exceed the national and international permissible limits. The abundance of chemical contaminants in produce indicates a relevant food-safety issue, which increases the risks of chronic human diseases, like cancer-a leading cause of death in Peru. Finally, this review presents recommendations to address these contamination problems in produce grown in the Andean country.

Impacto de la germinación en los compuestos bioactivos de dos ecotipos de kiwicha de grano color negro y rosado (Amaranthus caudatus L.)

Las investigaciones en kiwicha de grano color negro y rosado (Amaranthus caudatus L.) son muy limitadas ocasionando la subutilización de estos ecotipos debido al desconocimiento de su potencial alimentario. Estos granos nativos deberían ser rescatados y valorados como una opción de alimento nutritivo empleando tecnologías sencillas como la germinación para mejorar sus cualidades nutricionales. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el impacto del periodo de germinación en los compuestos bioactivos de dos ecotipos de kiwicha de "grano color negro" y "grano color rosado". En un diseño experimental y comparativo se estudiaron los ecotipos de kiwicha (negro y rosado) y periodos de germinación (0, 24, 48 y 72 h). Se determinó: compuestos fenólicos totales, betalaínas, capacidad antioxidante, proteínas, grasas, cenizas y humedad. Al aumentar el periodo de germinación se incrementaron progresivamente los compuestos fenólicos totales, betalaínas, capacidad antioxidante, proteínas y cenizas en ambos granos de kiwicha; y disminuyeron gradualmente el contenido de grasas y humedad, comparado con el periodo cero (granos sin germinar). La exposición a periodos de germinación logró mayores contenidos de compuestos fenólicos totales, capacidad antioxidante, proteínas y cenizas en granos de kiwicha de color negro en comparación a granos de color rosado; sin embargo, los granos de color rosado obtuvieron contenidos de betalaínas y humedades superiores a los granos de color negro.

Research on black and pink-colored kiwicha grains (Amaranthus caudatus L.) is very limited, resulting in the underutilization of these ecotypes due to the lack of knowledge of their food potential. These native grains should be rescued and valued as a nutritious food option using simple technologies such as germination to improve their nutritional qualities. The objective of the research was to determine the impact of the germination period on the bioactive compounds of two ecotypes of kiwicha "black-colored grain" and "pink-colored grain". In an experimental and comparative design, kiwicha ecotypes (black and pink) and germination periods (0, 24, 48 and 72 h) were studied. The following were determined: total phenolic compounds, betalains, antioxidant capacity, protein, fat, ash and moisture. As the germination period increased, total phenolic compounds, betalains, antioxidant capacity, proteins and ashes progressively increased in both kiwicha grains; and fat and moisture content gradually decreased, compared to the zero period (ungerminated grains). Exposure to germination periods resulted in higher contents of total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, proteins and ashes in black-colored kiwicha grains compared to pink-colored grains; however, pink-colored grains obtained higher betalain and moisture content than black-colored grains.