Coronary Artery Occlusion with Sharp Blood Pressure Drop during General Anesthesia Induction: A Case Report.

Most anesthetics reduce cardiac functions and lower blood pressure (BP), potentially causing excessive BP reduction in dehydrated patients or those with heart conditions, such as coronary artery disease (CAD). Considering the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease with age, anesthesiologists must be cautious about BP reduction during general anesthesia in older adults. In the present case, a 76-year-old male patient with undiagnosed CAD in a hypovolemic state experienced a significant drop in systolic BP to the fifties during propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia. Despite the use of vasopressors, excessive hypotension persisted, leading to anesthesia suspension. Subsequent cardiac examinations, including computed tomography heart angio and calcium score, and coronary angiogram, revealed a near total occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (pLAD) and the formation of collateral circulation. After 5 days of hydration and anticoagulation medications and confirmation of normovolemic state, general anesthesia was attempted again and successfully induced; a normal BP was maintained throughout the surgery. Thus, it is important to conduct a thorough cardiac evaluation and maintain normovolemia for general anesthesia in older adults.

An antioxidant and anti-ER stress combo therapy decreases inflammation, secondary brain damage and promotes neurological recovery following traumatic brain injury in mice.

The complex pathophysiology of post-traumatic brain damage might need a polypharmacological strategy with a combination of drugs that target multiple, synergistic mechanisms. We currently tested a combination of apocynin (curtails formation of reactive oxygen species; ROS), tert-butylhydroquinone (promotes disposal of ROS), and salubrinal (prevents endoplasmic reticulum stress) following a moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by controlled cortical impact in adult mice. Adult mice of both sexes treated with the above tri-combo showed alleviated motor and cognitive deficits, attenuated secondary lesion volume, and decreased oxidative DNA damage. Concomitantly, tri-combo treatment regulated post-TBI inflammatory response by decreasing the infiltration of T cells and neutrophils and activation of microglia in both sexes. Interestingly, sexual dimorphism was seen in the case of TBI-induced microgliosis and infiltration of macrophages in the tri-combo treated mice. Moreover, the tri-combo treatment prevented TBI-induced white matter volume loss in both sexes. The beneficial effects of tri-combo treatment were long-lasting and were also seen in aged mice. Thus, the present study supports the tri-combo treatment to curtail oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress concomitantly as a therapeutic strategy to improve TBI outcomes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOf the several mechanisms that contribute to TBI pathophysiology, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation play a major role. The present study shows the therapeutic potential of a combination of apocynin, tert-butylhydroquinone, and salubrinal to prevent oxidative stress and ER stress and the interrelated inflammatory response in mice subjected to TBI. The beneficial effects of the tri-combo include alleviation of TBI-induced motor and cognitive deficits and lesion volume. The neuroprotective effects of the tri-combo are also linked to its ability to prevent TBI-induced white matter damage. Importantly, neuroprotection by the tri-combo treatment was observed to be not dependent on sex or age. Our data demonstrate that a polypharmacological strategy is efficacious after TBI.

A Single-Scan Ultraselective Heteronuclear Polarization Transfer Method for Unambiguous Complex Structure Assignment.

Complex nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals of organic compounds containing multiple analogous substructures or mixtures pose a significant challenge to structural identification, thus resulting in frequent misassignment of structures. The GEMSTONE method, a single-scan technique that selectively excites a specific proton signal among the crowded NMR signals, was recently proposed as a solution. However, its extension to the polarization transfer method for heteronuclear spin systems was unsuccessful. Herein, we present an extension method that addresses the altered heteronuclear polarization transfer efficiency and enables the acquisition of ultraselective 13 C and 1 H-13 C correlation NMR subspectra with hertz-level signal selectivity in both dimensions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in the structural analysis of a chromopeptide pharmaceutical and a diastereomeric mixture of a fungicide.

Discovery and Photoisomerization of New Pyrrolosesquiterpenoids Glaciapyrroles D and E, from Deep-Sea Sediment Streptomyces sp.

Two new pyrrolosesquiterpenes, glaciapyrroles D (1) and E (2) were discovered along with the previously reported glaciapyrrole A (3) from Streptomyces sp. GGS53 strain isolated from deep-sea sediment. This study elucidated the planar structures of 1 and 2 using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), ultraviolet (UV), and infrared (IR) spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of the glaciapyrroles were determined by Mosher's method, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Under 366 nm UV irradiation, the glaciapyrroles were systematically converted to the corresponding photoglaciapyrroles (4-6) via photoisomerization, resulting in the diversification of the glaciapyrrole family compounds. The transformation of the glaciapyrrole Z to E isomers occurred in a 1:1 ratio, based on virtual validation of the photoisomerization of these olefinic compounds by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. Finally, when encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, glaciapyrrole E and photoglaciapyrrole E displayed significant inhibitory activity against influenza A virus. This is the first report of antiviral effects from glaciapyrrole family compounds, whose biological functions have only been subjected to limited studies so far.

Neuroprotective effects of 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells.

The neuroprotective activity of 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone (compound 1) was evaluated using the neurotoxicity of glutamate in the HT22 cell line. Compound 1, known as a signal molecule of the bacterial quorum-sensing system, protects neuronal cells from glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting cellular Ca2+ uptake and glutamate-triggered ROS accumulation. MAPK signaling pathway inhibition by compound 1 was evaluated by immunoblotting the phosphorylation status of the proteins. Furthermore, pro-apoptotic protein levels and AIF translocation to the nucleus were found to be reduced by compound 1. In conclusion, compound 1 showed neuroprotective effects by inhibiting apoptotic neuronal cell death.

Active Control of Irreversible Faradic Reactions to Enhance the Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis for Energy Production from Salinity Gradients.

Irreversible faradic reactions in reverse electrodialysis (RED) are an emerging concern for scale-up, reducing the overall performance of RED and producing environmentally harmful chemical species. Capacitive RED (CRED) has the potential to generate electricity without the necessity of irreversible faradic reactions. However, there is a critical knowledge gap in the fundamental understanding of the effects of operational stack voltages of CRED on irreversible faradic reactions and the performance of CRED. This study aims to develop an active control strategy to avoid irreversible faradic reactions and pH change in CRED, focusing on the effects of a stack voltage (0.9-5.0 V) on irreversible faradic reactions and power generation. Results show that increasing the initial output voltage of CRED by increasing a stack voltage has an insignificant impact on irreversible faradic reactions, regardless of the stack voltage applied, but a cutoff output voltage of CRED is mainly responsible for controlling irreversible faradic reactions. The CRED system with eliminating irreversible faradic reactions achieved a maximum power density (1.6 W m-2) from synthetic seawater (0.513 M NaCl) and freshwater (0.004 M NaCl). This work suggests that the control of irreversible faradic reactions in CRED can provide stable power generation using salinity gradients in large-scale operations.

Tropolone-Bearing Sesquiterpenes from Juniperus chinensis: Structures, Photochemistry and Bioactivity.

The tropolone-bearing sesquiterpenes juniperone A (1) and norjuniperone A (2) were isolated from the folk medicinal plant Juniperus chinensis, and their structures were determined by a combination of spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. Photojuniperones A1 (3) and A2 (4), bearing bicyclo[3,2,0]heptadienones derived from tropolone, were photochemically produced and structurally identified by spectroscopic methods. Predicted by the machine learning-based assay, 1 significantly inhibited the action of tyrosinase. The new compounds also inhibited lipid accumulation and enhanced the extracellular glycerol excretion.

Phenolic constituents isolated from Senna tora sprouts and their neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 and R28 cells.

The consumption of sprouts has been steadily increasing due to their being an excellent source of nutrition. It is known that the bioactive constituents of legumes can be increased after germination. In this study, the extract from Senna tora sprouts is shown to exhibit improved radical scavenging activities and better neuroprotective effects in HT22 hippocampal neuronal (HT22) and R28 retina precursor (R28) cells than those from seeds due to an increased content of phenolic constituents, especially compounds 1 and 3-6. A phytochemical investigation of S. tora sprouts resulted in the isolation of two new naphthopyrone glycosides (1-2) with 27 previously reported compounds. Their structures were determined via interpreting spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 3-6 were found to possess radical scavenging activities and neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress in both neuronal cells. Hence, Senna tora sprouts and their constituents may be developed as natural neuroprotective agents via antioxidative effects.

Modified Reflux Scintigraphy Detects Pulmonary Microaspiration in Severe Gastro-Esophageal and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Previously described methodologies for detecting laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) have limitations. Symptoms alone are non-diagnostic, and pH-impedance studies have poor sensitivity. Pulmonary micro-aspiration is under-recognised in LPR and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). The present study aimed to describe the results of a modified technique for scintigraphic reflux studies in two groups with severe reflux: those with typical reflux symptoms and those with laryngopharyngeal manifestations of reflux. METHODS: A prospective database of severely symptomatic, treatment-resistant reflux patients was grouped based upon predominant symptom profile of typical GERD or LPR. All patients underwent reflux scintigraphy. Results were obtained for early scintigraphic reflux contamination of the pharynx and proximal esophagus, and delayed contamination of the pharynx and lungs after 2 h. RESULTS: 187 patients were studied (82 GERD, 105 LPR). The LPR patients were predominantly female (70.5% vs. 56.1%; p = 0.042) and older than the GERD group (median age 60 years vs. 55.5 years; p = 0.002). Early scintigraphic reflux was seen at the pharynx in 89.2% (GERD 87.7%, LPR 90.4%; p = 0.133), and at the proximal esophagus in 89.7% (GERD 88.9%, LPR 90.4%; p = 0.147). Delayed contamination of the pharynx was seen in 95.2% (GERD 93.9%, LPR 96.2%; p = 0.468). Delayed pulmonary aspiration was seen in 46% (GERD 36.6%, LPR 53.3%; p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: Reflux scintigraphy demonstrated a high rate of reflux-related pulmonary aspiration. Contamination of the proximal esophagus and pharynx was observed frequently in both groups of severe disease. The likelihood of pulmonary aspiration and potential pulmonary disease needs to be entertained in severe GERD and LPR.

A new diagnostic paradigm for laryngopharyngeal reflux disease: correlation of impedance-pH monitoring and digital reflux scintigraphy results.

PURPOSE: No gold-standard investigation exists for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII)-pH testing has uncertain utility in LPR. Meanwhile, reflux scintigraphy allows immediate and delayed visualisation of tracer reflux in the esophagus, pharynx, and lungs. The present study aimed to correlate MII-pH and scintigraphic reflux results in patients with primary LPR. METHODS: Consecutive patients with LPR underwent MII-pH and scintigraphic reflux studies. Abnormal values for MII-pH results were defined from existing literature. MII-pH and scintigraphic data were correlated. RESULTS: 105 patients with LPR [31 males (29.5%), median age 60 years (range 20-87)] were studied. Immediate scintigraphic reflux was seen in the pharynx in 94 (90.4%), and in the proximal esophagus in 94 (90.4%). Delayed scintigraphic contamination of the pharynx was seen in 101 patients (96.2%) and in the lungs of 56 patients (53.3%). For MII-pH, abnormally frequent reflux was seen in the distal esophagus in 12.4%, proximal esophagus in 25.7%, and in the pharynx in 82.9%. Patients with poor scintigraphic clearance had higher Demeester scores (p = 0.043), more proximal reflux episodes (p = 0.046), more distal acid reflux episodes (p = 0.023), and more prolonged bolus clearance times (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Reflux scintigraphy has a high yield in LPR patients. Scintigraphic time-activity curves correlated with validated MII-pH results. A high rate of pulmonary microaspiration was found in LPR patients. This study demonstrated a high level of pharyngeal contamination by scintigraphy and MII-pH, which supports the use of digital reflux scintigraphy in diagnosing LPR.

Luteolin-3'-O-Phosphate Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Regulating NF-κB/MAPK Cascade Signaling in RAW 264.7 Cells.

Luteolin (LT), present in most plants, has potent anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, some of its derivatives, such as luteolin-7-O-glucoside, also exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying luteolin-3'-O-phosphate (LTP)-mediated immune regulation are not fully understood. In this paper, we compared the anti-inflammatory properties of LT and LTP and analyzed their molecular mechanisms of action; we obtained LTP via the biorenovation of LT. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of LT and LTP in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. We confirmed from previously reported literature that LT inhibits the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, as well as the expression of inducible NO synthetase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, expressions of inflammatory genes and mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1ß, were suppressed. LTP showed anti-inflammatory activity similar to LT, but better anti-inflammatory activity in all the experiments, while also inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B more effectively than LT. At a concentration of 10 µM, LTP showed differences of 2.1 to 44.5% in the activity compared to LT; it also showed higher anti-inflammatory activity. Our findings suggest that LTP has stronger anti-inflammatory activity than LT.

Prunetin 4'-O-Phosphate, a Novel Compound, in RAW 264.7 Macrophages Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Activity via Suppression of MAP Kinases and the NFκB Pathway.

Biorenovation, a microbial enzyme-assisted degradation process of precursor compounds, is an effective approach to unraveling the potential bioactive properties of the derived compounds. In this study, we obtained a new compound, prunetin 4'-O-phosphate (P4P), through the biorenovation of prunetin (PRN), and investigated its anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The anti-inflammatory effect of P4P was evaluated by measuring the production of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), which is an inflammation-inducing factor, and related cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1ß (IL1ß), and interleukin-6 (IL6). The findings demonstrated that P4P was non-toxic to cells, and its inhibition of the secretion of NO-as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines-was concentration-dependent. A simultaneous reduction in the protein expression level of pro-inflammatory proteins such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was observed. Moreover, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK (p38), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) was downregulated. To conclude, we report that biorenovation-based phosphorylation of PRN improved its anti-inflammatory activity. Cell-based in vitro assays further confirmed that P4P could be applied in the development of anti-inflammatory therapeutics.

7-Acetoxycoumarin Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammatory Cytokine Synthesis by IκBα Degradation and MAPK Activation in Macrophage Cells.

Acetylation involves the chemical introduction of an acetyl group in place of an active hydrogen group into a compound. In this study, we synthesized 7-acetoxycoumarin (7AC) from acetylation of umbelliferone (UMB). We examined the anti-inflammatory properties of 7AC in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of 7AC on viability of treated cells was assessed by measuring the level of expression of NO, PGE2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in 7AC-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The 7AC was nontoxic to cells and inhibited the production of cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, its treatment suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner and concomitantly decreased the protein and mRNA expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, the levels of the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family proteins such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were reduced by 7AC. In conclusion, we generated an anti-inflammatory compound through acetylation and demonstrated its efficacy in cell-based in vitro assays.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Formononetin 7-O-phosphate, a Novel Biorenovation Product, on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells.

Biorenovation is a microbial enzyme-catalyzed structural modification of organic compounds with the potential benefits of reduced toxicity and improved biological properties relative to their precursor compounds. In this study, we synthesized a novel compound verified as formononetin 7-O-phosphate (FMP) from formononetin (FM) using microbial biotransformation. We further compared the anti-inflammatory properties of FMP to FM in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. We observed that cell viabilities and inhibitory effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production were greater in FMP-treated RAW 264.7 cells than in their FM-treated counterparts. In addition, FMP treatment suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in a dose-dependent manner and concomitantly decreased the mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). We also found that FMP exerted its anti-inflammatory effects through the downregulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. In conclusion, we generated a novel anti-inflammatory compound using biorenovation and demonstrated its efficacy in cell-based in vitro assays.

Metastatic Melanoma to the Colon, Rectum, and Anus: A 50-Year Experience.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma metastatic to the large bowel (colon, rectum, and anus) is rarely diagnosed, with more than 95% of large bowel metastases identified post-mortem. The incidence, natural history, and survival rates of patients with large bowel melanoma metastases are poorly documented in the literature. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the incidence, clinical characteristics, and survival of patients with large bowel melanoma metastases. METHODS: A review was undertaken of all patients with melanoma treated over a 50-year period (1964-2014) at a tertiary referral center. Cases selected for study were those diagnosed with melanoma metastases in the colon, rectum, and anus. Primary colorectal and anal melanomas were excluded. Data were retrieved relating to patient demographics, clinical features, and survival. RESULTS: Of 38,279 patients with primary melanoma, 106 patients (0.3%, mean age 51.0 years [standard deviation 16.3], 64 males) developed large bowel metastases. The median interval between diagnosis of primary melanoma and large bowel metastasis was 62.8 months (range 1-476). The most common symptom was rectal bleeding (29.2%), and the large bowel was the sole site of metastasis in 47.2% of patients. Median survival from diagnosis of large bowel metastasis was 31.7 months (range 1-315), and overall survival at 1, 2, and 5 years was 68.1, 45.9, and 26.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study provides insights into melanoma metastatic to the colon, rectum, and anus, which had an incidence of 0.3%. There are potentially long intervals between diagnosis of primary melanoma and large bowel metastasis. The most common symptom was rectal bleeding, although some patients were asymptomatic.

Continuous Preparation of Water-Dispersible Magnetite Nanoparticles by Electrochemical Synthesis.

Highly water-dispersible magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by convenient electrochemical techniques using a continuous flow reactor. The surface properties of the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were modified with hydrophilic organic ligands during the electrochemical synthesis process to control the degree of dispersion in water. The kind of hydrophilic low-molecular weight polymers or surfactants influenced the sizes of the particles ranged between 25-40 nm (in diameter) and their size distribution. Chitosan-modified MNPs exhibited the most uniform particle size distribution among the MNPs synthesized in this study as well as excellent dispersion stability and magnetic properties in water after the crosslinking of the amino groups in chitosan. Especially, the dispersion stability of the MNPs in water was systematically investigated via a light scattering analysis.

Nanocomposite Membranes Comprising Crosslinked Polymer Blends of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) and Fumed Silica Nanoparticles.

Nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membranes comprising a crosslinked polymer blend of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PVA/PSSA-co-MA) and fumed silica nanoparticles were prepared for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Silica nanoparticles could be incorporated well uniformly in the completely miscible system, which can form a three-dimensional network structure to achieve the enhancement of mechanical properties as well as the additional reduction of methanol permeability. The optimized proton conductivities and methanol permeability of the PVA/PSSA-co-MA membrane with silica nanoparticles of 10 wt.% were 0.0482 S cm-1 at room temperature and 5.78 × 10-7 cm2 s-1 at the methanol concentration of 40% (w/w), respectively.

New Naphthoquinone Terpenoids from Marine Actinobacterium, Streptomyces sp. CNQ-509.

A member of the marine streptomycete clade MAR4, Streptomyces sp. CNQ-509, has genetic potential for the biosynthesis of hybrid isoprenoids and produces several meroterpenoids such as naphterpin, nitropyrrolin and marinophenazine. Our research on the strain CNQ-509 led to the isolation of two new naphterpin derivatives (1 and 2) comprised of naphthoquinone and geranyl moieties along with the known terpenoid, debromomarinone. The two-dimensional structure of these compounds was determined through spectral data analysis using data from NMR, MS and UV spectroscopy. Furthermore, the full structures of 1 and 2 including absolute configurations were unequivocally established by a combination of NMR experiments and chemical modifications.

Amyloid Beta Detection by Faradaic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Using Interdigitated Microelectrodes.

Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (f-EIS) in the presence of redox reagent, e.g., [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-, is widely used in biosensors owing to its high sensitivity. However, in sensors detecting amyloid beta (Aß), the redox reagent can cause the aggregation of Aß, which is a disturbance factor in accurate detection. Here, we propose an interdigitated microelectrode (IME) based f-EIS technique that can alleviate the aggregation of Aß and achieve high sensitivity by buffer control. The proposed method was verified by analyzing three different EIS-based sensors: non-faradaic EIS (nf-EIS), f-EIS, and the proposed f-EIS with buffer control. We analyzed the equivalent circuits of nf-EIS and f-EIS sensors. The dominant factors of sensitivity were analyzed, and the impedance change rates via Aß reaction was compared. We measured the sensitivity of the IME sensors based on nf-EIS, f-EIS, and the proposed f-EIS. The results demonstrate that the proposed EIS-based IME sensor can detect Aß with a sensitivity of 7.40-fold and 10.93-fold higher than the nf-EIS and the f-EIS sensors, respectively.

Isolation of Novel Sesquiterpeniods and Anti-neuroinflammatory Metabolites from Nardostachys jatamansi.

Nardostachys jatamansi contains various types of sesquiterpenoids that may play an important role in the potency of plant's anti-inflammatory effects, depending on their structure. In this study, five new sesquiterpenoids, namely kanshone L (1), kanshone M (2), 7-methoxydesoxo-narchinol (3), kanshone N (4), and nardosdaucanol (5), were isolated along with four known terpenoids (kanshone D (6), nardosinanone G (7), narchinol A (8), and nardoaristolone B (9)) from the rhizomes and roots of Nardostachys jatamansi. Their structures were determined by analyzing 1D and 2D NMR and MS data. Among the nine sesquiterpenoids, compounds 3, 4, and 8 were shown to possess dose-dependent inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in BV2 microglial cells. Furthermore, compounds 3, 4, and 8 exhibited anti-neuroinflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Moreover, these compounds were shown to inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκB-α and blocking NF-κB translocation. In conclusion, five new and four known sesquiterpenoids were isolated from Nardostachys jatamansi, and compounds 3, 4, and 8 exhibited anti-neuroinflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells through inhibiting of NF-κB signaling pathway.