The prevalence of TTR cardiac amyloidosis among patients undergoing bone scintigraphy.

BACKGROUND: Radiolabeled bisphosphonates bone scintigraphy is highly sensitive in detecting transthyretin (TTR) cardiac amyloidosis; data on the true prevalence of cardiac involvement in TTR amyloidosis are lacking. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective observational, monocentric study aims to estimate the prevalence of positive bone scan suspect for TTR cardiac amyloidosis among an all-comers population who underwent a bone scintigraphy. ECG, echocardiography and clinical status of patients with unexpected cardiac uptake (Perugini score 2-3) who underwent bone scintigraphy with [99mTc]-HDP or [99mTc]-DPD at San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital between January 2015 and May 2020 have been collected. The prevalence of bone scintigraphy suspect for cardiac involvement was 0.54% (23/4,228). The bone scintigraphy was mainly performed using [99mTc]-HDP (82.9%) and the dominant indication for the test was oncology in the 47.9% of cases. 8 Subjects had a history of neuropathy (34.8%) and 5 of carpal tunnel syndrome (21.7%). 11 Patients suffered a previous episode of heart failure (48%) while 5 patients (21.7%) were totally asymptomatic, without any sign or symptom before the bone scintigraphy making the nuclear examination crucial for an early diagnosis of TTR amyloidosis. CONCLUSION: Bone scintigraphy allows suspecting TTR amyloidosis in a pre-clinical stage of the disease in an all-comers population of patients undergoing bone scintigraphy mainly for oncology reasons.

Vitamin D deficiency and clinical outcome in patients with chronic heart failure: A review.

AIM: The aim of this review was to summarize evidence on the role of Vitamin D deficiency in heart failure (HF), from pathophysiological mechanisms to clinical effects of Vitamin D supplementation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Chronic HF secondary to left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction is a growing health problem, still associated with poor clinical outcome. In recent years, experimental and epidemiological evidence focused on the role of Vitamin D in HF. Cross sectional studies demonstrated that prevalence of HF is increased in patients with Vitamin D deficiency or parathyroid hormone (PTH) plasma level increase, whereas longitudinal studies showed enhanced risk of developing new HF in patients with Vitamin D deficiency. In addition, in patients with established HF, low plasma levels of Vitamin D are associated with worsening clinical outcome. Yet, clinical studies did not definitively demonstrate a benefit of Vitamin D supplementation for preventing HF or ameliorating clinical outcome in patients with established HF. CONCLUSIONS: Despite convincing experimental and epidemiological data, treatment with Vitamin D supplementation did not show clear evidence of benefit for preventing HF or influencing its clinical course. Ongoing clinical studies will hopefully shed lights on the effects of Vitamin D supplementation on clinical endpoints along the spectrum of HF.

Cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease: a controlled randomized study.

This controlled randomized single-blind study evaluated the effects of cognitive training (CT), compared to active music therapy (AMT) and neuroeducation (NE), on initiative in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Secondarily, we explored the effects of CT on episodic memory, mood, and social relationships. Thirty-nine AD patients were randomly assigned to CT, AMT, or NE. Each treatment lasted 3 months. Before, at the end, and 3 months after treatment, neuropsychological tests and self-rated scales assessed initiative, episodic memory, depression, anxiety, and social relationships. At the end of the CT, initiative significantly improved, whereas, at the end of AMT and NE, it was unchanged. Episodic memory showed no changes at the end of CT or AMT and a worsening after NE. The rates of the patients with clinically significant improvement of initiative were greater after CT (about 62%) than after AMT (about 8%) or NE (none). At the 3-month follow-up, initiative and episodic memory declined in all patients. Mood and social relationships improved in the three groups, with greater changes after AMT or NE. In patients with mild to moderate AD, CT can improve initiative and stabilize memory, while the non-cognitive treatments can ameliorate the psychosocial aspects. The combining of CT and non-cognitive treatments may have useful clinical implications.

The course of language functions after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) within the language-dominant hemisphere can impair naming. This prospective study examined the pre-operative to post-operative course of different language components, clarifying which changes are relevant within the short-term and long-term outcome of language. METHODS: Patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) were evaluated using the Token, Boston Naming and Word Fluency tests assessing sentence comprehension and word-finding on visual, semantic or phonemic cues. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients were evaluated before and 6 months, 1 and 2 years after ATL; 60 patients were also evaluated after 5 years and 38 controls were assessed at baseline. Seizure outcome was comparable between the left and right TLE patients. Before surgery, naming and word fluency were impaired in the left and right TLE patients, whereas sentence comprehension was normal. After left or right ATL, word fluency progressively improved, naming showed early worsening and late improvement after left ATL and progressive improvement after right ATL, and sentence comprehension did not change. At the 5-year follow-up, naming improvement was clinically significant in 31% and 71% of the left and right TLE patients, respectively. Pre-operative naming, ATL laterality, schooling, and post-operative seizure frequency and number of antiepileptic drugs predicted post-operative naming. Pre-operative word fluency and schooling predicted post-operative word fluency. CONCLUSIONS: Left or right TLE can impair word-finding but not sentence comprehension. After ATL, word-finding may improve for a long time, depending on TLE laterality, seizure control and mental reserve. These findings may clarify prognosis prior to treatment.

The human platelet alloantigen profile in blood donors from Amazonas, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Human platelet antigens (HPAs) are alloantigens derived from polymorphisms in platelet-surface glycoproteins. The occurrence of alloantibodies against HPAs can lead to platelet destruction and subsequent thrombocytopenia. Brazilians have a high rate of racial admixture, and the knowledge of HPA polymorphisms in particular donors from north Brazil, who have a large Amerindian influence, is a relevant strategy to prevent alloimmunisation. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was investigate the HPA allele's frequencies in the Amazonas blood donors. METHODS: We performed HPA genotyping among 200 Amazonas blood donors by microarray for 11 HPA biallelic systems, including six of the most clinically significant systems (HPA-1 to -5 and -15) and five others (HPA-6 to -9 and -11) that have been also associated with alloimmunisation, amounting to 22 HPA alleles. RESULTS: The obtained allele frequencies were compared with data of 38 populations worldwide to determine the hierarchical relationship and estimated the probability of mismatch platelets. The allele frequencies were 0·862 for HPA-1a, 0·137 for HPA-1b, 0·852 for HPA-2a, 0·147 for HPA-2b, 0·665 for HPA-3a, 0·335 for HPA-3b, 0·995 for HPA-4a, 0·005 for HPA-4b, 0·892 for HPA-5a, 0·107 for HPA-5b, 0·997 for HPA-9a, 0·005 for HPA-9b, 0·502 for HPA-15a and 0·497 for HPA-15b. The incompatibility risks are higher for HPA-15 and HPA-3, followed by HPA-1, -2 and -5. CONCLUSION: We found differences among populations worldwide, and it is interesting to note the indigenous and European influences in this region, reinforcing the heterogeneity in the ancestry of Brazilians. The results will be helpful in providing information for platelet transfusion to avoid alloimmunisation.

Percutaneous Endopyelotomy over High Pressure Balloon for Recurrent Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in Children.

PURPOSE: We analyzed results of percutaneous endopyelotomy for treatment of recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children with failed primary pyeloplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied all patients treated at our department for recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction between 2009 and 2013. All procedures were performed using a 12Fr miniperc approach with the patient in the supine position. A high pressure balloon was inflated at the ureteropelvic junction obstruction. To improve the exposure of the cutting area, the ureteropelvic junction was introduced into the renal pelvis by pushing the high pressure balloon. Modified percutaneous endopyelotomy was done with monopolar electrocautery over it to avoid damaging nearby structures. Medical data and imaging studies before and after the first surgery and percutaneous endopyelotomy were reviewed. RESULTS: Seven boys and 2 girls (mean ± SD age 5.8 ± 4.9 years) with recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction were treated at our hospital between July 2009 and July 2013. Three patients had a solitary kidney. Three children had previously undergone 2 procedures. Mean ± SD operative time was 61.0 ± 17.9 minutes, postoperative hospital stay was 3.8 ± 1.9 days and followup after modified percutaneous endopyelotomy was 39.3 ± 25.2 months. All patients were rendered symptom-free. Postoperative ultrasound and renogram revealed that modified percutaneous endopyelotomy was successful in 7 renal units. In 2 patients hydronephrosis improvement was not significant. Three patients suffered postoperative complications, consisting of hematuria, obstruction of Double-J® stent and paralytic ileus in 1 each. CONCLUSIONS: Modified percutaneous endopyelotomy is a fairly effective technique to treat recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction after failed pyeloplasty in children. However, in some cases potentially serious complications can occur.

[Fast track protocol for children undergoing appendicectomy]. / Protocolo de alta precoz tras apendicectomía en niños.

BACKGROUND: Multiple approaches to the treatment of simple and complicated (gangrenous or perforated) appendicitis in children have been promoted. Our goal is to develop a new protocol for these patients that allows shorter hospital stays without increasing complications rates. METHODS: Prospective collected data of patients undergoing appendicitis treated according to the new protocol for a period of 7 months were reviewed. This protocol consists on antibiotic prophylaxis in all cases continued with triple antibiotic regimen in complicated appendicitis. Antibiotics were stopped when specific clinical and laboratory criteria were met. Outcomes are compared to a historical group of patients treated under standard protocol (antibiotic prophylaxis followed by 48 hours of dual antibiotic therapy in simple appendicitis or 5 day-course of triple antibiotic therapy in complicated as postooperative antibiotic regimen). RESULTS: A total of 196 patients (96 current group and 100 historical group) were reviewed. In simple appendicitis average length of postoperative hospitalization was significantly lower in the current group (no statistical difference). 52.9% of complicated appendicitis in the current group were discharged home before 5th day without increasing the complication rate. When a wound infection or intraabdominal abscess occurs thrombocytosis (52%) and prolonged vomiting are the most frequent symptoms. CONCLUSION: No further postoperative treatment is needed in simple appendicitis. In complicated appendictis a short course of antibiotics according to clinical and laboratory criteria allows early discharge without major morbidity. Prolonged postoperative vomiting and thrombocytosis suggest infectious complications.

OBJETIVOS: Existen múltiples modalidades de tratamiento antibioterápico tras una apendicectomía en niños. Nuestro objetivo es desarrollar un nuevo protocolo para el tratamiento de las apendicitis que permita acortar la estancia hospitalaria sin aumentar las complicaciones. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio prospectivo que analiza a los pacientes intervenidos de apendicitis tratados según el nuevo protocolo de antibioterapia durante un periodo de 7 meses. Dicho protocolo consiste en profilaxis quirúrgica en todos los casos y continuar con triple antibioterapia en las evolucionadas, con una duración variable según criterios clínico-analíticos establecidos previamente. Se comparan los resultados con los de un grupo histórico de pacientes tratados con el protocolo clásico (profilaxis y 48 horas de doble antibioterapia en las flemonosas y 5 días de triple en las evolucionadas). RESULTADOS: Se estudian un total de 196 pacientes (96 grupo actual y 100 grupo histórico). En las apendicitis flemonosas la estancia hospitalaria postquirúrgica media es significativamente menor en el grupo actual sin encontrar diferencias estadísticas en la tasa de complicaciones. El 52,9% de las apendicitis evolucionadas del grupo actual fueron dadas de alta antes del 5º día sin aumentar la tasa de complicaciones. De los pacientes que presentaron una complicación infecciosa el 52% asociaban trombocitosis y la clínica más frecuente fue de vómitos prolongados. CONCLUSIONES: No es necesario tratamiento antibioterápico postoperatorio en apendicitis simples. En las evolucionadas un tratamiento corto de antibióticos según criterios clínico-analíticos permite un alta precoz sin mayor morbilidad asociada. Los vómitos prolongados y la trombocitosis son indicadores de complicaciones infecciosas postoperatorias.

Limitations and complications of robotic urological surgery in younger children: debunking old beliefs. / Limitaciones y complicaciones de la cirugía urológica robótica en niños pequeños. Desmontando viejas creencias.

INTRODUCTION: Even though certain technical limitations associated with the small size of the patients were taken for granted in the advent of pediatric robotic surgery, we could now be facing a paradigm shift challenging these old beliefs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of patients undergoing Da-Vinci-Xi(IS4000)-assisted urological surgery from May 2022 to October 2023 was carried out. Patients were divided into two groups -Group A < 15 kg and Group B ≥ 15 kg. Operating times, hospital stay, and intra- and postoperative complications were compared. RESULTS: 17 patients (9 in Group A, 8 in Group B) underwent surgery. Median age was 29 months (A) and 109 months (B) (p< 0.001). Median weight was 12.0 kg (A) and 31.5 kg (p< 0.001). Operating time was 162 min (A) and 130 min (p= 0.203). Console time was 99 min (A) and 70 min (B) (p= 0.065). Mean hospital stay was 2 days (A) and 3 days (B) (p= 0.41). No differences were found in terms of intraoperative (p= 0.453) or postoperative (p= 0.485) complications. CONCLUSIONS: Even though operating on younger children seemed more complicated than on older ones in the advent of robotic surgery, the results in our series were similar. The fact patients under 12 months of age were not included means larger studies are required to prove this.

INTRODUCCION: Aunque en los inicios de la cirugía robótica pediátrica solíamos asumir la existencia de ciertas limitaciones técnicas asociadas al pequeño tamaño de nuestros pacientes, podríamos encontrarnos ante un cambio de paradigma y cuestionar estas antiguas creencias. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio retrospectivo que incluye los pacientes a los que se les practicó una cirugía urológica asistida por robot Da Vinci Xi (IS4000), entre mayo de 2022 y octubre de 2023. Se dividieron en dos grupos: A < 15 kg, B ≥ 15 kg. Se compararon tiempos quirúrgicos, estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones intra y postoperatorias. RESULTADOS: Intervenimos 17 pacientes (9 A, 8 B). Edad mediana 29 (A) y 109 meses (B) (p < 0,001). Peso mediano A: 12 kg, B 31,5 kg (p < 0,001). Tiempo quirúrgico A 162 min, B 130 min (p= 0,203). Tiempo de consola A 99 min, B 70 min (p= 0,065). Estancia media A 2, B 3 días (p= 0,41). No se encontraron diferencias en la tasa de complicaciones intraoperatorias (p= 0,453) ni postoperatorias (p=0,485). CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de que al comienzo de la cirugía robótica se pensaba que sería más complicado operar a los niños pequeños que a los más mayores, en nuestra serie los resultados son similares. Por no incluir menores de 12 meses, necesitamos estudios más extensos para probar estas afirmaciones.

["Fast-track" in pediatric urologic surgery: pronenephrectomy]. / Fast-track en urología infantil: nefrectomía en prono ambulatoria.

UNLABELLED: INTRODUCTION AND OBJETIVES: Minimal invasive surgery trends to get prompt recovery in terms of inmediate deambulation and early discharge from hospital, without increasing patient's discomfort neither postoperative complications. This "fast-track" protocol is being progresively introduced in a crescent number of urological procedures. We are evaluating the viability of applying it in retroperitoneoscopic prone- position nephrectomy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We have performed a retrospective review of the clinical reports of the patients submitted to prone nephrectomy with hospitalization between 2007 and 2011 and we present patients submitted to this procedure in an outpatient basis (less than 8 hours hospital stay) from 2011. We have recorded epidemiological factors, diagnosis, surgical time, first postoperative week analgesic requirements, parents cofort and postoperative complications. RESULTS: All the procedures were performed retroperitoneoscopically in prone position using two trocars. We included 34 nephrectomies with a mean surgical time of 107 minutes. Mean postoperative stay was under 24 hours in 23 patients, two of them were discharged in the first 8 hours after the procedure. Hospital stay over this time was due to concomitant pre-existent pathology in 6 patients and to non urological fever in the remaining 3. Analgesia was excellent in every patient with endovenous non-steroid drugs, registering no pain after administering them orally. There were no complications. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that "fast-track" requirements can be applied to prone-retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy in pediatric population, as long as they have no associated pathology. In our experience this surgical procedure can be included in day-case surgery, increasing patient's confort and with a positive economical impact.

Endourological treatment of ectopic ureterocele. Our experience in the last 15 years. / Tratamiento endourológico del ureterocele ectópico. Experiencia en los últimos 15 años.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of the endourological treatment of ectopic ureterocele in children in a large series and with a long-term follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study of patients with ectopic ureterocele who had undergone surgery in our institution in the last 15 years was carried out. All patients were treated using an endourological approach, both for ureterocele and postoperative vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). RESULTS: 40 patients were treated -55% with left involvement and 5% with bilateral involvement. Mean age at diagnosis was 4.97 months, with diagnosis being established prenatally in 54.1% of cases. In all patients but one, endourological puncture of the ureterocele was conducted. Mean age at surgery was 6.96 months (0-1.11). Surgery was performed on an outpatient basis in 94.9% of patients. No perioperative complications were recorded. In the last 30 patients, preoperative voiding cystourethrography was not carried out. 72.5% of patients had postoperative VUR (44.8% into the upper pyelon, 10.3% into the lower pyelon, 17.2% into both, 6.9% into the contralateral system, and 20.7% into the bilateral system), but it was resolved with a single endoscopic procedure in 48.1% of cases (65% of patients were healed with two procedures). VUR was not endoscopically resolved in 3 patients who required ureteral re-implantation. 6 patients required heminephrectomy (n=3) or nephrectomy (n=3) as a result of functional impairment and infections. CONCLUSION: The endourological treatment of ectopic ureterocele is a little aggressive and little invasive technique that allows the obstruction to be resolved on an outpatient basis, which means bladder surgery -if required- can be performed outside the neonatal period.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento endourológico del ureterocele ectópico en niños en una serie amplia y con seguimiento a largo plazo. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de los pacientes con ureterocele ectópico intervenidos en nuestro centro en los últimos 15 años. Todos los pacientes se tratan por vía endourológica, tanto el ureterocele como el reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) postoperatorio. RESULTADOS: Se trataron 40 pacientes, 55% eran izquierdos y 5% bilaterales. La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 4,97 meses siendo de diagnóstico prenatal el 54,1%. En todos los pacientes menos uno se realizó una punción endourológica del ureterocele. La edad media en el momento de la cirugía era de 6,96 meses (0-1,11). La cirugía fue ambulante en un 94,9% de los pacientes. No se registraron complicaciones perioperatorias. En los últimos 30 pacientes no se realizó cistouretrografía miccional preoperatoria. Un 72,5% de los pacientes presentaron RVU postoperatorio (44,8% a pielón superior, 10,3% a pielón inferior, 17,2% a ambos, 6,9% al sistema contralateral y 20,7% bilateral), pero este se resolvió con un único procedimiento endoscópico en un 48,1% de los casos (curación del 65% de los pacientes con dos procedimientos). El RVU no se resolvió de forma endoscópica en 3 pacientes que requirieron un reimplante ureteral. Seis pacientes precisaron heminefrectomía (n= 3) o nefrectomía (n= 3) por anulación funcional e infecciones. CONCLUSION: El tratamiento endourológico del ureterocele ectópico es una técnica poco agresiva invasiva que consigue la resolución de la obstrucción de forma ambulante permitiendo diferir la cirugía vesical (si fuera necesaria) fuera del periodo neonatal.

What do we see when we do not see the bladder? Review of the main urinary diversion techniques and their complications.

OBJECTIVE: To review the different types of urinary diversion surgeries (UDS) in order to recognize the expected findings in a postoperative study, using different imaging techniques. To recognize the main postoperative complications, both early and late. CONCLUSION: UDS are surgical procedures whose purpose is to redirect urine flow after cystectomy, generally in an oncologic context. The imaging evaluation of urological surgeries is often a radiological challenge, with CT being the most commonly used image modality. Therefore, it is essential to know the main surgical techniques, the expected postoperative findings and the optimization of imaging techniques for early diagnosis and correct evaluation of postoperative complications.

[Surgical wound infections in newborns: analysis of risk factors]. / Infección de la herida quirúrgica neonatal: análisis de factores de riesgo.

UNLABELLED: The incidence of surgical wound infections in neonates is high and it has an associated morbidity which extends hospital stay and gets a worse prognosis. The purpose of this study is to analyze the risk factors associated with the development of surgical wound infection and to identify susceptible patients with modifiable factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case-control study of 90 surgical procedures underwent in newborns. We analyze pre-, intra- and postoperative risk factors. MAIN RESULTS: There are statically significant differences in terms of wound infection in dirty and contaminated surgery, reoperation, lavage of abdominal cavity, preoperative hospital stay longer than 8 days and wound closure with reabsorbable material. Furthermore, the surgical site infection is more likely in preterms patients, with a previous positive culture infection and the use of invasive devices as mechanical ventilation or central venous access. We found no relationship between wound infection and surgical time, bleeding during surgery and preoperative skin preparation with antiseptics. CONCLUSIONS: Reoperative patients, in which dirty and contaminated surgery is performed, absorbable material for skin is used and who have a preoperative hospital stay longer than 8 days, are in risk of developping wound infection and they will require an aggressive antibiotic treatment and special postsurgical care.

Unusual Magnetic Hysteresis and Transition between Vortex and Double Pole States Arising from Interlayer Coupling in Diamond-Shaped Nanostructures.

Controlling the magnetic ground states at the nanoscale is a long-standing basic research problem and an important issue in magnetic storage technologies. Here, we designed a nanostructured material that exhibits very unusual hysteresis loops due to a transition between vortex and double pole states. Arrays of 700 nm diamond-shaped nanodots consisting of Py(30 nm)/Ru(tRu)/Py(30 nm) (Py, permalloy (Ni80Fe20)) trilayers were fabricated by interference lithography and e-beam evaporation. We show that varying the Ru interlayer spacer thickness (tRu) governs the interaction between the Py layers. We found this interaction mainly mediated by two mechanisms: magnetostatic interaction that favors antiparallel (antiferromagnetic, AFM) alignment of the Py layers and exchange interaction that oscillates between ferromagnetic (FM) and AFM couplings. For a certain range of Ru thicknesses, FM coupling dominates and forms magnetic vortices in the upper and lower Py layers. For Ru thicknesses at which AFM coupling dominates, the magnetic state in remanence is a double pole structure. Our results showed that the interlayer exchange coupling interaction remains finite even at 4 nm Ru thickness. The magnetic states in remanence, observed by magnetic force microscopy (MFM), are in good agreement with corresponding hysteresis loops obtained by the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) and micromagnetic simulations.

2-pentadecyl-2-oxazoline prevents cognitive and social behaviour impairments in the Amyloid ß-induced Alzheimer-like mice model: Bring the α2 adrenergic receptor back into play.

The 2-pentadecyl-2-oxazoline (PEA-OXA) is a natural compound with protective action in neuro-inflammation. We have previously shown that PEA-OXA behaves as an α2 adrenergic receptor (α2AR) antagonist and a putative protean agonist on histamine H3 receptors. Recently, neuroinflammation and monoaminergic neurotransmission dysfunction has drawn particular attention in Alzheimer Disease (AD) pathophysiology. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the dual-acting PEA-OXA in an AD-like model in mice. A combined computational and experimental approach was used to evaluate the ability of PEA-OXA to bind α2A-AR subtype, and to investigate the effects of PEA-OXA treatment on neuropathological (behavioural and functional) effects induced by soluble Amyloid ß 1-42 (sAß1-42) intracerebroventricular injection. Computational analysis revealed the PEA-OXA ability to bind the α2A-AR, a pharmacological target for AD, in two alternative poses, one overlapping the Na+ binding site. In vivo studies indicated that chronic treatment with PEA-OXA (10 mg/kg, os) restored the cognitive (discriminative and spatial memory) deficits and social impairments induced by sAß injection. Consistently, electrophysiological analysis showed a recovery of the long-term potentiation in the hippocampus (Lateral Entorhinal Cortex-Dentate Gyrus pathway), while neuroinflammation, i.e., increased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and microglia cells density were reduced. These data provide the basis for further investigation of the pro-cognitive aptitude of PEA-OXA by proposing it as an adjuvant in the treatment in AD, for which the available pharmacological approaches remain unsatisfactory. Moreover, this study offers new future direction in research investigating the role of α2AR in neuropsychiatric illness and therapies.

[Cold-knife retrograde endoscopic endopyelotomy (Cutting-Balloon) in children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction: early results]. / Endopielotomía endoscópica retrógrada con balón de corte frío (Cutting-Baloon): experiencia inicial en niños con estenosis pieloureteral.

BACKGROUND: To present our early experience in the use of Cutting-Balloon for the treatment of resistant or relapsed ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) after a prior endourological retrograde high-pressure balloon dilatation (RHPBD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with progressive hydronephrosis and impaired drainage of the renal pelvis on a diuretic renal scan were treated with RHPBD. In those patients with resistant UPJO (waist persistence after dilatation) or relapsed UPJO, we consider using a Cutting-Balloon as an alternative to our current protocol (second RHPBD or open surgery). A JJ stent was placed following the procedure, and removed at 4-6 weeks. Outcomes were evaluated 3 and 6 months after stent removal, and every 6 months thereafter, repeating renal ultrasonography and diuretic renal scan. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2010 we treated with Cutting-balloon 5 patients (4 male, 1 woman) with UPJO (left side: 3 cases, right side: 1 case, bilateral: 1 case) with a mean age of 3 months (range, 10 days to 7 months). Four cases had resistant UPJO and 1 case relapsed UPJO. After the procedure, and during the follow-up period of 12 months (range, 9-18 months), no further treatment was necessary. Four patients had improvement of hydronephrosis, with normal relative renal function (RRF). One patient (RRF 18% before treatment) did not improve. No periprocedural complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Cutting-balloon retrograde endopyelotomy seems to be a treatment with encouraging early results for resistant and relapsed UPJO, after a prior RHPBD. We believe that further clinical evaluation is needed to confirm these findings.

[Subcutaneously inserted central intravascular devices in the pediatric oncology patient: can we minimize their infection]. / Dispositivos intravasculares centrales de inserción subcutánea en el paciente oncológico pediátrico, ¿podemos minimizar su infección?

Long-term indwelling central venous access devices are frequently used in pediatric patients. Their main complication is infection, that can even mean their removal. We try to identify the risk factors really involved in this complication and in their removal. We have made a retrospective review of 120 oncologic pediatric patients who received a central venous device between 2003 and 2009. We searched for epidemiologic, clinic, microbiologic and surgical risk factors. We made a comparative data analysis among: GROUP A, children who suffered device infection, GROUP B the others. Group A was divided into early infection (first month after implantation)/late infection, removed/not removed. Data were analized with statistical program SPSS. 29 suffered from leukemia, 19 from lymphoma and the main part, 72, from solid tumour. 31% experienced infection (GROUP A), being early in the 36% of them. 16% had to be withdrawn. Data analysis revealed statistical association with the age (p=0.015) and with the reception of chemiotherapic treatment the week before the surgical insertion. The rest of the studied factors did not revealed a real association, but could be guess a relationship among infection and leukemia, subclavian catheters, those patients whose deviced was introduced using a guide over a previous catheter and also transplanted. Related to early infection the only associateon founded was with the subclavian access (p=0.018). In conclusion, in our serie long-term central venous access infection was more frequent in the younger patients and also in those who had received chemotherapy the week before the catheter implantation. The tendency towards infection in leukemia, transplanted and subclavian carriers has to be studied in a prospective way with a larger number of oncologic children.

[Phimosis: dorsal slit or circumcision?]. / Fimosis: prepucioplastia o circuncisión?

INTRODUCTION: Phimosis is perhaps one of the most frequent consultation on pediatric surgery clinics throught the world. The aim of this study is to compare the two procedures more frequently performed in our hospital: dorsal slit and circumcision. PATIENTS Y METHODS: Retrospective study of 1698 patients who were admitted for elective surgical treatment of phimosis between 2003 and 2009. We analyzed age, surgical and anesthethic times, surgical technique and complications. We also did transversal descriptive study through telephonic survey on parents and patients older than 16 years old. RESULTS: There was 76.6% of dorsal slit (n = 1300) and 23.4% (n= 398) of circumcisions. Mean age was 7.15 years y mean time of follow up was 42.3 months. Surgical time was significantly higher in circumcision (p < 0.0001). There were 3% (n = 51) of reoperations, no differences between groups. We didn't find differences in postoperative stenosis, but bleeding was more frequent in circumcision group (1.7%; p = 0.03). There were no differences on parental appreciation of postoperative pain, or functional and esthetic satisfaction between groups. CONCLUSIONS: We didn't find differences on subjective satisfaction between groups. Even if there are differences n postoperative bleeding, global incidence is very low. In our experience both techniques are valid and safe, so surgeon and parents must jointly make the decision.

[Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: comparison between transversal and supraumbilical incision]. / Estenosis hipertrófica de píloro: comparación entre la incisión transversa y la supraumbilical.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is the Fredet-Ramstedt pyloromyotomy. It is controversial what surgical approach to choose. We evaluate our outcome with the right upper quadrant (RUQ) and the supraumbilical (SU) approach. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2007, we performed 38 pyloromyotomies through a RUQ incision and 18 through a SU approach. We analyze patient demographics and pre and postoperative data. We group the complications in major (duodenal perforation, inadequate pyloromyotomy, and wound dehiscence) and minor (seroma, hematoma, wound infection and incisional hernia). A nonrandomized comparison was performed between the two groups. RESULTS: We find significant differences in morbidity: 22.2% of major complications ocurred in the SU group versus 2.6% in the RUQ group, and 44.4% of minor complications were encountered in the SU group versus 2.6% in the RUQ group (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: In our study we found a significantly higher overall complication rate in the SU group (p < 0.005), possibly because of a more difficult delivery of the pylorus through the SU incision and because of a probably increased rate of wound infection associated with the supraumbilical approach in the pediatric population.

[Percutaneous gastrostomy: when should antireflux surgery be associated?]. / Gastrostomía percutánea: ¿cuándo asociar cirugía antirreflujo?

INTRODUCTION: Percutaneus gastrostomy placement is a procedure widely performed in children with failure to thrive or intolerance to oral feeding. At the moment of making the indication, the need of an antir-reflux surgery in the same procedure comes to question. The aim of this study was to analyse which preoperative factors are associated with a higher risk of a posterior fundoplication. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We realized a retrospective review of 67 patients divided in 2 groups (cases and controls) in which a percutaneus gastrostomy (PEG) had been made by our service in the period of 1997 to 2008. We compared these two groups: Group A (n=11) - patients with severe gastroesophageal reflux who required a Nissen procedure afterwards; Group B (n=56) - patients who kept without reflux after PEG. We analyzed the different preoperative factors that could have been in association to severe reflux after gastrostomy. RESULTS: Mean age at the moment of undergoing PEG was 15 months. Mean time of follow up was 3,5 years. Only neurological impairment and documented reflux pregastrostomy were associated with the need of an antirreflux surgery after PEG. CONCLUSIONS: Neurological impairment and documented pregastrosotmy GER could be an indication of concurrent antirreflux surgery at the time of gastrostomy.

[Characteristics of the anorectal atresia without fistula. Based on 12 cases]. / Peculiaridades de la atresia anorrectal sin fístula. A propósito de 12 casos.

INTRODUCTION: Imperforate anus without fistula is an uncommon anorectal malformation, in association to Down syndrome in 50% of cases. This anomaly is described as a lack of annus, with a blind rectal pouch, located about 2 cm above perineal skin, and sharing a common wall with the urethra or vagina. The aim of this work is to present our experience in this condition and to determine the differences between the diagnosis, treatment and long-term outcome of these patients in relation to other forms of anorectal malformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 12 patients treated in our department from 1998 to 2008. Eight were boys and 4 girls. Eleven of these patients had significant associated congenital diseases: Down syndrome (6), cardiovascular anomalies (6), urinary tract malformations (5), esophageal atresia (1). In all cases neonatal colostomy was performed, being 7 months (range between 1 and 19 months) the average age of the definitive surgery through posterior sagital approach. In one case a laparotomy was performed. The distance from the rectal pouch to the skin ranged from 1 to 5 cm, founding a very dilatated rectum in 4 patients. RESULTS: The postoperative outcome was favorable. Four patients required removal of a small anal prolapse. All patients older than 2 years (7) have urinary continence, while 5 of them have a significant constipation, resistant to treatment with diet and laxatives, requiring medical management with enemas. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the high incidence of Down syndrome in patients with imperforate anus without fistula, and shows a higher incidence of other congenital comobidities. A colostrogram prior to definitive repair seems to be mandatory taking into account the intraopetative findings (height and diameter of rectal pouch). The incidence of anal prolapse is very high and may be related to the hypotonia present in patients with Down syndrome. Since the constipation is very severe in these patients, it should be controlled early in the follow up.