Supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of small cardamom and yellow mustard seeds have fasting hypoglycaemic effects: diabetic rat, predictive iHOMA2 models and molecular docking study.

In the present investigation, the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extracts of small cardamom (SC) and yellow mustard (YM) seeds have been investigated for their efficacies in combating type 2 diabetes in streptozotocin-induced Wistar albino rats. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in the rats were monitored on days 8, 15 and 21. On day 15, FBG level reduced appreciably by 31·49 % in rats treated with SC seed extract and by 32·28 % in rats treated with YM seed extract, comparable to metformin (30·70 %) and BGR-34 (a commercial polyherbal drug) (31·81 %) administered rats. Either extract exhibited desirable effects on hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and catalase activities in controlling diabetes. A molecular docking exercise was conducted to identify specific compounds in the extracts which possessed augmenting effect on G6PD. The results revealed that all the bioactive compounds in the extracts have binding affinities with the enzyme and contributed to the antidiabetic efficacies of the extracts as G6PD augmenters. The effects of the extracts on insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake were investigated using non-invasive modelling by iHOMA2 software. This in vitro approach indicated that extract administration resulted in increased both insulin sensitivity of the liver and glucose uptake in the gut. The findings of the present study attest these SC-CO2 extracts of the spices as safe alternatives of metformin and BGR-34 in combating type 2 diabetes and could be safely subjected to clinical studies. These extracts could also be employed in designing proactive food supplements in mitigating the metabolic disorder.

A Novel spice-antioxidant-based nano-vehicle as a putative green alternative of synthetic AChE inhibitor drugs.

The present treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves well known synthetic acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitor drugs which besides having short duration of action also have deleterious impact on human health. Therefore, there is a need for natural plant-based biomolecule(s) with potential AChE inhibition activity (ies). The aim of the work is to design a spice-based nano-vehicle as a novel green alternative of synthetic AD drugs by nanoencapsulating a solvent-less supercritical CO2 extract of small cardamom seeds (SCE) having a synergistic consortium of five antioxidant molecules, using polyethylene glycol and emulsifiers, selected based on Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) analyses. Ellman's assay and enzyme inhibition kinetics of the antioxidant molecules as well as the extract and its nanoliposomal formulation (SCE-NL) were performed, followed by rigorous molecular docking and dynamics studies using MM-PBSA and umbrella sampling. The antioxidants exhibited significant AChE inhibition in vitro, individually with 1, 8-cineole having the least IC50 value of 65.53 ± 0.05 µg/mL. . Although SCE-NL had higher IC50 value (575.67 ± 0.5 µg/mL) vis-à-vis that of rivastigmine (67.52 ± 0.02 µg/mL), it is safer for usage being 'green'.The Lineweaver-Burk plots (Vmax ∼1.04 mM/min) revealed competitive mode(s) of inhibition of AChE with each of these antioxidants. Binding energy analyses suggested very good binding free energies and stable docking/binding complexes (between the antioxidants and AChE). This study has delivered a nanoliposomal vehicle of food antioxidants as a putative 'green' alternative of synthetic AChE inhibitor drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Fortification of a Desert Using Nanoencapsulated Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract of Small Cardamom Seeds: A Nutraceutical Custard with Antioxidant Synergy.

BACKGROUND: 1,8 cineole-rich supercritical CO2 extract of small cardamom seeds of Alleppey green variety exhibiting prominent antioxidant property was microencapsulated and utilized in formulating an antioxidant-rich custard. However, the antioxidant potency of the prepared custard was not appreciable. To redress the phytochemical loss during custard preparation, custard using nanoliposomes was formulated. Patents related to 1,8 cineole-rich food products have been revised thoroughly. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current study is to examine whether nanoencapsulationmediated entrapment of antioxidants is more effective in fortifying a dessert, namely custard, vis-à-vis microencapsulated (spray dried)-mediated enhancement of antioxidative potency in the same. METHODS: Our previous investigations have established that nanoliposome of 1,8 cineole- rich supercritical CO2 extract of small cardamom seeds effectively redresses type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. In the current investigation, this pre-characterized nanoliposome which exhibited appreciable in vitro and in vivo antioxidant efficacy has been utilized at varying concentrations for fortification of a custard. The designer custard samples have been characterized for their sensory and physicochemical properties, identification of the cardamom antioxidants therein and determination of the synergistic efficacy value of the identified antioxidants. RESULTS: The custard formulated with 0.3% nanoliposomes exhibited appreciable antioxidant potency in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity (304.58±1.09 mg/ml) and reducing power (0.020±0.001 mg BHT/g custard), conferred by its total phenolic content (0.049±0.004 mg GAE/g custard). It also had relatively more stable textural attributes vis-à-vis the control sample (formulated with the non-encapsulated native extract). GCMS analysis of the nanoliposome-fortified custard confirmed retention of the spice antioxidants, namely1,8- cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, α-terpineol and linalool and its synergistic efficacy value being greater than unity, attested to the synergistic presence of the said antioxidants therein. The newly formulated custard retained more than 4.5 times of 1,8-cineole (5.05 mg/g custard) vis-à-vis the custard sample (1.12 mg/g custard) prepared with a microencapsulated (spray-dried) formulation of the extract. Additionally, the absence of heavy metals in the formulated custard confirmed it to be safe for human consumption. CONCLUSION: This is the first study on the application of nanoliposomes of spiceuticals in the formulation of a dessert, and more emphatically on use of a 'green' supercritical CO2 extract of spice antioxidants in fortification of a dessert to achieve antioxidant synergy.

Is 1,8-Cineole-Rich Extract of Small Cardamom Seeds More Effective in Preventing Alzheimer's Disease than 1,8-Cineole Alone?

The present study demonstrates the efficacies of synthetic 1,8-cineole and an 1,8-cineole-rich supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extract of small cardamom seeds in preventing oligomerization of amyloid beta peptide (Aß42) and inhibiting iron-dependent oxyradical production in vitro. The oligomerization of Aß42 was monitored by thioflavin T assay and MALDI-TOF analysis of the oligomers. The iron-dependent production of oxygen free radicals was detected by fluorometric benzoate hydroxylation assay. We observed that both pure 1,8-cineole and 1,8-cineole-rich extract of small cardamom seeds at concentrations of 50 µM and 100 µM prevented the production of reactive hydroxyl radicals from a mixture of Fe2+ and ascorbate. However, the 1,8-cineole-rich extract of small cardamom seeds prevented in vitro Aß42 oligomerization more effectively vis-à-vis the synthetic (99% pure) 1,8-cineole. Additional study on SHSY5Y cells indicated that both pure 1,8-cineole and 1,8-cineole-rich SC-CO2 extract of small cardamom seeds prevented iron-dependent cell death. Since oxidative damage, Aß42 aggregation and loss of cell viability (iron-induced) are characteristics of onset of Alzheimer's disease pathology, our results suggest a putative therapeutic role of 1,8-cineole-rich extract of small cardamom seeds over pure 1,8-cineole in preventing this neurodegenerative disease.

Nanoliposomes of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract of Small Cardamom Seeds Redresses Type 2 Diabetes and Hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: In our previous investigation, oral administration of 1,8- cineole-rich supercritical carbon dioxide extract of small cardamom seeds in Wistar albino rats resulted in achieving normal fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum cholesterol levels. The objective of this study was to further protect the aforesaid extract and to enhance its in vivo therapeutic efficacies in redressing type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, by encapsulating it as nanoliposomes. Patents related to nanoliposomes have been revised thoroughly. METHODS: PEGylated nanoliposomes of the aforesaid extract were formulated using soya phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 by probe-sonication. These nanoliposomes were subjected to in vitro characterizations and were orally administered to Wistar albino rats at three different doses viz. 550, 175 and 55 mg/kg b.w. for detailed investigation of their antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic efficacies. RESULTS: FT-IR, DSC and XRD analyses, HLB value (16), entrapment efficiency (84%) and release kinetics (obeying Higuchi model) revealed that the nanoliposomes were o/w type and were hydrophilic. They exhibited appreciable in vitro antioxidant potency (59% DPPH scavenging activity) owing to a synergistic consortium of antioxidants present therein. Oral administration of the liposomes in rats at 550 mg/kg b.w. could restore their normal FBG levels and serum lipid profiles on day 35, with desirable up-down regulations of related key enzymes. The iHOMA2 model could successfully predict the effects of nanoliposomes on insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in rat liver and brain, respectively. CONCLUSION: Nanoliposome of 1,8-cineole rich extract of small cardamom seeds is a new biotherapeutic in redressing type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.

Consortia of bioactives in supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of mustard and small cardamom seeds lower serum cholesterol levels in rats: new leads for hypocholesterolaemic supplements from spices.

Melatonin-rich and 1,8-cineole-rich extracts have been successfully obtained from yellow mustard (YM) and small cardamom (SC) seeds, respectively, employing green technology of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction. Chemical profiling confirmed the presence of melatonin and 1,8-cineole and co-extractants in the respective extracts. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy attested strong antioxidant activities of the extracts foregoing pan-assay interference compounds involved in spectroscopic analysis. These extracts also exhibited synergistic efficacies greater than unity confirming antioxidant synergy among the co-extracted bioactives therein. To ascertain hypocholesterolaemic efficacies, these extracts were co-administered orally with Triton X (at the pre-optimised dose of 175 mg/kg body weight (BW)) to Wistar albino rats at doses of 550, 175 and 55 mg/kg BW. Serum total cholesterol levels in the rats were monitored on days 3, 7, 15 and 21. On day 21, total cholesterol level reduced appreciably by 49·44 % in rats treated with YM seed extract and by 48·95 % in rats treated with SC seed extract, comparable with atorvastatin-administered rats (51·09 %). Either extract demonstrated inhibitory effects on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. A molecular docking exercise identified specific compounds in the extracts which possessed binding affinities comparable with therapeutically used HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. In silico and in vivo studies concertedly concluded that the consortium of bioactive components in the extracts cannot be considered as invalid metabolic panaceas and therefore these 'green' extracts could be safely subjected to clinical studies as preventive biotherapeutics for hypercholesterolaemia. These extracts could be consumed per se as hypocholesterolaemic supplements or could be ingredients of new spice-based therapeutic foods.

FT-Raman spectroscopic analysis of enhanced activity of supercritical carbon dioxide treated bacterial alpha-amylase.

Our previous investigation on high pressure supercritical carbon dioxide treatment of a bacterial α-amylase had revealed enhanced activity of the same. 1H NMR analysis of the activity enhanced enzyme led the authors to hypothesize that the enhancement was possibly owing to alterations in the active site of the enzyme. In the present study, the changes in the active site of the treated enzyme was analysed by Fourier-transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy. The spectra obtained revealed shifting of bands in the active site of α-amylase indicating a nudging effect of the bonds in this region consequent to high pressure treatment. Also, shifts in bands in the OH stretching vibration of water were observed in the enzyme spectra. These variations in the spectra confirmed changes in the active site as well as in the water associated with the same that perhaps had a concerted effect on the increased activity of α-amylase.