RESUMO
The development of effective methods for the surveillance of seasonal respiratory viruses is required for the timely management of outbreaks. We aimed to survey Influenza-A, Influenza-B, RSV-A, Rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in a tertiary hospital and a campus over 5 months. The effectiveness of air screening as an early warning system for respiratory viruses was evaluated in correlation with respiratory tract panel test results. The overall viral positivity was higher on the campus than in the hospital (55.0% vs. 38.0%). Influenza A was the most prevalent pathogen in both locations. There were two influenza peaks (42nd and 49th weeks) in the hospital air, and a delayed peak was detected on campus in the 1st-week of January. Panel tests indicated a high rate of Influenza A in late December. RSV-A-positivity was higher on the campus than the hospital (21.6% vs. 7.4%). Moreover, we detected two RSV-A peaks in the campus air (48th and 51st weeks) but only one peak in the hospital and panel tests (week 49). Although rhinovirus was the most common pathogen in panel tests, rhinovirus positivity was low in air samples. The air screening for Influenza-B and SARS-Cov-2 revealed comparable positivity rates with panel tests. Air screening can be integrated into surveillance programs to support infection control programs for potential epidemics of respiratory virus infections except for rhinoviruses.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Rhinovirus , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Rhinovirus/isolamento & purificação , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , SARS-CoV-2/genética , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/virologia , Aerossóis/análise , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Microbiologia do Ar , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Estações do Ano , Epidemias , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Vírus/classificação , Vírus/genéticaRESUMO
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the detection rate of Gardnerella vaginalis by multiplex PCR test in the genitourinary samples of male patients with suspected urethritis and related symptoms. Materials and Methods: A total of 144 male patients who presented to our department between February 2021 and October 2021, either with urinary symptoms or concerns following unprotected sex, were included in the study.A total of 128 (88.9%) first-void urine samples, 15 (10.4%) urethral swabs, and one (0.7%) semen sample were obtained. NeoPlex STI-14 Detection Multiplex PCR Kit (GeneMatrix Inc. Seongnam, South Korea) was used to investigate any of the following pathogens: Candida albicans, Chlamydia trachomatis, G. vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum,herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Treponema pallidum , Streptococcus agalactiae, and Haemophilus ducreyi. The patients with positive results for G. vaginalis were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The patients' median age was 37 (range: 21 to 71 years old). G. vaginalis was the most frequently detected microorganism (n=23; 15.9%). Other microorganisms found in order of frequency were U. urealyticum (n=19; 13.2%), U. parvum (n=15; 10.4%), C. trachomatis (n=11; 7.6%), M. genitalium (n=8; 5.6%), HSV-2 (n= 7; 4.9%), N. gonorrhoeae (n=6; 4.2), HSV-1 (n=2; 1.4%), M. hominis (n=1, 0.7%), and C. albicans (n=1, 0.7%). Fifteen patients (65%) were positive for one or two microbial agents together with G. vaginalis, while in eight patients (35%), G. vaginalis was the only isolated agent. Six of these eight patients and 14 of the remaining 15 were symptomatic. Conclusion: With the introduction of multiplex PCR tests, including those for G. vaginalis, we can expect a higher detection rate of these species of bacteria in male genitourinary samples, which could be the cause of unexplained urinary/urethral symptoms.