Development and validation of a pocket guide for the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic foot ulcers can have serious consequences, including amputation. This project aimed to develop and validate a diabetes care management model-a pocket guide on the prevention of foot ulceration to assist health professionals and scientific societies. METHODS: An adaptation of the Iowa method of evidence-based practice to promote high-quality care was employed. After problems are identified, the Iowa method supports the development of an action plan for addressing them. An evidence-based protocol based on the five cornerstones of the 2015 guidance on the diabetic foot by the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot was developed in two phases and validated using the Delphi technique. RESULTS: A model was developed to promote these five cornerstones, which are the main recommendations for managing the diabetic foot. These are: foot examination; risk assessment for ulceration; education in diabetes; appropriate footwear; and treatment of pre-ulcerative lesions. To adapt this into a health information document, the management model was synthesised and designed as a pocket guide. The model's individual and global content validity indices surpass 0.78 and 0.90 respectively. CONCLUSION: A management model was created and validated, and produced as a pocket guide to deliver instructions on the care and prevention of diabetic foot problems in people with diabetes.

Prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in an admixed population of patients with type 1 diabetes. Lessons from a pioneer multicentre study in Brazil.

AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and its associated factors in Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: This cross-sectional, multicentre study was conducted in 14 public clinics in ten Brazilian cities. From 1760 patients, 1712 were included (97.3 %): 953 females (55.7 %), 930 (54.3 %) Caucasians, aged 29.9 ±11.9 years and with diabetes duration of 15.4 ± 9.2 years. CAN was evaluated using cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests. RESULTS: The prevalence of CAN was 23.4 %. Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression showed CAN associated with age, smoking, lower socioeconomic status, higher yearly medical appointments, insulin therapeutic regimens, higher levels of HbA1c, total cholesterol, uric acid, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, presence of retinopathy, diabetic kidney disease and a tendency to be associated with severe hypoglycemia. Lower health-related quality of life was also found in univariate analysis in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with T1D presented an important prevalence of CAN that was associated with other diabetes-related chronic complications, and also with demographic, clinical and laboratorial traditional risk factors. Considering lack of formal policy, our data could be used for guiding public health approach to awareness and CAN's screening, diagnosis and clinical management in patients with T1D in Brazil.

Autonomic neuropathic symptoms in patients with diabetes: practical tools for screening in daily routine.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is a frequent complication in people with diabetes whose screening is often neglected. This study aimed to evaluate DAN through practical tools in people with diabetes in a referral center for diabetes treatment. METHODS: DAN symptoms and severity were assessed using the Survey of Autonomic Symptoms (SAS) via digital application (app) in patients attended from June 1, 2021, to November 12, 2021. SAS scoring for DAN was performed using established validated cutoffs. The adhesive with cobalt salt color indicator (Neuropad™) was used as a measure of sudomotor dysfunction. Demographical and clinical data were also collected. RESULTS: Data from 109 participants, 66.9% T2DM, 73.4% female, with a median age of 54.00 (± 20.00) years, were analyzed. Symptomatic DAN was present in 69.7% of participants and was associated with older age (p = 0.002), higher HbA1c (p = 0.043), higher abdominal circumference (p = 0.019), higher BMI (p = 0.013), more likely to have metabolic syndrome (MS) with a 10-fold increased risk, and more frequent association with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (p = 0.005). Sudomotor dysfunction was found in 65 participants with positive Neuropad™ detected in 63.1% of them. CONCLUSION: The use of SAS through an app proved to be a practical and easy-to-use instrument to document symptoms of DAN in busy clinical practice. The high frequency of symptoms draws attention to the importance of screening this underdiagnosed diabetes complication. The risk factors and comorbidities associated with symptomatic DAN highlight the patients' phenotypes linked to MS that should be targeted for DAN evaluations in larger samples in the community.

Gestational diabetes and overt diabetes first diagnosed in pregnancy: characteristics, therapeutic approach and perinatal outcomes in a public healthcare referral center in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics, management, and fetal outcomes of patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or overt diabetes (OD) during pregnancy who followed up at a public healthcare referral center in Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study based on the medical records of women diagnosed with dysglycemia during pregnancy between January 2015 and July 2017 was conducted. RESULTS: Out of 224 pregnant women evaluated, 70% were overweight/obese. GDM was observed in 78.6% of pregnant women, while 21.4% presented with OD. Approximately 59% of patients could be diagnosed with GDM or OD by fasting plasma glucose (FPG) alterations alone. Exclusive diet therapy was used in 50.9% of patients. The need for insulin therapy was higher in OD patients (60.4%) than in GDM patients (38.1%) (p = 0.006). Women who needed insulin (n = 96) had a mean initial dose of 0.33 IU/kg (±0.27) and a final value of 0.39 IU/kg (±0.34). The cesarean rate was 74.3%. The fetal outcomes evaluated were macrosomia (2.15%), large for gestational age (LGA) fetus (15.83%), intensive care unit (ICU) need (4.32%), Apgar score ≤7 (6.47%), hypoglycemia (14.39%) and jaundice (16.55%). CONCLUSION: Patients with GDM and OD presented with several similar clinical features. Approximately half of the patients presented with adequate glycemic control only with diet management. Patients with OD presented a higher need for insulin therapy. Although overweight and obesity were frequent within both groups, they could possibly explain many of our findings.

COVID-19 associated with diabetes and other noncommunicable diseases led to a global health crisis.

COVID-19 has gravely threatened high-risk populations, such as people with diabetes and other noncommunicable diseases, leading to disproportionate hospitalizations and deaths worldwide. It is well documented from previous outbreaks that diabetes increases the risk for poor outcomes due to SARS infection. In the present review, we bring evidence that the country and global level health crisis caused by COVID-19 could have been avoided or extremely minimized if measures to protect high-risk populations were implemented timely. In addition to general lockdowns, testing, tracing, isolation and hygiene measures, other specific interventions for diabetes and comorbidities management were shown crucial to allow the continuation of care services during the pandemic. These interventions included: teleconsultation, digital remote education andmonitoring, e-prescriptions, medicine delivery options, mobile clinics, and home point-of-care tests. In conclusion, we recommend prompt actions to protect the most vulnerable groups, valuing knowledge and experiences from previous outbreaks and lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to shield communities, health systems and the global economy.

A new Brazilian regional scenario of Type 2 diabetes risk in the next ten years.

AIMS: According to a recent national diabetes screening performed by our group in 2018, 18.4% of the Brazilians were found to have high blood glucose. The objective of the present study was to estimate the risk of developing type 2 DM (T2DM) in the next ten years in Brazilian population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in community pharmacies across Brazil, in 2018, where pharmacists applied the FINDRISC questionnaire to estimate the population's risk of developing T2DM within a ten-year period. RESULTS: The study included 977 pharmacists from 345 municipalities distributed across the five geographical regions of Brazil. Of the 17,580 people evaluated, the South region was found to have the highest frequency (59.6%) among people at very low and/or low risk of developing T2DM, while the North region, the most underserved, presented the highest and/or very highest T2DM risk (24.1%). The factors that mostly and importantly impacted these regional differences were body mass index; the highest daily consumption of vegetables and fruits; history of high blood glucose and family history of T1DM/T2DM. CONCLUSION: These results showed an impressive change of direction concerning diabetes numbers between the most underserved region in public health care and one of the most developed and best organized regions concerning health assistance, the North and the South, respectively.

Decentralized COVID-19 measures in Brazil were ineffective to protect people with diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: COVID-19 severity and mortality are elevated in individuals with diabetes. During the pandemic, interventions recommended globally for people with diabetes were to keep blood glucose on target whilst staying at home to curb the spread of the virus. In Brazil, similar measures were proposed. The aim of our observational study was to assess whether these measures achieved their objectives. METHODS: An anonymous and untraceable survey was shared from April 22nd to May 4th. States with more than 30 respondents were included in the analysis and Fisher's exact test was performed to identify associations, with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Type 1 diabetes and female participants were prevalent, 60.76% and 76.12% respectively. 10 out of 26 states were included, in addition to the Federal District (1562 responses). Only in three states (Bahia, Goiás and Pernambuco) less than 50% of the respondents experienced higher glycemia or higher variability during the pandemic. Goiás state, where almost half of the respondents (49.12%) have private insurance, presented the highest percentage of individuals receiving medicines for three months (35.48%) and one of the lowest percentages of blood glucose deterioration (47.17%). In the large states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, consultations and/or lab exams were postponed by 37.14%, 34.33% and 40.88%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The decentralized measures implemented by states in Brazil left most people with diabetes unprotected. Many were forced to venture outside to collect or to purchase their medical supplies monthly and reported increased glycemic levels and/or variability.

The impact of COVID-19 on people with diabetes in Brazil.

The present study aims at identifying main barriers faced by people living with diabetes in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In a convenience sampling study, data were collected from 1701 individuals, aged 18 or above; 75.54% female participants; 60.73% T1D and 30.75% T2D, between April 22nd and May 4th, using an anonymous and untraceable survey containing 20 multiple choice questions (socio-demographic; health status and habits of life during COVID-19 pandemic). Relationship between variables was established using the multiple correspondence analysis technique. RESULTS: 95.1% of respondents reduced their frequency of going outside of their homes; among those who monitored blood glucose at home during the pandemic (91.5%), the majority (59.4%) experienced an increase, a decrease or a higher variability in glucose levels; 38.4% postponed their medical appointments and/or routine examinations; and 59.5% reduced their physical activity. T1D, the youngest group, was more susceptible to presenting COVID-19 symptoms despite not being testing; whilst the T2D group had higher frequency of comorbidities that are additional risk factors for COVID-19 severity. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a first hand revelation of the severity of COVID-19 on individuals with diabetes in Brazil. Their habits were altered, which impacted their glycemia, potentially increasing the risk of poor outcomes and mortality if infected by SARS-CoV-2, and of acute and chronic diabetes complications.

Portuguese-Brazilian evidence-based guideline on the management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: In current management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular and renal prevention have become important targets to be achieved. In this context, a joint panel of four endocrinology societies from Brazil and Portugal was established to develop an evidence-based guideline for treatment of hyperglycemia in T2DM. METHODS: MEDLINE (via PubMed) was searched for randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and observational studies related to diabetes treatment. When there was insufficient high-quality evidence, expert opinion was sought. Updated positions on treatment of T2DM patients with heart failure (HF), atherosclerotic CV disease (ASCVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and patients with no vascular complications were developed. The degree of recommendation and the level of evidence were determined using predefined criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In non-pregnant adults, the recommended HbA1c target is below 7%. Higher levels are recommended in frail older adults and patients at higher risk of hypoglycemia. Lifestyle modification is recommended at all phases of treatment. Metformin is the first choice when HbA1c is 6.5-7.5%. When HbA1c is 7.5-9.0%, dual therapy with metformin plus an SGLT2i and/or GLP-1RA (first-line antidiabetic agents, AD1) is recommended due to cardiovascular and renal benefits. If an AD1 is unaffordable, other antidiabetic drugs (AD) may be used. Triple or quadruple therapy should be considered when HbA1c remains above target. In patients with clinical or subclinical atherosclerosis, the combination of one AD1 plus metformin is the recommended first-line therapy to reduce cardiovascular events and improve blood glucose control. In stable heart failure with low ejection fraction (< 40%) and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, metformin plus an SGLT-2i is recommended to reduce cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalizations and improve blood glucose control. In patients with diabetes-associated chronic kidney disease (CKD) (eGFR 30-60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or eGFR 30-90 mL/min/1.73 m2 with albuminuria > 30 mg/g), the combination of metformin and an SGLT2i is recommended to attenuate loss of renal function, reduce albuminuria and improve blood glucose control. In patients with severe renal failure, insulin-based therapy is recommended to improve blood glucose control. Alternatively, GLP-1RA, DPP4i, gliclazide MR and pioglitazone may be considered to reduce albuminuria. In conclusion, the current evidence supports individualizing anti-hyperglycemic treatment for T2DM.

Elevated glycated hemoglobin levels impair blood pressure in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Deregulation of glycemic and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1) levels accelerate the progression of cardiovascular complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HbA1 and changes in blood pressure of children and adolescents with T1DM. METHODS: A total of 60 children and adolescents were recruited and allocated into two groups (prehypertension and control group). Blood pressure and HbA1 were measured by the oscillometric method and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. RESULTS: The prehypertensive group had (P < 0.05) higher disease duration, body weight, Z score for body weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and a higher HbA1 when compared with the control children and adolescents. Multiple regression to predict alterations in DBP from HbA1 adjusted for age, disease duration, and body mass index demonstrated a positive relationship with DBP (P < 0.05). A 1 % increase in HbA1 was associated with 1.73 mmHg increase in DBP. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of HbA1 may be associated with increased blood pressure in T1DM. A tight control of HbA1 levels may provide long-term cardiovascular protection in children and adolescents with T1DM.

Results of glycated hemoglobin during treatment with insulin analogues dispensed in the public health system of Federal District in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes treatment requires specialized multi-professional teams, supplies for blood glucose monitoring and training for self-injections of human insulin or insulin analogues. The State Health Secretariat of the Federal District (SHS-FD) has dispensed insulin analogues by means of clinical validated protocols since 2004. However, data on outcomes of follow-up are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among diabetic patients treated with insulin analogues. METHODS: It is a retrospective cohort study involving data of type 1(DM1) and type 2 diabetes (DM2) patients 18 years old and above who were registered to participate at the insulin analogues dispense program of the SHS-FD. Evaluation of criteria of insulin treatment continuity was based on HbA1c values achieved in the follow-up period: in the target, <7 %, patients between 18 and 65 years old; <8 % for those above 65 years old; out of target, when values were superior these cut off points for both age groups; and minimum 0.5 % reduction of two HbA1c values during follow-up. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifteen formularies were analyzed: Type 2 patients (63.7 %) and female sex were the most prevalent (63.7 %), (p < 0.05). Mean age and SD were 41.5 ± 23.5 years among DM1 and 60.5 ± 28.5 in those with DM2. HbA1c in the target was found in 26 %, 48 % were out of target and 26 % achieved 0.5 % minimum reduction in HbA1c value (p < 0.05). The main clinical characteristics associated with HbA1c found to be in the target were older age (>65 years), more than three medical appointments in the follow-up and lower mean HbA1c in the patient selection for inclusion criteria in the dispense program (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The low number of patients using insulin analogues in the target group, considered to be in good control, implies the need to reevaluate both level of patients self-care knowledge and glucose monitoring prior their inclusion in the insulin analogue dispense program. Reinforcement and training of health professional teams in enrollment procedures should be on mandatory basis to avoid protocol failure or deviations.

Evaluation of diabetic patients after three month use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, dispensed by a protocolled form at outpatient reference clinic of Taguatinga Regional Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the data of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion protocol (CSII) for diabetics waived by the Health State Secretariat of Distrito Federal (HSSDF) and therapeutic responses three months after the transfer of multiple daily injections regimen for CSII. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eighty patients (49 female) took part in this experimental study, mean age and disease duration were 27.9 years and 13 years, respectively; 96% patients had type 1 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: The entire sample (ECO) and 3 subgroups (group 1 - A1c decrease, group 2 - A1c stable, and group 3 - A1c increase), stratified according to a ≥ 0.5% change in A1c, were analyzed. Group 1 involved 64% of the patients. The ECO showed a significant A1c decrease: MDI 8.1 ± 1.4% vs. CSII 7.3 ± 0.9%, p < 0.0001 (0.8% difference pro CSII therapy). Group 1 demonstrated an A1c decrease from 8.7% to 7.3% (1.4% difference). Group 2 mean A1c was 7.1%. Rate of hypoglycemia (< 50 mg/dL) decreased 61% in the ECO and 79% in Group 2. CONCLUSION: This study reinforces the safety and efficacy of CSII with a robust A1c reduction and hypoglycemia. The pioneer care HSSDF ambulatory attests to be achievable the free dispensing by Unified Health System (UHS) following a protocol, and this approach results in less wastage to the patient and represents a rational policy of therapy with CSII for UHS.

Correlation of body composition parameters using different methods among Brazilian obese adults / Correlação de parâmetros de composição corporal utilizando diferentes métodos entre adultos obesos brasileiros

Abstract Data comparing anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absortiometry (DXA) parameters are somehow limited and conflicting. The objective of this study was to correlate anthropometric, BIA and DXA parameters among obese Brazilian adults with focus on the comparison with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) obtained from DXA and in the value of antropometric measurements. Fifty voluntary participants were enrolled. The Spearman correlation test was used to assess the correlation of VAT with anthropometric measurements, BIA and other DXA parameters. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate concordance between lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), %body fat (%BF) and %upper body fat (%UBF) obtained from BIA and DXA. Most were female (80%) and had an average body index mass (BMI) of 39.0 (± 6.4) kg/m2. The only anthropometric measurements showing a strong correlation with VAT were abdominal circumference (AC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), but just in females. There was a very good correlation for LM [ICC = 0.951 (CI = 0.913 - 0.972)], FM [ICC = 0.987 (CI = 0.977 - 0.993)], %BF [ICC = 0.961 (CI = 0.931-0.978)], and %UBF [ICC = 0.873 (CI = 0.776 - 0.928)], between data collected through BIA and DXA. Among the anthropometric measurements assessed, only AC and WHtR seems to estimate patients with abdominal fat distribution and higher VAT in females. DXA and BIA proved similar for the evaluation of LM, FM, %BF and %UBF, although DXA has the advantage of estimating VAT.

Resumo Dados comparando medidas antropométricas, análise de impedância bioelétrica (BIA) e parâmetros de absorciometria de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA) são de alguma forma limitados e conflitantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar parâmetros antropométricos de BIA e de DXA entre adultos obesos brasileiros, com foco na comparação com tecido adiposo visceral (TAV) obtido na DXA e no valor das medidas antropométricas. Cinquenta participantes voluntários foram inscritos. O teste de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para avaliar a correlação do TAV com medidas antropométricas, da BIA e de outros parâmetros da DXA. O coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (ICC) foi usado para avaliar a concordância entre massa magra (MM), massa gorda (MG), % de gordura corporal (%GC) e % de gordura corporal na parte superior do corpo (%GSC) obtidos por BIA e DXA. A maioria era do sexo feminino (80%) e apresentava índice de massa corporal médio (IMC) de 39,0 (± 6,4) kg / m2. As únicas medidas antropométricas que mostraram uma forte correlação com o TAV foram a circunferência abdominal (CA) e a relação cintura / estatura (RCE), mas apenas no sexo feminino. Houve uma correlação muito boa para MM [ICC = 0,951 (IC = 0,913 - 0,972)], MG [ICC = 0,987 (IC = 0,977 - 0,993)], % GC [ICC = 0,961 (IC = 0,931-0,978)], e % GSC [ICC = 0,873 (IC = 0,776 - 0,928)], entre os dados coletados através de BIA e DXA. Dentre as medidas antropométricas avaliadas, apenas a CA e a RCE parecem estimar pacientes com distribuição de gordura abdominal e maior TAV no sexo feminino. A DXA e a BIA mostraram-se semelhantes para a avaliação de MM, MG,% GC e % GSC, embora a DXA tenha a vantagem de estimar o VAT.

Rastreamento e diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus gestacional no Brasil / Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in Brazil

Em primeiro de agosto de 2016, considerando-se a relevância do Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG), tanto por sua prevalência como pelas consequências para o binômio materno-fetal em curto e em longo prazo, foi realizado, em São Paulo, um fórum de discussão sobre o tema, com o objetivo de definir uma proposta para o diagnóstico de DMG para o Brasil. Nesse contexto, participaram da reunião médicos especializados na assistência a mulheres com DMG: obstetras da Federação Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Febrasgo), endocrinologistas da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD) e consultores da Organização Panamericana de Saúde (Opas/OMS Brasil) e assessores técnicos do Ministério da Saúde. Apresentamos neste documento os principais pontos debatidos visando à análise cuidadosa das possibilidades para diagnóstico de DMG, considerando-se as diferenças de acesso aos serviços de saúde existentes no Brasil.(AU)

Reproducibility of methods used for the assessment of autonomous nervous system's function.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the day-to-day variability of the measures of heart rate variability (HRV) on the sample size calculation for the study of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed HRV in the frequency domain [very low (VLF), low (LF), and high frequency (HF) bands] and in the time domain [the root mean squared of successive RR intervals differences (RMSSD); the mean RR intervals (RRNN); the standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN) and the coefficient of variation (CV)] during a 5-min electrocardiogram record. We also analyzed the heart rate response to deep breathing [expiration:inspiration ratio], to the Valsalva maneuver and to standing [maximum:minimum ratio] and the blood pressure response to standing. The day-to-day variability was assessed by calculating the within-subject standard deviations (WSSD), limits of agreement, typical errors and the ratio of the WSSD to the mean values obtained on days 1 and 2 (WSSD/GM). RESULTS: Sixty-seven healthy subjects (45 females), aged 27 (19-39) years, were recruited. The RMSSD, CV, VLF, LF, HF and blood pressure response to standing showed marked variability (WSDD/GM (%)=237.7, 455.1, 69.9, 126.5, 81.3 and 380.5, respectively), while the RRNN, SDNN, Valsalva, expiration:inspiration and maximum:minimum ratio showed less variability (WSSD/GM (%)=6.4, 24.5, 18.6, 11.0 and 14.1, respectively). The minimum differences expected to be statistically significant for the autonomic measurements were calculated. CONCLUSION: Some tests that assess HRV showed adequate reproducibility. This study allows the determination of a sample size calculation for longitudinal or drug-testing studies.

Análise da força de preensão manual e risco cardiovascular de adolescentes com Diabetes Melitos tipo 1 / Analysis of handgrip muscle strength and cardiovascular risk in adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1

Comparar a força de preensão manual de adolescentes com e sem diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) e correlacionar as variáveis hemodinâmicas com o controle da glicemia pela hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) nos adolescentes diabéticos. Método: Foram avaliados 49 adolescentes com DM1 (12,73 ± 1,23 anos; índice de massa corporal 19,52 ± 2,62 kg/m2 ) e 75 adolescentes sem DM1 (13,31 ± 1,16 anos; índice de massa corporal 20,79 ± 3,64 kg/m2 ). A HbA1c foi determinada por cromatografia líquida de alta ficiência (HPLC) e a força de preensão foi obtida com o dinamômetro Jamar®. As variáveis hemodinâmicas registradas foram à frequência cardíaca e a pressão arterial (PA) na posição sentada. Resultados: Os adolescentes do gênero masculino com DM1 apresentaram menores valores de força de preensão manual absoluta da mão direita (26,48 ± 6,24 vs 32,59 ± 9,59 kg; p = 0,004), da mão esquerda (25,45 ± 6,52 vs 30,76 ± 8,19 kg; p = 0,006) e maior PA diastólica (66,43 ± 8,62 vs 72,40 ± 10,01 mmHg; p = 0,019) do que os adolescentes sem DM1. As adolescentes do gênero feminino com DM1 apresentaram menores valores de força de preensão manual absoluta da mão direita (26,20 ± 4,09 vs 29,53 ± 5,27 kg; p = 0,017) e da mão esquerda (24,50 ± 4,29 vs 27,79 ± 5,11 kg; p = 0,017). Houve correlação positiva da frequência cardíaca (0,44; p = 0,01) e da PA diastólica (0,37; p = 0,01) com a HbA1c. Conclusão: Adolescentes com DM1 devem receber atenção quanto a menor força muscular e risco cardiovascular com o aumento da HbA1c...(AU)

To compare the handgrip muscle strength of adolescents with and without diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) and to correlate the hemodynamic variables with the glycemic control by glycated hemoglobin (A1c) in the diabetic adolescents. Method: 49 adolescents with DM1 (12.73 ± 1.23 years; body mass index 19.52 ± 2.62 kg/m2 ) and 75 adolescents without DM1 (13.31 ± 1.16 years; body mass index 20.79 ± 3.64 kg/m2 ) were evaluated. The A1c was determined by high performance liquide chromatography (HPLC) and handgrip muscle strength was obtained by the Jamar® dynamometer. The hemodynamic variable measured were heart rate and blood pressure (BP) in the seated position. Results: The male adolescents with DM1 presented lower values of handgrip muscle strength in the right hand (26.48 ± 6.24 vs 32.59 ± 9.59 kg; p = 0.004), and left hand (25.45 ± 6.52 vs 30.76 ± 8.19 kg; p = 0.006) and higher diastolic BP (66.43 ± 8.62 vs 72.40 ± 10.01 mmHg; p = 0.019) as compared with the male adolescents without DM1. The female adolescents with DM1 presented lower values of handgrip strength in the right hand (26.20 ± 4.09 vs 29.53 ± 5.27 kg; p = 0.017), and left hand (24.50 ± 4.29 vs 27.79 ± 5.11 kg; p = 0.017). There was a positive correlation of heart rate (0.44; p = 0.01) and diastolic BP (0.37; p = 0.01) with A1c. Conclusion: Adolescents with DM1 should receive attention regarding their reduced muscle strength and cardiovascular risk with the increase in A1c...(AU)

Evaluation of diabetic patients after three month use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, dispensed by a protocolled form at outpatient reference clinic of Taguatinga Regional Hospital

Objective To evaluate the data of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion protocol (CSII) for diabetics waived by the Health State Secretariat of Distrito Federal (HSSDF) and therapeutic responses three months after the transfer of multiple daily injections regimen for CSII. Subjects and methods Eighty patients (49 female) took part in this experimental study, mean age and disease duration were 27.9 years and 13 years, respectively; 96% patients had type 1 diabetes mellitus. Results The entire sample (ECO) and 3 subgroups (group 1 – A1c decrease, group 2 – A1c stable, and group 3 – A1c increase), stratified according to a ≥ 0.5% change in A1c, were analyzed. Group 1 involved 64% of the patients. The ECO showed a significant A1c decrease: MDI 8.1 ± 1.4% vs. CSII 7.3 ± 0.9%, p < 0.0001 (0.8% difference pro CSII therapy). Group 1 demonstrated an A1c decrease from 8.7% to 7.3% (1.4% difference). Group 2 mean A1c was 7.1%. Rate of hypoglycemia (< 50 mg/dL) decreased 61% in the ECO and 79% in Group 2. Conclusion This study reinforces the safety and efficacy of CSII with a robust A1c reduction and hypoglycemia. The pioneer care HSSDF ambulatory attests to be achievable the free dispensing by Unified Health System (UHS) following a protocol, and this approach results in less wastage to the patient and represents a rational policy of therapy with CSII for UHS. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(1):23-8 .

Mobilidade articular de idosos diabéticos e não diabéticos e influência da fisioterapia / Joint mobility of diabetic and non-diabetic elderly people and influence of the physical therapy

O diabetes tipo 2 (DM) é uma doença crônica que tem impacto socioeconômico importante nos dias atuais. Medidas de prevenção, detecção precoce e tratamento se mostram importantes para a diminuição da taxa de morbimortalidade dessa síndrome. Objetivos: Verificar e comparar entre idosos, portadores ou não de diabetes mellitus, os que possuem maior limitação de mobilidade articular (LMA); analisar a relação da LMA com a idade, o tempo de DM, a presença de sinal da prece (SP), o risco neuropático (RN) ea influência dos exercícios utilizados na fisioterapia. Materiais e métodos: Os indivíduos foram divididos em três grupos com n = 15 cada, sendo grupo C (controle), grupo DM, grupo DMF (DM em tratamento fisioterapêutico, por meio de alongamentos e exercícios leves). Foram avaliadas as goniometrias de tornozelos e punhos, SP e RN, bem como relacionou-se a média das amplitudes de movimento (ADMs) entre os grupos com a idade, o tempo de DM, o SP e o RN. Resultados e conclusões: A média das ADMs nos grupos foramC > DMF > DM, de forma significativa (p < 0,05), exceto flexão de punho direito. Observa-se a influência da fisioterapia (DMF > DM), significante no movimento de extensão de punho. Quanto maior a idade e o tempo de DM maior a tendência de LMA, porém, essas diferenças não foram significativas. No presente estudo, oRN e o SP não são os únicos determinantes da LMA. Conclui-se que o diabetes interfere significativamente na ADM e que houve influência benéfica da fisioterapia, por meio de alongamentos e exercícios leves.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronical disease with an important socioeconomic impact nowadays. Prevention, early detection and treatment are important to morbidity and mortality reduction. OBJECTIVES: To verify and compare the which have the greatest limitation of joint mobility (LJM), the LJM relation to age, the time of diagnosis of T2D, the presence of a prayer signal (PS), the risk neuropathic (RN) and the influence of exercises used in physiotherapy in elderly T2D and non T2D individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were accomplished in three groups being control group (C; n = 15); T2D group (T2D; n=15) and T2D in physiotherapeutic treatment - stretching and light resistance exercises (T2DPhys; n = 15). Goniometry of the ankles and wrists, PS and RN were evaluated and the average of range of motion (ROM) was associated between groups accordingly to the age, time of diagnosis of T2D, PS and RN. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The average ROM in groups were C > T2DPhys > T2D, significantly (p < 0.05), except for right wrist flexion. There was a significant (p < 0.05) influence of physiotherapy (T2DPhys > T2D)in the wrist extension movement. The LJM were higher in older individual and in T2S with more time with disease but these relations were not significant. In this study, the RN and PS were not the only determinants of LJM. It was concluded that T2D interferes negatively and significantly in ROM and the physiotherapy treatment through stretching and resistance light exercises exerted beneficial influences on these parameters in the T2D.

Avaliação dos pacientes com diabetes melito em uso de insulina glargina disponibilizada pelo serviço público no Distrito Federal / Assessment of patients with diabetes mellitus using glargine insulin delivered by the public service in the Distrito Federal

Objetivo. Avaliar o impacto da terapêutica com insulina glargina em pacientes diabéticos atendidos em um dos hospitais da rede pública em Brasília. Método. Estudo retrospectivo, transversal e não controlado, com 121 pacientes diabéticos em uso da insulina glargina com o tempo médio de treze meses, sendo 91 com diabetes melito do tipo 1, 42 do sexo feminino e 49 do sexo masculino, e 30 com diabetes melito do tipo 2, 22 do sexo feminino e oito do sexo masculino. Foram verificados os dados do protocolo para disponibilização da insulina glargina aos usuários cadastrados na rede pública, a variabilidade do controle glicêmico e a redução de hipoglicemias. Resultados. O critério 1 do protocolo, que se referiu à indicação de insulina glargina devido às falhas a esquemas prévios com insulina, esteve presente em 92,9% dos pacientes e, dentre estes, 36,6% também apresentaram o critério 2, relativo ao persistente mau controle, e 6,3% o critério 3, que diz respeito à presença de hipoglicemia grave. A maioria dos doentes (57,1%) preencheu os três critérios de uso da insulina glargina. Houve diferença entre o percentual de pacientes com hemoglobina glicada menor do que 7% antes e após o uso da glargina (2,5% vs 10,7%; p = 0,024) e cerca de 80% dos doentes que tinham hipoglicemia apresentaram redução desses eventos (p = 0,0001). Conclusão. A introdução da insulina glargina em pacientes diabéticos com grande dificuldade de atingir metas de controle mostrou eficácia significativa, com redução dos níveis de hemoglobina glicada e, sobretudo, redução de hipoglicemias com impacto positivo sobre a qualidade de vida desses pacientes, o que justifica plenamente seu uso com indicação precisa.

Objective. To evaluate the impact of therapy with insulin glargine in diabetic patients from a public hospital in Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Method. Retrospective, cross-sectional and non-controlled study including 121 diabetic patients treated with glargine insulin for an average period 13 months, being 91 with diabetes mellitus 1 (42 female and 49 male patients) and 30 with diabetes mellitus 2 (22 female and eight male patients). Data from glargine insulin utilization protocol from patients in public service, together with variability of glycemic control and reduction in hypoglycemia were evaluated. Results. The criterion number one related to treatment is failure to previous insulin treatments and it was present in 92.9% of patients and, among these, 36.6% also presented the criterion two, related to persistently poor glycemic control and 6.3% presented the criterion 3, which means the presence of severe hypoglycemia. The majority of patients(57.1%) presented all three criteria for glargine insulin use, according to the protocol. There was a difference between the percent of patients with A1C less 7% before and after glargine use (2.5% vs 10.7%; p = 0.024) and close to 80% of patients presenting hypoglycemia experienced a reduction in the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes (p = 0.0001). Conclusions. The introduction of glargine insulin for patients with great difficulty in achieving targets for glycemic control was significantly effective, as it reduced hemoglobin A1c levels and frequency of hypoglycemias, with a positiveimpact on the quality of life of these patients, fully justifying its use when precisely indicated.