Bacterial Genomics for National Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Cambodia.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) often relies on poorly resourced laboratory processes. Centralized sequencing was combined with cloud-based, open-source bioinformatics solutions for national AMR surveillance in Cambodia. METHODS: Blood cultures growing gram-negative bacteria were collected at six Cambodian hospitals (January 2021 - October 2022). Isolates were obtained from pure plate growth and shotgun DNA sequencing performed in-country. Using public nucleotide and protein databases, reads were aligned for pathogen identification and AMR gene characterization. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on whole genome assemblies and haplotype clusters compared against published genomes. FINDINGS: Genes associated with acquired resistance to fluoroquinolones were identified in 59%, TMP/SMX in 45%, and aminoglycosides in 52% of 715 isolates. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase encoding genes were identified in 34% isolates, most commonly blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, and blaCTX-M-55 in E. coli sequence types 131 and 1193. Carbapenemase genes were identified in 12% isolates, most commonly blaOXA-23, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-58 and blaOXA-66 in Acinetobacter species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clonal strains of A. baumannii, representing suspected nosocomial outbreaks, and genetic clusters of quinolone-resistant typhoidal Salmonella and ESBL E. coli cases suggesting community transmission. INTERPRETATION: With accessible sequencing platforms and bioinformatics solutions, bacterial genomics can supplement AMR surveillance in LMICs. FUNDING: Research was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1211806].

Ibero-Panamerican Federation of Periodontology Delphi study on the trends of periodontology and periodontics by the year 2030. A Latin American consensus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: As elsewhere in the world, the prevalence of periodontitis in stages I-II is high in the Latin American population, this scenario emphasizes the need for identification of urgent needs for allocating adequate resources to provide diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of these diseases. The aim of this Delphi study was to predict the trends in periodontology/periodontics in the Latin American region by the year 2030. METHODS: A steering committee and an advisory group of experts in periodontology/periodontics were selected from 16 countries. An open questionnaire of 60 questions was validated and used following the Delphi methodology. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-five experts from Latin America answered the two rounds of the questionnaire. Moderate to strong consensus was reached on 45 questions (75%). The prediction was that the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis in stages I and II will be maintained, the importance of the link with systemic diseases will increase, and the impact of prevention and periodontal treatment will also increase, mainly in the private sector. There was a strong consensus that plastic and regenerative surgical procedures will increase, as well as the demand for training in the specialty of periodontology. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has provided relevant and useful information on predictions in periodontology/periodontics in Latin America, with important level of consensus among experts. It has been predicted that periodontitis will still be a highly prevalent disease, and its links with other medical conditions should demand more attention by health authorities to develop adequate prevention and management policies and strategies.

Screening and Retaining Adolescents Recruited Through Social Media: Secondary Analysis from a Longitudinal Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Social media has become a popular method to recruit participants, particularly for studies with hard-to-reach populations. These studies still face challenges in data quality and, for longitudinal studies, sample retention. However, in addition to aiding in recruitment, social media platforms can help researchers with participant verification and tracking procedures during the study. There is limited previous research describing how longitudinal studies can use social media to screen and retain participants. OBJECTIVE: This paper describes strategies implemented to screen and retain a nationwide sample of sexual minority youth who were recruited through social media platforms for a longitudinal study testing a drug abuse prevention program. METHODS: Our screening strategies for participants included collecting necessary demographic information (name, phone, email, and social media accounts), verifying this information using publicly available web-based records, and sending confirmation emails to ensure working email addresses and correct dates of birth. Retention strategies included communications designed to develop positive participant relationships, incentives for survey completion, regular updating of participant contact information, targeting hard-to-reach participants, and using social media as an alternative means of contacting participants. RESULTS: During enrollment, although the only demographic data required were a phone number and an email address, 87.58% (1065/1216) of participants provided their Instagram as an alternative means of contact. This form of alternative communication remains the most preferred with 87.40% (1047/1198) of participants continuing to provide an Instagram username as of January 2023, about 3 years after recruitment began. In comparison, other alternative means of contact (eg, Facebook and alternative email) were provided by only 6.43% (77/1198) to 56.18% (673/1198) of participants. Direct messaging on Instagram was used to successfully confirm participant identity, remind participants to take annual follow-up surveys, and update lost participant contact information. Screening and retention strategies used in the study have helped achieve 96.30% (1171/1216) to 96.79% (1177/1216) sample retention across 3 waves of data collection. CONCLUSIONS: Though social media can be a helpful tool to recruit participants, attrition and participant authenticity difficulties may be associated with this method. Screening and retention strategies can be implemented to improve retention. Internet searches are effective for screening youth to ensure they meet eligibility requirements. Additionally, social media-Instagram in this study-can help to track and locate participants who do not respond to traditional contact methods. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03954535; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03954535.

Case Report: Risk Factors Associated with Mortality in Adults with Burkholderia Pseudomallei Bacteremia: A Retrospective Case Series of Melioidosis in Cambodia.

In resource-scarce settings, melioidosis is associated with up to 80% mortality. Studies of melioidosis in Cambodia report primarily on pediatric populations with localized infection; however, literature describing Cambodian adults with severe melioidosis is lacking. We present a case series of 35 adults with sequence-confirmed Burkholderia pseudomallei bacteremia presenting to a provincial referral hospital in rural Cambodia. More than 90% of the patients had diabetes, an important risk factor for developing melioidosis. Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy was significantly associated with lower odds of survival. Improved diagnostic testing and greater access to first-line antibiotics for acute melioidosis treatment present potential targets for intervention to reduce mortality associated with this disease in resource-limited settings.

Consistency of recommendations of clinical practice guidelines in periodontology: a systematic review

Abstract The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the methodological quality and the consistency of recommendations of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in Periodontology. An electronic search was conducted in two databases, MEDLINE and EMBASE, eight CPGs databases, and home pages of scientific societies in Periodontology up to April 2022. Three reviewers independently assessed methodological quality using the AGREE II instrument. In addition, we evaluated the consistency of the recommendations. Eleven CPGs were included, and the topics developed focused on prevention, diagnosis, risk factors, surgical and non-surgical periodontal treatment, antimicrobial therapy, root coverage, and maintenance. We found that the AGREE domains 2 (Stakeholder involvement) and 5 (Applicability) obtained the lowest scores. Domains 1 (Scope and purpose), 3 (Rigor of development) and 4 (Clarity of presentation) obtained the highest scores among the evaluated CPGs. The clinical recommendations for treatment of periodontal diseases were mostly consistent. Overall, the quality of CPGs used in periodontics was high. There was consistency of recommendations in specific fields. These findings may help researchers to promote CPGs focused on different fields of periodontics that have not yet been developed. Furthermore, the clinician will be able to make better clinical decisions.

Factores de riesgo relacionados con la depresión postparto / Risk factors related to postpartum depression / Fatores de risco relacionados à depressão pós-parto

El puerperio se considera una de las etapas más importantes del término del embarazo que atraviesan el cuerpo de la una mujer, donde puede ocasionar un estado de fragilidad psicológica, con la presentación de trastornos psiquiátricos, que puede aparecer de forma leve a grave en todas las mujeres posterior al parto, y hasta un año del mismo, se caracteriza por tener efectos a corto, mediano y largo plazo, en la madre, en el recién nacido y en la familia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los factores de riesgo de mayor impacto y relevancia en la depresión postparto en Ecuador. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica narrativa de la literatura científica, de factores de riesgo relacionados a depresión postparto. Se concluyó que la depresión en la etapa postparto ha ido en aumento en los últimos años, al igual que los factores de riesgo de mayor prevalencia, destacando; el estado civil, nivel socio económico, y antecedentes de depresión previos. Los presentes hallazgos ponen de manifiesto la magnitud del problema de la depresión postparto, así como la relevancia de continuar con esta línea de investigación, formular y proponer estrategias de prevención frente a los principales factores de riesgos mencionados con anterioridad.

The puerperium is considered one of the most important stages of the term of pregnancy that a woman's body goes through, where it can cause a state of psychological fragility, with the presentation of psychiatric disorders, which can appear from mild to severe in all women after childbirth, and up to a year of it, is characterized by having short, medium and long-term effects on the mother, the newborn and the family. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk factors with the greatest impact and relevance in postpartum depression in Ecuador. A narrative bibliographic review of the scientific literature on risk factors related to postpartum depression was carried out. It was concluded that depression in the postpartum stage has been increasing in recent years, as well as the most prevalent risk factors, highlighting; marital status, socioeconomic status, and previous history of depression. These findings highlight the magnitude of the problem of postpartum depression, as well as the relevance of continuing with this line of research, formulating and proposing prevention strategies against the main risk factors mentioned above.

O puerpério é considerado uma das fases mais importantes do termo gestacional por que passa o corpo da mulher, onde pode causar um estado de fragilidade psicológica, com a apresentação de transtornos psiquiátricos, que podem se apresentar de leve a grave em todas as mulheres após parto, e até um ano dele, caracteriza-se por ter efeitos a curto, médio e longo prazo sobre a mãe, o recém-nascido e a família. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores de risco com maior impacto e relevância na depressão pós-parto no Equador. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa da literatura científica sobre fatores de risco relacionados à depressão pós-parto. Concluiu-se que a depressão na fase puerperal vem aumentando nos últimos anos, assim como os fatores de risco mais prevalentes, destacando; estado civil, situação socioeconômica e história prévia de depressão. Esses achados destacam a magnitude do problema da depressão pós-parto, bem como a relevância de continuar com essa linha de pesquisa, formulando e propondo estratégias de prevenção contra os principais fatores de risco citados acima.

Púrpura de Schönlein Henoch en paciente adulto

RESUMEN La púrpura de Schönlein-Henoch es una vasculitis por fragmentación de leucocitos inmunomediada que afecta a pequeños vasos sanguíneos. Los cuatro componentes clínicos esenciales son púrpuras, dolor abdominal, artralgia y afectación renal. El caso trata de una mujer de 50 años que ingresa por dolor abdominal y hematoquecia de 72 horas de evolución, posterior a laparotomía exploratoria. Al examen físico presenta lesiones purpúricas en tronco y extremidades inferiores de 2 meses de aparición. En paraclínicos se observa hemograma con plaquetas normales, proteínas en orina 500 mg/dL, proteinuria 2,4 g/24 hs. Ante sospecha de vasculitis con plausible inclusión cutáneo-renal, se pide anticuerpos antinucleares, ANCA y se realiza biopsia cutánea evidenciándose una vasculitis neutrofílica necrotizante de pequeños vasos. En la biopsia renal se observa en inmunofluorescencia directa depósito de IgA, C3 positivo. En relación clínica de la proteinuria y compromiso cutáneo junto con la confirmación de biopsia renal se concluye en diagnóstico de púrpura de Schönlein Henoch. El interés de este caso radica en la inconsistencia de esta patología en los adultos, a pesar de que bien podría ser de una gravedad más notable dado que existe un mayor peligro de falla renal persistente.

ABSTRACT Schönlein-Henoch purpura is an immune-mediated leukocyte fragmentation vasculitis that affects small blood vessels. The four essential clinical components are purpura, abdominal pain, arthralgia, and renal involvement. This case concerns a 50-year-old woman who is admitted due to abdominal pain and hematochezia of 72 hours of evolution, after an exploratory laparotomy. On physical examination, she presents purpuric lesions on the trunk and lower extremities of 2 months of appearance. In paraclinical tests, a blood count with normal platelets, urine protein 500 mg/dL, and proteinuria 2.4 g/24 hours are observed. Suspecting vasculitis with plausible cutaneous-renal inclusion, antinuclear antibodies and ANCA are requested, and a skin biopsy is performed, showing necrotizing neutrophilic vasculitis of small vessels. In the renal biopsy, IgA deposit, C3 positive is observed in the direct immunofluorescence. In the clinical relationship of proteinuria and skin involvement together with the confirmation of renal biopsy, the diagnosis of Schönlein-Henoch purpura is concluded. The interest of this case lies in the inconsistency of this pathology in adults, despite the fact that it could be more serious given that there is a greater risk of persistent renal failure.

Quimioembolización transarterial en carcinoma hepatocelular atípico

RESUMEN Una de las grandes controversias dentro del manejo médico integral del carcinoma hepatocelular es la estimación precisa de la efectividad de la terapia con quimioembolización transarterial. Las evidencias demuestran que la misma hace parte del núcleo de tratamiento para aquellos pacientes con tumores no resecables y, comparado con la resección hepática y ablación por radiofrecuencia, oferta supervivencia a largo plazo si cumplen las características de nódulo hasta 3 cm o menores sin invasión vascular. Presentamos un caso clínico de carcinoma hepatocelular atípico con manejo médico integral, mediante la quimioembolización transarterial, evidenciando por imágenes y macroscópicamente la efectividad de la misma hasta el trasplante hepático ortotópico.

ABSTRACT One of the major controversies within the comprehensive medical management of hepatocellular carcinoma is the accurate estimation of the effectiveness of transarterial chemoembolization therapy. Evidence shows that it is part of the treatment nucleus for patients with unresectable tumors and, compared to hepatic resection and radiofrequency ablation, offers long-term survival if the characteristics of nodules up to 3 cm or less without vascular invasion are met. We present a clinical case of atypical hepatocellular carcinoma with integral medical management, through transarterial chemoembolization, evidencing its effectiveness by images and macroscopically until the orthotopic liver transplantation.

Estudo botânico, fitoquímico e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de Rubus rosaefolius Sm. - Rosaceae

Rubus rosaefolius Sm., Rosaceae, is a shrub with compound leaves, recurvate prickles, white flowers and aggregate fruit, popularly known as sylvan strawberry. The present research concerns its botany (macroscopic and microscopic studies), phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties. The presence of antraquinones, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins on stem, root and leaves, were confirmed by specific phytochemical tests. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and hydroalchoolic fractions were tested against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. The hydroalchoolic fraction revealed antimicrobial activity against all species tested and the aqueous fraction inhibited the growth of S. aureus and C. albicans.