COVID-19 and Public Masking Compliance in Korea: We-ness and Individualism-Collectivism at the Individual Level.

In Korea, mask-wearing behavior (MWB) has become the "new normal" to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This study aimed to explore the cultural factors affecting MWB in Korea and identify the health value of culture hidden behind the collective preventive actions of Koreans through etic (external, general) and emic (internal, indigenous) cultural approaches. We conducted a survey (N = 720) to measure MWB perception based on its necessity and actual MWB, with an individual-level analysis of vertical and horizontal collectivism-individualism and we-ness. The results indicated that horizontal individualism, vertical collectivism, cognitive we-ness, and affective we-ness positively influenced MWB perception, whereas vertical individualism negatively influenced the dependent variable. Our results contradict previous understandings of collective action as rooted in collectivism, and suggest that horizontal individualism with civic consciousness and we-ness are needed to develop culturally appropriate communication strategies that encourage collective cooperation and response.

Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of Nanosized Al2O3 Reinforced Al6061 Composites.

The hot deformation behavior of Al6061/Nano-Al2O3 composites were investigated at temperatures of 300 to 500 °C and strain rates of 0.001∼1/s using compression tests. The composite fabricated by the infiltration method consisted of an Al matrix and Al2O3 particles with a mean size of 200 nm. Interestingly, the true stress-true strain curves under all compressive conditions showed a peak stress at the initial stages of deformation, in which the peak stress increased with decreasing temperature and faster strain rate. The Z parameter, which is known as the temperature-compensated strain rate showed a linear relationship with the flow stress. The hot deformation mechanism is believed to occur through dynamic recrystallization, where fine equiaxed grains and dislocations were observed at the deformed specimens. A processing map was applied to evaluate the hot workability and flow instability region to determine the optimal deformation conditions of the composite.

Fabrication and Characterization of Ti and TiO2 Nanoparticles by Pulsed Wire Evaporation and Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Ti and TiO2 nano-sized particles were fabricated by pulsed wire evaporation (PWE) and characterized. The differences in the size and shape distribution according to the charging voltage, V0 (2.8 to 6.5 kV), were investigated. From the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, a new phase of face-centered cubic Ti nanoparticles was observed. Electron-energy loss spectroscopy coupled with high-resolution TEM revealed three phases in TiO2 nanoparticles: anatase, rutile, and brookite. PWE methods and these observations highlight the potential of developing novel nanoparticles with unprecedented structures and/or properties.

Real-Space Observation of Short-Period Cubic Lattice of Skyrmions in MnGe.

Three-dimensional forms of skyrmion aggregate, such as a cubic lattice of skyrmions, are anticipated to exist, yet their direct observations remain elusive. Here, we report real-space observations of spin configurations of the skyrmion-antiskyrmion cubic-lattice in MnGe with a very short period (∼3 nm) and hence endowed with the largest skyrmion number density. The skyrmion lattices parallel to the {100} atomic lattices are directly observed using high-resolution Lorentz transmission electron microscopes, simultaneously with underlying atomic-lattice fringes.

Electron holographic visualization of collective motion of electrons through electric field variation.

This study demonstrates the accumulation of electron-induced secondary electrons by utilizing a simple geometrical configuration of two branches of a charged insulating biomaterial. The collective motion of these secondary electrons between the branches has been visualized by analyzing the reconstructed amplitude images obtained using in situ electron holography. In order to understand the collective motion of secondary electrons, the trajectories of these electrons around the branches have also been simulated by taking into account the electric field around the charged branches on the basis of Maxwell's equations.

Real-space observation of skyrmion lattice in helimagnet MnSi thin samples.

Observing and characterizing the spin distributions on a nanometer scale are of vital importance for understanding nanomagnetism and its application to spintronics. The magnetic structure in MnSi thin samples prepared from a bulk, which undergoes a transition from a helix to a skyrmion lattice, was investigated by in situ observation using Lorentz microscopy. Stripe domains were observed at zero applied field below 22.5 K. A skyrmion lattice with 6-fold symmetry in real space appeared when a field of 0.18 T was applied normal to the film plane. The lattice constant was estimated to be 18 nm, almost identical to the helical period. In comparison with the marginally stable skyrmion phase in a bulk sample, the skyrmion phase was stable over a wide range of temperatures and magnetic fields in the thin samples.

Message frame and health literacy: Strategies to improve adherence to antihypertensive medications.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and prehypertension is prevalent in about half of the total world population. Experts recommend comprehensive medical treatment for people with underlying diseases or at risk for metabolic syndrome. However, previous studies have found that approximately half of all patients with hypertension stopped taking antihypertensive medication within a year, and this phenomenon was closely related to the low perceived benefit and outcome expectation of taking behavior. OBJECTIVES: As the initial perception of medication is greatly influenced by the medication message, this study explored the effect of the gain-loss framing of the message of adherence to antihypertensives. Furthermore, the study analyzed the interaction between health literacy and involvement, which is a characteristic of the message recipient, and the message frame and examined how the message strategy should differ according to individual factors. METHODS: The quasi-experiment via an online survey was conducted from August 9 to 11, 2021. Participants who had the potential for hypertension but had not yet been diagnosed were selected through screening questions. A total of 1200 participants were randomly assigned to each frame group. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, analysis of covariance for analysis of main effects and interaction effects between variables, and Bonferroni post-hoc for multiple analyses. RESULTS: Regarding medical adherence intention, the frame did not show a main effect, whereas individual factors showed a main effect. An interaction effect of frame and individual factors were found. Specifically, in the group with low health literacy or low involvement, a significant gain frame advantage effect was observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study verified the relationship between medication messages and behavior and provides insight into tailoring messages to antihypertensive adherence; it found that individuals' health literacy and involvement must be considered in health communication message strategies.

Do Magnets Have the Potential to Serve as a Stabilizer for the Shoulder Joint in Massive Rotator Cuff Tears?: A Biomechanical Cadaveric Study.

Background: Disruption of the rotator cuff muscles compromises concavity compression force, which leads to superior migration of the humeral head and loss of stability. A novel idea of using the magnetic force to achieve shoulder stabilization in massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs) was considered because the magnets can stabilize two separate entities with an attraction force. This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical effect of the magnetic force on shoulder stabilization in MRCTs. Methods: Seven fresh frozen cadaveric specimens were used with a customized shoulder testing system. Three testing conditions were set up: condition 1, intact rotator cuff without magnets; condition 2, an MRCT without magnets; condition 3, an MRCT with magnets. For each condition, anterior-posterior translation, superior translation, superior migration, and subacromial contact pressure were measured at 0°, 30°, and 60° of abduction. The abduction capability of condition 2 was compared with that of condition 3. Results: The anterior-posterior and superior translations increased in condition 2; however, they decreased compared to condition 2 when the magnets were applied (condition 3) in multiple test positions and loadings (p < 0.05). Abduction capability improved significantly in condition 3 compared with that in condition 2, even for less deltoid loading (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The magnet biomechanically played a positive role in stabilizing the shoulder joint and enabled abduction with less deltoid force in MRCTs. However, to ensure that the magnet is clinically applicable as a stabilizer for the shoulder joint, it is necessary to thoroughly verify its safety in the human body and to conduct further research on technical challenges.

Nanoscale magnetic characterization of tunneling magnetoresistance spin valve head by electron holography.

Nanostructured magnetic materials play an important role in increasing miniaturized devices. For the studies of their magnetic properties and behaviors, nanoscale imaging of magnetic field is indispensible. Here, using electron holography, the magnetization distribution of a TMR spin valve head of commercial design is investigated without and with a magnetic field applied. Characterized is the magnetic flux distribution in complex hetero-nanostructures by averaging the phase images and separating their component magnetic vectors and electric potentials. The magnetic flux densities of the NiFe (shield and 5 nm-free layers) and the CoPt (20 nm-bias layer) are estimated to be 1.0 T and 0.9 T, respectively. The changes in the magnetization distribution of the shield, bias, and free layers are visualized in situ for an applied field of 14 kOe. This study demonstrates the promise of electron holography for characterizing the magnetic properties of hetero-interfaces, nanostructures, and catalysts.

Nanomusical systems visualized and controlled in 4D electron microscopy.

Nanomusical systems, nanoharp and nanopiano, fabricated as arrays of cantilevers by focused ion beam milling of a layered Ni/Ti/Si(3)N(4) thin film, have been investigated in 4D electron microscopy. With the imaging and selective femtosecond and nanosecond control combinations, full characterization of the amplitude and phase of the resonant response of a particular cantilever relative to the optical pulse train was possible. Using a high repetition rate, low energy optical pulse train for selective, resonant excitation, coupled with pulsed and steady-state electron imaging for visualization in space and time, both the amplitude on the nanoscale and resonance of motion on the megahertz scale were resolved for these systems. Tilting of the specimen allowed in-plane and out-of-plane cantilever bending and cantilever torsional motions to be identified in stroboscopic measurements of impulsively induced free vibration. Finally, the transient, as opposed to steady state, thermostat effect was observed for the layered nanocantilevers, with a sufficiently sensitive response to demonstrate suitability for in situ use in thin-film temperature measurements requiring resolutions of <10 K and 10 µm on time scales here mechanically limited to microseconds and potentially at shorter times.

Microstructure analysis of 8 µm electrolytic Cu foil in plane view using EBSD and TEM.

With the lightening of the mobile devices, thinning of electrolytic copper foil, which is mainly used as an anode collection of lithium secondary batteries, is needed. As the copper foil becomes ultrathin, mechanical properties such as deterioration of elongation rate and tear phenomenon are occurring, which is closely related to microstructure. However, there is a problem that it is not easy to prepare and observe specimens in the analysis of the microstructure of ultrathin copper foil. In this study, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) specimens were fabricated using only mechanical polishing to analyze the microstructure of 8 µm thick electrolytic copper foil in plane view. In addition, EBSD maps and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were compared and analyzed to find the optimal cleanup technique for properly correcting errors in EBSD maps.

4D visualization of embryonic, structural crystallization by single-pulse microscopy.

In many physical and biological systems the transition from an amorphous to ordered native structure involves complex energy landscapes, and understanding such transformations requires not only their thermodynamics but also the structural dynamics during the process. Here, we extend our 4D visualization method with electron imaging to include the study of irreversible processes with a single pulse in the same ultrafast electron microscope (UEM) as used before in the single-electron mode for the study of reversible processes. With this augmentation, we report on the transformation of amorphous to crystalline structure with silicon as an example. A single heating pulse was used to initiate crystallization from the amorphous phase while a single packet of electrons imaged selectively in space the transformation as the structure continuously changes with time. From the evolution of crystallinity in real time and the changes in morphology, for nanosecond and femtosecond pulse heating, we describe two types of processes, one that occurs at early time and involves a nondiffusive motion and another that takes place on a longer time scale. Similar mechanisms of two distinct time scales may perhaps be important in biomolecular folding.

4D Lorentz electron microscopy imaging: magnetic domain wall nucleation, reversal, and wave velocity.

Magnetization reversal is an important topic of research in the fields of both basic and applied ferromagnetism. For the study of magnetization reversal dynamics and magnetic domain wall (DW) motion in ferromagnetic thin films, imaging techniques are indispensable. Here, we report 4D imaging of DWs by the out-of-focus Fresnel method in Lorentz ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), with in situ spatial and temporal resolutions. The temporal change in magnetization, as revealed by changes in image contrast, is clocked using an impulsive optical field to produce structural deformation of the specimen, thus modulating magnetic field components in the specimen plane. Directly visualized are DW nucleation and subsequent annihilation and oscillatory reappearance (periods of 32 and 45 ns) in nickel films on two different substrates. For the case of Ni films on a Ti/Si(3)N(4) substrate, under conditions of minimum residual external magnetic field, the oscillation is associated with a unique traveling wave train of periodic magnetization reversal. The velocity of DW propagation in this wave train is measured to be 172 m/s with a wavelength of 7.8 microm. The success of this study demonstrates the promise of Lorentz UEM for real-space imaging of spin switching, ferromagnetic resonance, and laser-induced demagnetization in ferromagnetic nanostructures.

Nonchaotic nonlinear motion visualized in complex nanostructures by stereographic 4D electron microscopy.

Direct electron imaging with sufficient time resolution is a powerful tool for visualizing the three-dimensional (3D) mechanical motion and resolving the four-dimensional (4D) trajectories of many different components of a nanomachine, e.g., a NEMS device. Here, we report a nanoscale nonchaotic motion of a nano- and microstructured NiTi shape memory alloy in 4D electron microscopy. A huge amplitude oscillatory mechanical motion following laser heating is observed repetitively, likened to a 3D motion of a conductor's baton. By time-resolved 4D stereographic reconstruction of the motion, prominent vibrational frequencies (3.0, 3.8, 6.8, and 14.5 MHz) are fully characterized, showing evidence of nonlinear behavior. Moreover, it is found that a stress (fluence)--strain (displacement) profile shows nonlinear elasticity. The observed resonances of the nanostructure are reminiscent of classical molecular quasi-periodic behavior, but here both the amplitude and frequency of the motion are visualized using ultrafast electron microscopy.

Direct observation of martensitic phase-transformation dynamics in iron by 4D single-pulse electron microscopy.

The in situ martensitic phase transformation of iron, a complex solid-state transition involving collective atomic displacement and interface movement, is studied in real time by means of four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy. The iron nanofilm specimen is heated at a maximum rate of approximately 10(11) K/s by a single heating pulse, and the evolution of the phase transformation from body-centered cubic to face-centered cubic crystal structure is followed by means of single-pulse, selected-area diffraction and real-space imaging. Two distinct components are revealed in the evolution of the crystal structure. The first, on the nanosecond time scale, is a direct martensitic transformation, which proceeds in regions heated into the temperature range of stability of the fcc phase, 1185-1667 K. The second, on the microsecond time scale, represents an indirect process for the hottest central zone of laser heating, where the temperature is initially above 1667 K and cooling is the rate-determining step. The mechanism of the direct transformation involves two steps, that of (barrier-crossing) nucleation on the reported nanosecond time scale, followed by a rapid grain growth typically in approximately 100 ps for 10 nm crystallites.

Measurement of electric potential distributions around FEG-emitters by electron holography.

An evaluation technique for field emission guns (FEG-emitters) was established by using electron holography. For performing electron holography under an applied voltage, a specimen holder with the capabilities of three-directional motion as well as voltage application was developed. An unused Schottky emitter and a used emitter that had failed after operating for about 10,000 h were selected for this study. By visualizing the electric potential distributions around the emitters, it was clarified that a change in the edge shape of the emitter led to the change in the strength of the electric field. The observations revealed that electron holography can be applied to evaluate the performances of the various emitters.

Advanced Electron Holography Applied to Electromagnetic Field Study in Materials Science.

Advances and applications of electron holography to the study of electromagnetic fields in various functional materials are presented. In particular, the development of split-illumination electron holography, which introduces a biprism in the illumination system of a holography electron microscope, enables highly accurate observations of electromagnetic fields and the expansion of the observable area. First, the charge distributions on insulating materials were studied by using split-illumination electron holography and including a mask in the illumination system. Second, the three-dimensional spin configurations of skyrmion lattices in a helimagnet were visualized by using a high-voltage holography electron microscope. Third, the pinning of the magnetic flux lines in a high-temperature superconductor YBa2 Cu3 O7-y was analyzed by combining electron holography and scanning ion microscopy. Finally, the dynamic accumulation and collective motions of electrons around insulating biomaterial surfaces were observed by utilizing the amplitude reconstruction processes of electron holography.

The effect of parasocial interaction on intention to register as organ donors through entertainment-education programs in Korea.

This study is based on the theory of reasoned action and self-efficacy, and it examines the mediating role of attitude, subjective norm, and self-efficacy between parasocial interaction and the intention to donate organs. Judgment sampling was used and 329 respondents were participated in the survey. Participants consisted of 102 males (30.9%) and 227 females (69.1%), and their ages ranged from 13 to 77 years. The Cronbach's α for each scale was .81 for parasocial interaction scale (M = 3.01, SD = 0.55), .89 for attitude scale (M = 4.28, SD = 0.55), .89 for subjective norm (M = 4.28, SD = 0.55), and .76 for self-efficacy (M = 3.31, SD = 0.89). The level of parasocial interaction was found to be significantly associated with attitude and subjective norms that predicted intention to register as organ donors. Although the mediating effect of self-efficacy between parasocial interaction and intention has been proven, self-efficacy showed a conflicting result in the process of model testing in that the level of parasocial interaction affected the degree of subjective norms, which in turn influenced intention by enhancing self-efficacy. The results indicate that parasocial interaction has an indirect effect on intention to register as organ donors through attitude and subjective norms. It is expected that this finding contributes to developing a number of strategies to encourage people's intention to register as organ donors.

Case study: public consensus building on the Internet.

Many groups or organizations advocating different special interests or policies now promote and conduct grassroots movements online through their own web sites. On the basic assumption that collective activities on the Internet are another form of social phenomenon, the process of public consensus-building on the Internet, and the ways in which various functions available on the Internet were strategically used to facilitate the public's involvement and participation were examined. The Frame Alignment Process was adopted as a conceptual framework for this study. Based on this framework, four related but not identical processes--"frame bridging," "frame amplification," "frame extension," and "frame transformation"--were elaborated, and various functions on the Internet facilitating this frame alignment process were examined. The Electronic Frontier Foundation's successful online campaign to prevent the passage of the Communication Decency Act of 1996 was chosen as a real-world case to elaborate a frame alignment process and the effective use of various functions on the Internet.

Menopause Knowledge, Attitude, Symptom and Management among Midlife Employed Women.

OBJECTIVES: Midlife women's knowledge, positive attitudes and management toward menopause may improve the quality of peri and post-menopause life. This study was to identify correlations of the knowledge, attitude, symptoms and management toward menopause in middle-aged women. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional questionnaire study applying to 231 perimenopausal and menopausal women aged from 40 to 59 years old. The completed data of 189 perimenopausal and menopausal women were analyzed through t-test, ANOVA and pearson's correlation coefficient using the SPSS statistical programme. RESULTS: The menopausal women showed significantly higher physical symptoms than perimenopausal women. The menopausal women showed significantly higher psychosomatic symptom than perimenopausal women. There was a significant correlation between the menopausal attitude and management. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the fundamental data of developing midlife women's symptom index (MSI) and providing menopause management could be a strategy to encourage successful menopausal transition in middle-aged women.