LAG-3xPD-L1 bispecific antibody potentiates antitumor responses of T cells through dendritic cell activation.

Several preclinical studies demonstrate that antitumor efficacy of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade can be improved by combination with other checkpoint inhibitors. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory checkpoint receptor involved in T cell exhaustion and tumor immune escape. Here, we describe ABL501, a bispecific antibody targeting LAG-3 and PD-L1 in modulating immune cell responses against tumors. ABL501 that efficiently inhibits both LAG-3 and PD-L1 pathways enhances the activation of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a higher degree than a combination of single anti-LAG-3 and anti-PD-L1. The augmented effector T cell responses by ABL501 resulted in mitigating regulatory-T-cell-mediated immunosuppression. Mechanistically, the simultaneous binding of ABL501 to LAG-3 and PD-L1 promotes dendritic cell (DC) activation and tumor cell conjugation with T cells that subsequently mounts effective CD8+ T cell responses. ABL501 demonstrates its potent in vivo antitumor efficacy in a humanized xenograft model and with knockin mice expressing human orthologs. The immune profiling analysis of peripheral blood reveals an increased abundance of LAG-3hiPD-1hi memory CD4+ T cell subset in relapsed cholangiocarcinoma patients after gemcitabine plus cisplatin therapy, which are more responsive to ABL501. This study supports the clinical evaluation of ABL501 as a novel cancer immunotherapeutic, and a first-in-human trial has started (NCT05101109).

Pedagogical foundations of cybercivility in health professions education: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Teaching cybercivility requires thoughtful attention to curriculum development and content delivery. Theories, models, and conceptual and theoretical frameworks (hereafter "tools") provide useful foundations for integrating new knowledge and skills into existing professional practice and education. We conducted this scoping review to identify tools used for teaching cybercivility in health professions education. METHODS: Using Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework, we searched six biomedical and educational databases and three grey literature databases for articles available in English published between January 1, 2000 and March 31, 2020. Following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews), we screened and extracted relevant data, and reported the results of the search. RESULTS: The search resulted in 2272 articles, with 8 articles included in this review after inclusion criteria were applied. Four articles (50%) were peer-reviewed journal papers while the other 4 (50%) were dissertations. Eleven unique tools were identified by this review: (1) Transpersonal Caring Theory, (2) Theory of Workplace Incivility, (3) Conceptualization of Incivility, (4) Media Ecology Theory, (5) Principlism, (6) Salmon's Five Stage Model of Online Learning, (7) Learner-Centered Educational Theory, (8) Gallant and Drinan's 4-Stage Model of Institutionalization of Academic Integrity, (9) Theory of Planned Behavior, (10) Communication Privacy Management Theory, and (11) Moral Development Theory. Based on the tools analyzed in our scoping review, we determined three features of cybercivility pedagogy to which the tools provided a guide: (1) behavioral manifestations, (2) academic integrity, and (3) digital professionalism. CONCLUSIONS: The reviewed tools provide a pedagogical foundation and guidance for teaching various properties of cybercivility. Future studies should be expanded to include a broader literature body and non-English literature to provide the global perspective and global skills needed by a diverse population of learners.

A qualitative analysis of nursing students' tweets during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 outbreak has profoundly changed daily life and the ways in which students learn and interact. This study explores the nature and content of tweets posted by students enrolled in nursing programs (hereafter nursing students) in the United Kingdom, the United States, and South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic between March 4 and April 7, 2020. A total of 8856 tweets from the Twitter accounts of 95 self-identified nursing students were included in our qualitative analysis. The findings revealed five categories of tweet content: (i) reactions to COVID-19; (ii) everyday life; (iii) role as a student; (iv) social connections; and (v) sociopolitical issues. Students shared concerns about the impact of COVID-19 on their education, discussed their experiences as nursing students, tweeted details of their daily lives, and sought social connections for support as well as for information sharing. The findings of this study can inform nurse educators to better understand their students' responses to and sentiments about the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurse educators should incorporate this understanding into curricula for pandemic preparedness and response efforts.

Academic-Practice Partnership for Caregiver Training and Support: The Duke Elder Family/Caregiver Training (DEFT) Center.

BACKGROUND After a hospital stay, many older adults rely on their caregivers for assistance at home. Empirical evidence demonstrates that caregiver support programs in hospital-to-home transitions are associated with favorable caregiver and patient outcomes. We tested the feasibility of implementing the Duke Elder Family/Caregiver Training (DEFT) program in an academic medical center.METHODS: We recruited adult caregivers of homebound patients who were aged 55 years or older from Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina. Caregivers attended a face-to-face caregiver training and received two telephone checks after hospital discharge with DEFT services ending at 14 days of hospital discharge. We used a one-item survey to measure overall DEFT satisfaction. We also monitored 30-day readmissions of patients whose caregivers completed the DEFT program.RESULTS: The DEFT Center received 104 consult orders in six months. Of these, 61 agreed to participate but nine caregivers were unable to schedule the DEFT training and three decided to eventually withdraw from participation. Forty-nine caregivers received the DEFT training, 12 of whom were ineligible to continue because of change in patients' disposition plan. Of the remaining 37 caregivers, 15 completed the full program and reported high satisfaction; one patient was readmitted within 30 days of discharge.LIMITATIONS: The DEFT implementation was based on academic-medical partnership and relied on electronic medical records for consult and documentation. Replicability and generalizability of findings are limited to settings with similar capabilities and resources.CONCLUSION: The implementation of a caregiver training and support program in an academic medical center was feasible and was associated with favorable preliminary outcomes.

A literature review on end-of-life care among Korean Americans.

BACKGROUND:: The increasing population of Korean Americans in the US makes it mandatory to develop and provide culturally competent end-of-life (EOL) care for this population. AIMS:: To synthesize previous studies on Korean Americans and their end-of-life (EOL) care. METHOD:: Four databases (Cinahl, PsycInfo, PubMed, and SocIndex) were searched and 11 articles were selected for review. RESULTS:: Korean Americans tend to avoid EOL communication, and instead hope that their families would know about their wishes, without discussing them directly. Korean Americans consider advance directives unnecessary, and only a few Korean Americans use advance directives to lessen the burden of their family's decision-making. Many Korean Americans are unaware of what EOL care provides, which may explain why they seldom use it. CONCLUSION:: Providers should discuss EOL care with Korean Americans and tell them what it entails. However, the discussion should be culturally tailored and involve family members whenever possible.

Puromycin aminonucleoside increases podocyte permeability by modulating ZO-1 in an oxidative stress-dependent manner.

Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephrosis is a widely studied animal model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome because PAN injection into rats results in increased glomerular permeability with the characteristic ultrastructural changes in podocytes similar to human nephrosis. To investigate the role of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and oxidative stress on PAN-induced podocyte phenotypical changes and hyperpermeability in vitro, we cultured rat and mouse podocytes and treated with various concentrations of PAN. PAN treatment increased oxidative stress level of podocytes significantly with the induction of Nox4. In addition, PAN changed the ultrastructure of podocytes, such as shortening and fusion of microvilli, and the separation of intercellular gaps, which were improved by anti-oxidative vitamin C and Nox4 siRNA. PAN also disrupted the intercellular linear ZO-1 staining and induced inner cytoplasmic re-localization of ZO-1 protein, resulting in increased podocyte intercellular permeability. PAN reduced ZO-1 protein amount and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner, which means that PAN could also modulate ZO-1 protein transcriptionally. However, the decreased ZO-1 protein of podocytes by PAN was improved by Nox4 siRNA transfection. Furthermore, vitamin C mitigated the quantitative and distributional disturbances of ZO-1 protein caused by PAN. Our results demonstrate that the phenotypical changes of intercellular ZO-1 by oxidative stress via Nox4 likely contribute to the glomerular hyperpermeability caused by PAN.

Correlation of electrode position and clinical outcomes in globus pallidus stimulation for dystonia.

BACKGROUND: The correlation between the electrode location and the clinical outcome for internal globus pallidus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the discrepancies between the theoretical target planned by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the actual electrode location in postoperative MRI, as well as to find the correlation between the final electrode locations and the clinical outcome after GPi DBS. METHODS: Thirty-six patients who underwent GPi DBS for dystonia were included in this retrospective study. The X coordinate was defined as the lateral distance from the midline, the Y coordinate as the anterior distance from the midcommissural point, and the Z coordinate as the inferior distance from the intercommissural line. RESULTS: All coordinates showed a significant difference between theoretical and actual values for all electrode locations (p < 0.05). In particular, greater differences were exhibited for Y than for the X and Z coordinates. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of the localization of the left-side versus the right-side electrode for any coordinates. The patients whose electrodes were located within or near the posteroventral GPi showed better clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The actual electrode location was slightly more posterior to the theoretically planned target. Electrodes concentrated near the posteroventral GPi tended to yield favorable outcomes.

Pregnancy and Delivery in a Generalized Dystonia Patient Treated with Internal Globus Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation: a Case Report.

Internal globus pallidus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been widely accepted as an effective treatment modality of medically refractory dystonia. However, there have been few studies regarding the safety issue of pregnancy and childbirth related with DBS. This report describes a female patient who was pregnant and delivered a baby after GPi DBS surgery. A 33-year-old female patient with acquired generalized dystonia underwent bilateral GPi DBS implantation. She obtained considerable improvement in both movement and disability after DBS implantation. Four years later, she was pregnant and the obstetricians consulted us about the safety of the delivery. At 38-weeks into pregnancy, a scheduled caesarian section was carried out under general anesthesia. After induction using thiopental and succinylcholine, intubation was done quickly, followed by DBS turn off. For hemostasis, only bipolar electrocautery was used. Before awakening from the anesthesia, DBS was turned on as the same parameters previously adjusted. After delivery, she could feed her baby by herself, because the dystonia of left upper extremity and hand was improved. Until now, she has been showing continual improvement and being good at housework, carrying for children, with no trouble in daily life. This observation indicates that the patients who underwent DBS could safely be pregnant and deliver a baby.

Automatic Classification of Tremor Severity in Parkinson's Disease Using a Wearable Device.

Although there is clinical demand for new technology that can accurately measure Parkinsonian tremors, automatic scoring of Parkinsonian tremors using machine-learning approaches has not yet been employed. This study aims to fill this gap by proposing machine-learning algorithms as a way to predict the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), which are similar to how neurologists rate scores in actual clinical practice. In this study, the tremor signals of 85 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were measured using a wrist-watch-type wearable device consisting of an accelerometer and a gyroscope. The displacement and angle signals were calculated from the measured acceleration and angular velocity, and the acceleration, angular velocity, displacement, and angle signals were used for analysis. Nineteen features were extracted from each signal, and the pairwise correlation strategy was used to reduce the number of feature dimensions. With the selected features, a decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), discriminant analysis (DA), random forest (RF), and k-nearest-neighbor (kNN) algorithm were explored for automatic scoring of the Parkinsonian tremor severity. The performance of the employed classifiers was analyzed using accuracy, recall, and precision, and compared to other findings in similar studies. Finally, the limitations and plans for further study are discussed.

Factors influencing disaster nursing core competencies of emergency nurses.

BACKGROUND: Emergency nurses are expected to provide required nursing services by using their professional expertise to reduce the risk posed by disasters. Thus, emergency nurses' disaster nursing core competencies are essential for coping with disasters. The purpose of the study reported here was to identify factors influencing the disaster nursing core competencies of emergency nurses. METHODS: A survey was conducted among 231 emergency nurses working in 12 hospitals in South Korea. Data were collected on disaster-related experience, attitude, knowledge, and disaster nursing core competencies by means of a questionnaire. RESULTS: In multiple regression analysis, disaster-related experience exerted the strongest influence on disaster nursing core competencies, followed by disaster-related knowledge. The explanatory power of these factors was 25.6%, which was statistically significant (F=12.189, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the disaster nursing core competencies of emergency nurses could be improved through education and training programs that enhance their disaster preparedness. The nursing profession needs to participate actively in the development of disaster nursing education and training programs.

Combined focal myoclonus and dystonia secondary to a cerebellar hemorrhage: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Myoclonus is a clinical sign characterized by sudden, brief jerky, shock-like involuntary movements of a muscle or group of muscles. Dystonia is defined as a syndrome of sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Cases of myoclonus or dystonia secondary to a structural lesion in the cerebellum have been reported. However, there has never been a reported case of combined myoclonus and dystonia secondary to a cerebellar lesion. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we report a 22-year-old female patient with sudden-onset myoclonic jerks, dystonic posture and mild ataxia in the right upper extremity. At age 19, she experienced sudden headache with vomiting. The neurological examination showed ataxia, myoclonus and dystonia in the right upper extremity. Brain images demonstrated a hemorrhage in the right cerebellar hemisphere secondary to a cavernous malformation. After resection of the hemorrhagic mass, headache with vomiting disappeared and ataxia improved, but myoclonus and dystonia persisted. CONCLUSIONS: It is the first report of combined focal myoclonus and dystonia secondary to a cerebellar lesion.

Angiotensin II Modulates p130Cas of Podocytes by the Suppression of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase.

Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces the pathological process of vascular structures, including renal glomeruli by hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic direct effects. In kidneys, Ang II plays an important role in the development of proteinuria by the modification of podocyte molecules. We have previously found that Ang II suppressed podocyte AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) via Ang II type 1 receptor and MAPK signaling pathway. In the present study, we investigated the roles of AMPK on the changes of p130Cas of podocyte by Ang II. We cultured mouse podocytes and treated them with various concentrations of Ang II and AMPK-modulating agents and analyzed the changes of p130Cas by confocal imaging and western blotting. In immunofluorescence study, Ang II decreased the intensity of p130Cas and changed its localization from peripheral cytoplasm into peri-nuclear areas in a concentrated pattern in podocytes. Ang II also reduced the amount of p130Cas in time and dose-sensitive manners. AMPK activators, metformin and AICAR, restored the suppressed and mal-localized p130Cas significantly, whereas, compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, further aggravated the changes of p130Cas. Losartan, an Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist, recovered the abnormal changes of p130Cas suppressed by Ang II. These results suggest that Ang II induces the relocalization and suppression of podocyte p130Cas by the suppression of AMPK via Ang II type 1 receptor, which would contribute to Ang II-induced podocyte injury.

DISTRIBUTION OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA SEROGROUPS ISOLATED FROM WATER SYSTEMS OF PUBLIC FACILITIES IN BUSAN, SOUTH KOREA.

Legionella pneumophila is the major causes of legionellosis worldwide. The distribution of L. pneumophila was investigated in water systems of public facilities in Busan, South Korea during 2007 and 2013-2014. L. pneumophila was isolated from 8.3% of 3,055 samples, of which the highest isolation rate (49%) was from ships and the lowest 4% from fountains. Serogroups of L. pneumophila isolated in 2007 were distributed among serogroups (sgs) 1-7 with the exception of sg 4, while those of isolates during 2013 and 2014 included also 11 sgs ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15). L. pneumophila sg 1 was predominated among isolates from fountains (75%), hotels (60%), buildings (44%), hospitals (38%), and public baths (37%), whereas sg 3 and sg 7 was the most prevalent from ships (46%) and factories (40%), respectively. The predominated serogroup of L. pneumophila isolates from hot and cooling tower water was sg 1 (35% and 46%, respectively), while from cold water was sg 3 (29%). These results should be useful for epidemiological surveys to identify sources of outbreaks of legionellosis in Busan, South Korea.

The hsSsu72 phosphatase is a cohesin-binding protein that regulates the resolution of sister chromatid arm cohesion.

Cohesin is a multiprotein complex that establishes sister chromatid cohesion from S phase until mitosis or meiosis. In vertebrates, sister chromatid cohesion is dissolved in a stepwise manner: most cohesins are removed from the chromosome arms via a process that requires polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), aurora B and Wapl, whereas a minor amount of cohesin, found preferentially at the centromere, is cleaved by separase following its activation by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. Here, we report that our budding yeast two-hybrid assay identified hsSsu72 phosphatase as a Rad21-binding protein. Additional experiments revealed that Ssu72 directly interacts with Rad21 and SA2 in vitro and in vivo, and associates with sister chromatids in human cells. Interestingly, depletion or mutational inactivation of Ssu72 phosphatase activity caused the premature resolution of sister chromatid arm cohesion, whereas the overexpression of Ssu72 yielded high resistance to this resolution. Interestingly, it appears that Ssu72 regulates the cohesion of chromosome arms but not centromeres, and acts by counteracting the phosphorylation of SA2. Thus, our study provides important new evidence, suggesting that Ssu72 is a novel cohesin-binding protein capable of regulating cohesion between sister chromatid arms.

Angiotensin II suppresses adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase of podocytes via angiotensin II type 1 receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.

BACKGROUND: Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as a sensor of cellular energy status, has been known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its complications. As AMPK is also expressed in podocytes, it is possible that podocyte AMPK would be an important contributing factor in the development of diabetic proteinuria. We investigated the roles of AMPK in the pathological changes of podocytes induced by angiotensin II (Ang II), a major injury inducer in diabetic proteinuria. METHODS: Mouse podocytes were incubated in media containing various concentrations of Ang II and AMPK-modulating agents. The changes of AMPKα were analyzed by confocal imaging and Western blotting in response to Ang II. RESULTS: Ang II changed the localization of AMPKα from peripheral cytoplasm into internal cytoplasm and peri- and intranuclear areas in podocytes. Ang II also reduced AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation in time- and dose-sensitive manners. In particular, 10(-7 )M Ang II reduced phospho-AMPKα significantly and continuously at 6, 24, and 48 h. AMPK activators, metformin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1ß-riboside, restored the suppressed AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation. Losartan, an Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist, also recovered the suppression and the mal-localization of AMPKα, which were induced by Ang II. PD98059, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor, also restored the AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation suppressed by Ang II. CONCLUSION: We suggest that Ang II induces the relocation and suppression of podocyte AMPKα via Ang II type 1 receptor and MAPK signaling pathway, which would be an important mechanism in Ang II-induced podocyte injury.

Association between Loneliness and Memory Function through White Matter Hyperintensities in Older Adults: The Moderating Role of Gender.

Loneliness has an important impact on memory function in late life. However, the neural mechanism by which loneliness detrimentally influences memory function remains elusive. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the association between loneliness and memory function varies by gender. The current study aimed to investigate the neural mechanism underlying the association between loneliness and episodic memory function and explore whether it varies with gender among cognitively normal older adults. A total of 173 community-dwelling adults aged 60 years or older from the Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (KSHAP) study (mean age = 71.87) underwent an assessment of loneliness, neuropsychological testing, and structural magnetic resonance imaging. The association between loneliness and episodic memory function was mediated by the volume of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), but not by hippocampal or gray matter volumes. In addition, the association between loneliness and memory function through WMHs was significantly moderated by gender; specifically, the indirect effect was significant among men but not among women. The study suggests that WMHs may be a potential neurological mechanism that causes late-life memory dysfunction associated with loneliness in older men. The findings underscore the need for gender-specific interventions to mitigate memory impairment associated with late-life loneliness, with significant public health implications.

Validation of the AOAC method for analyzing fatty acids in meat by-products for the Korean Food Composition Database.

The constituents of meat and meat by-product are susceptible to degradation processes, especially, the control of oxidative processes is critical. The main factors that influence their lipid oxidation are fat content and fatty acid composition. The aim of this study was to validate AOAC method 996.06 for analysis of fatty acid in meat by-products and to provide their accurate, precise, and reliable information in the Korean Food Composition Database. A total of 19 fatty acids were identified. The head, small intestine, stomach, and heart of pigs and the feet of chickens contained higher contents of total fatty acids, whereas the blood of cow had the lowest content. In particular, meat by-products other than the liver, blood, and stomach of cows and the stomach and small intestine of pigs contained higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids. Their main fatty acids were oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and stearic acid. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-022-01223-8.

Epidemiology of demographic, clinical characteristics and hospital course of patients with spinal cord injury associated with vertebral fracture in a large private health care system in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the demographics, clinical characteristics, hospital course, and factors associated with outcomes in patients with spinal cord injury associated with vertebral fracture (SCI-VF). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of data collected from electronic health record. SETTING: A large for-profit United States health care system. PARTICIPANTS: 2219 inpatients with SCI-VF between 2014 and 2020 identified using International Classification of Disease codes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: : In-hospital mortality, and disposition (home vs. no-home discharge) after hospitalization. RESULTS: The mean age of patients admitted with a diagnosis of SCI-VF was 54.80 ± 20.85 years with 68.27% identified as male. The cervical spine was the most prevalent site of fracture, displaced vertebral fracture was the most common radiographic diagnosis, and the majority of injuries were classified as incomplete. 836 (37.67% of all 2219) patients were discharged home and had a shorter length of stay (7.56 ± 13.58 days) when compared to the average of the total study population (11.56 ± 19.2 days). The most common hospital-acquired complication (HAC) was falls (n = 259, 11.67%). Characteristics associated with in-hospital mortality in the 96 patients (6.94% of 1,383 patients with no-home discharge) included initial respiratory failure, ICU stay, increased medical comorbidity index value, insulin use, and presence of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal HACs. CONCLUSIONS: A large observational study of patients with SCI-VF can add to the knowledge of SCI characteristics in the U.S. population. Recognizing the common hospital-acquired conditions and clinical characteristics associated with increased in-hospital mortality can be helpful to improve the care of patients with SCI-VF.

The Use of Metaverse in Nursing Education: An Umbrella Review.

BACKGROUND: Given the wide range of metaverse technologies, there is a need to synthesize evidence of metaverse pedagogy used effectively for nursing education. PURPOSE: This umbrella review synthesized systematic reviews on the use of metaverse in nursing education. METHODS: A search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Education Full Text. This umbrella review was conducted with reference to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewer's Manual and reported using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Systematic Review was used to assess the quality of studies. RESULTS: The final review comprised 15 articles published between 2013 and 2021, most of which indicate that metaverse interventions support increased knowledge, self-confidence, engagement, satisfaction, and performance in nursing students. Several articles in this review presented mixed findings related to certain learning outcomes. CONCLUSION: This umbrella review supports the viability and effectiveness of metaverse in nursing education.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated encephalitis after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a case report and retrospective case reviews.

Several cases of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated encephalitis have been reported after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this case, the patient presented with focal status epilepticus with impaired awareness, auditory hallucinations, and incoherent speech after COVID-19. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed no specific findings. Cerebrospinal fluid results showed pleocytosis and MOG antibody testing confirmed anti-MOG antibody with live cell-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay. The patient was diagnosed with MOG antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis and treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab, and tocilizumab. This case occurred presumably due to auto-antibody production following COVID-19.