Mechanism underlying the rapid growth of Phalaenopsis equestris induced by 60Co-γ-ray irradiation.

Gamma (γ)-ray irradiation is one of the important modern breeding methods. Gamma-ray irradiation can affect the growth rate and other characteristics of plants. Plant growth rate is crucial for plants. In horticultural crops, the growth rate of plants is closely related to the growth of leaves and flowering time, both of which have important ornamental value. In this study, 60Co-γ-ray was used to treat P. equestris plants. After irradiation, the plant's leaf growth rate increased, and sugar content and antioxidant enzyme activity increased. Therefore, we used RNA-seq technology to analyze the differential gene expression and pathways of control leaves and irradiated leaves. Through transcriptome analysis, we investigated the reasons for the rapid growth of P. equestris leaves after irradiation. In the analysis, genes related to cell wall relaxation and glucose metabolism showed differential expression. In addition, the expression level of genes encoding ROS scavenging enzyme synthesis regulatory genes increased after irradiation. We identified two genes related to P. equestris leaf growth using VIGS technology: PeNGA and PeEXPA10. The expression of PeEXPA10, a gene related to cell wall expansion, was down-regulated, cell wall expansion ability decreased, cell size decreased, and leaf growth rate slowed down. The TCP-NGATHA (NGA) molecular regulatory module plays a crucial role in cell proliferation. When the expression of the PeNGA gene decreases, the leaf growth rate increases, and the number of cells increases. After irradiation, PeNGA and PeEXPA10 affect the growth of P. equestris leaves by influencing cell proliferation and cell expansion, respectively. In addition, many genes in the plant hormone signaling pathway show differential expression after irradiation, indicating the crucial role of plant hormones in plant leaf growth. This provides a theoretical basis for future research on leaf development and biological breeding.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of TIFY Family Genes Reveal Their Potential Roles in Phalaenopsis aphrodite Flower Opening.

The TIFY gene family (formerly known as the zinc finger proteins expressed in inflorescence meristem (ZIM) family) not only functions in plant defense responses but also are widely involved in regulating plant growth and development. However, the identification and functional analysis of TIFY proteins remain unexplored in Orchidaceae. Here, we identified 19 putative TIFY genes in the Phalaenopsis aphrodite genome. The phylogenetic tree classified them into four subfamilies: 14 members from JAZ, 3 members from ZML, and 1 each from PPD and TIFY. Sequence analysis revealed that all Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins contained a TIFY domain. Exon-intron analysis showed that the intron number and length of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes varied, whereas the same subfamily and subgroup genes had similar exon or intron numbers and distributions. The most abundant cis-elements in the promoter regions of the 19 TIFY genes were associated with light responsiveness, followed by MeJA and ABA, indicating their potential regulation by light and phytohormones. The 13 candidate TIFY genes screened from the transcriptome data exhibited two types of expression trends, suggesting their different roles in cell proliferation and cell expansion of floral organ growth during Phalaenopsis flower opening. Overall, this study serves as a background for investigating the underlying roles of TIFY genes in floral organ growth in Phalaenopsis.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Auxin Response Factor Gene Family in Melastoma dodecandrum Genome.

Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) mediate auxin signaling and govern diverse biological processes. However, a comprehensive analysis of the ARF gene family and identification of their key regulatory functions have not been conducted in Melastoma dodecandrum, leading to a weak understanding of further use and development for this functional shrub. In this study, we successfully identified a total of 27 members of the ARF gene family in M. dodecandrum and classified them into Class I-III. Class II-III showed more significant gene duplication than Class I, especially for MedARF16s. According to the prediction of cis-regulatory elements, the AP2/ERF, BHLH, and bZIP transcription factor families may serve as regulatory factors controlling the transcriptional pre-initiation expression of MedARF. Analysis of miRNA editing sites reveals that miR160 may play a regulatory role in the post-transcriptional expression of MeARF. Expression profiles revealed that more than half of the MedARFs exhibited high expression levels in the stem compared to other organs. While there are some specific genes expressed only in flowers, it is noteworthy that MedARF16s, MedARF7A, and MedARF9B, which are highly expressed in stems, also demonstrate high expressions in other organs of M. dodecandrum. Further hormone treatment experiments revealed that these MedARFs were sensitive to auxin changes, with MedARF6C and MedARF7A showing significant and rapid changes in expression upon increasing exogenous auxin. In brief, our findings suggest a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development in M. dodecandrum by responding to changes in auxin. These results can provide a theoretical basis for future molecular breeding in Myrtaceae.

General Analysis of Heat Shock Factors in the Cymbidium ensifolium Genome Provided Insights into Their Evolution and Special Roles with Response to Temperature.

Heat shock factors (HSFs) are the key regulators of heat stress responses and play pivotal roles in tissue development and the temperature-induced regulation of secondary metabolites. In order to elucidate the roles of HSFs in Cymbidium ensifolium, we conducted a genome-wide identification of CeHSF genes and predicted their functions based on their structural features and splicing patterns. Our results revealed 22 HSF family members, with each gene containing more than one intron. According to phylogenetic analysis, 59.1% of HSFs were grouped into the A subfamily, while subfamily HSFC contained only two HSFs. And the HSF gene families were differentiated evolutionarily between plant species. Two tandem repeats were found on Chr02, and two segmental duplication pairs were observed on Chr12, Chr17, and Chr19; this provided evidence for whole-genome duplication (WGD) events in C. ensifolium. The core region of the promoter in most CeHSF genes contained cis-acting elements such as AP2/ERF and bHLH, which were associated with plant growth, development, and stress responses. Except for CeHSF11, 14, and 19, each of the remaining CeHSFs contained at least one miRNA binding site. This included binding sites for miR156, miR393, and miR319, which were responsive to temperature and other stresses. The HSF gene family exhibited significant tissue specificity in both vegetative and floral organs of C. ensifolium. CeHSF13 and CeHSF15 showed relatively significant expression in flowers compared to other genes. During flower development, CeHSF15 exhibited markedly elevated expression in the early stages of flower opening, implicating critical regulatory functions in organ development and floral scent-related regulations. During the poikilothermic treatment, CeHSF14 was upregulated over 200-fold after 6 h of heat treatment. CeHSF13 and CeHSF14 showed the highest expression at 6 h of low temperature, while the expression of CeHSF15 and CeHSF21 continuously decreased at a low temperature. The expression patterns of CeHSFs further confirmed their role in responding to temperature stress. Our study may help reveal the important roles of HSFs in plant development and metabolic regulation and show insight for the further molecular design breeding of C. ensifolium.

Molecular mechanism of different flower color formation of Cymbidium ensifolium.

Cymbidium ensifolium is one of the national orchids in China, which has high ornamental value with changeable flower colors. To understand the formation mechanism of different flower colors of C. ensifolium, this research conducted transcriptome and metabolome analyses on four different colored sepals of C. ensifolium. Metabolome analysis detected 204 flavonoid metabolites, including 17 polyphenols, 27 anthocyanins, 75 flavones, 34 flavonols, 25 flavonoids, 18 flavanones, and 8 isoflavones. Among them, purple-red and red sepals contain a lot of anthocyanins, including cyanidin, pelargonin, and paeoniflorin, while yellow-green and white sepals have less anthocyanins detected, and their metabolites are mainly flavonols, flavanones and flavonoids. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that the expression levels of the anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme genes in red and purple-red sepals were significantly higher than those in white and yellow-green sepals of C. ensifolium. The experimental results showed that CeF3'H2, CeDFR, CeANS, CeF3H and CeUFGT1 may be the key genes involved in anthocyanin production in C. ensifolium sepals, and CeMYB104 has been proved to play an important role in the flower color formation of C. ensifolium. The results of transformation showed that the CeMYB104 is involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins and can form a purple-red color in the white perianth of Phalaenopsis. These findings provide a theoretical reference to understand the formation mechanism of flower color in C. ensifolium.

Research Progress on Anthocyanin-Mediated Regulation of 'Black' Phenotypes of Plant Organs.

The color pattern is one of the most important characteristics of plants. Black stands out among the vibrant colors due to its rare and distinctive nature. While some plant organs appear black, they are, in fact, dark purple. Anthocyanins are the key compounds responsible for the diverse hues in plant organs. Cyanidin plays an important role in the deposition of black pigments in various plant organs, such as flower, leaf, and fruit. A number of structural genes and transcription factors are involved in the metabolism of anthocyanins in black organs. It has been shown that the high expression of R2R3-MYB transcription factors, such as PeMYB7, PeMYB11, and CsMYB90, regulates black pigmentation in plants. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the anthocyanin pathways that are involved in the regulation of black pigments in plant organs, including flower, leaf, and fruit. It is a great starting point for further investigation into the molecular regulation mechanism of plant color and the development of novel cultivars with black plant organs.

Origin and diversification of a Himalayan orchid genus Pleione.

Pleione is an orchid endemically distributed in high mountain areas across the Hengduan Mountains (HDM), Himalayas, Southeast Asia and South of China. The unique flower shapes, rich colors and immense medicinal importance of Pleione are valuable ornamental and economic resources. However, the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the genus have not yet been comprehensively resolved. Here, the evolutionary history of Pleione was investigated using single-copy gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and chloroplast genome datasets. The data revealed that Pleione could be divided into five clades. Discordance in topology between the two phylogenetic trees and network and D-statistic analyses indicated the occurrence of reticulate evolution in the genus. The evolution could be attributed to introgression and incomplete lineage sorting. Ancestral area reconstruction suggested that Pleione was originated from the HDM. Uplifting of the HDM drove rapid diversification by creating conditions favoring rapid speciation. This coincided with two periods of consolidation of the Asian monsoon climate, which caused the first rapid diversification of Pleione from 8.87 to 7.83 Mya, and a second rapid diversification started at around 4.05 Mya to Pleistocene. The interaction between Pleione and climate changes, especially the monsoons, led to the current distribution pattern and shaped the dormancy characteristic of the different clades. In addition to revealing the evolutionary relationship of Pleione with orogeny and climate changes, the findings of this study provide insights into the speciation and diversification mechanisms of plants in the East Asian flora.

New Ionone Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Allium sativum and Their Anti-Platelet Aggregation Activity.

The bulbs of Allium sativum known as garlic are widely used as food or seasoning. In China they have been used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) since ancient times for the treatment of scabies, tuberculosis, pertussis, diarrhea and dysentery. A. sativum has reportedly shown platelet aggregation inhibition and has been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, there are only few studies focussing on the aerial parts, which are normally discarded during harvest. In this study, two new ionone glycosides, dasuanxinosides D and E (1, 2: ), are isolated from the aerial parts together with 13 known compounds including alkanes derivatives and alkyl glycosides (3 - 15: ), which are reported for the first time from this plant. Their structures are identified by extensive NMR and HRMS analyses. The isolated compounds are evaluated for their inhibitory effect on adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation in vitro.

Complete Chloroplast Genomes and Comparative Analyses of Three Paraphalaenopsis (Aeridinae, Orchidaceae) Species.

Paraphalaenopsis, a genus of perennial herbs from the family Orchidaceae, contains a number of ornamental species. However, there is no information on the chloroplast genomes of Paraphalaenopsis, which limits our studies of this genus. In this study, we reported the chloroplast genomes of three species of Paraphalaenopsis (P. labukensis, P. denevel, and P. laycockii 'Semi-alba') and performed comprehensive comparative analysis. These three chloroplast genomes showed a typical quadripartile structure. Their lengths ranged from 147,311 bp to 149,240 bp. Each genome contained 120 unique genes, including 74 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Comparative analysis revealed major differences in sequence divergence in the three chloroplast genomes. In addition, six hypervariable regions were identified (psbM-trnDGUC, psbB, ccsA, trnKUUU, trnSGCU-trnGUCC, rps16-trnQUUG) that can be used as DNA molecular markers. Phylogenetic relationships were determined using the chloroplast genomes of 28 species from 12 genera of Aeridinae. Results suggested that Paraphalaenopsis was a clade of Aeridinae that was sister to the Holcoglossum-Vanda clade, with 100% bootstrap support within Aeridinae. The findings of this study provided the foundation for future studies on the phylogenetic analysis of Aeridinae.

Comparative Phylogenetic Analysis for Aerides (Aeridinae, Orchidaceae) Based on Six Complete Plastid Genomes.

Aerides Lour. (Orchidaceae, Aeridinae) is a group of epiphytic orchids with high ornamental value, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical forests, that comprises approximately 20 species. The species are of great value in floriculture and garden designing because of their beautiful flower shapes and colors. Although the morphological boundaries of Aerides are clearly defined, the relationship between Aerides and other closely related genera is still ambiguous in terms of phylogeny. To better understand their phylogenetic relationships, this study used next-generation sequencing technology to investigate the phylogeny and DNA barcoding of this taxonomic unit using genetic information from six Aerides plastid genomes. The quadripartite-structure plastomes ranged from 147,244 bp to 148,391 bp and included 120 genes. Among them, 74 were protein coding genes, 38 were tRNA genes and 8 were rRNA genes, while the ndh genes were pseudogenized or lost. Four non-coding mutational hotspots (rpl20-rpl33, psbM, petB, rpoB-trnCGCA, Pi > 0.06) were identified. A total of 71-77 SSRs and 19-46 long repeats (>30 bp) were recognized in Aerides plastomes, which were mostly located in the large single-copy region. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Aerides was monophylic and sister to Renanthera. Moreover, our results confirmed that six Aerides species can be divided into three major clades. These findings provide assistance for species identification and DNA barcoding investigation in Aerides, as well as contributes to future research on the phylogenomics of Orchidaceae.

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the GRF Gene Family in Melastoma dodecandrum.

Growth-regulating factor (GRF) is a kind of transcription factor unique to plants, playing an important role in the flowering regulation, growth, and development of plants. Melastoma dodecandrum is an important member of Melastomataceae, with ornamental, medicinal, and edible benefits. The identification of the GRF gene family in M. dodecandrum can help to improve their character of flavor and continuous flowering. The members of the GRF gene family were identified from the M. dodecandrum genome, and their bioinformatics, selective pressure, and expression patterns were analyzed. The results showed that there were 20 GRF genes in M. dodecandrum. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 71 GRF genes from M. dodecandrum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Camellia sinensis, and Oryza sativa can be divided into three clades and six subclades. The 20 GRF genes of M. dodecandrum were distributed in twelve chromosomes and one contig. Furthermore, the gene structure and motif analysis showed that the intron and motif within each clade were very similar, but there were great differences among different clades. The promoter contained cis-acting elements related to hormone induction, stress, and growth and development. Different transcriptomic expression of MdGRFs indicated that MdGRFs may be involved in regulating the growth and development of M. dodecandrum. The results laid a foundation for further study on the function and molecular mechanism of the M. dodecandrum GRF gene family.

Sex-Related Gene Network Revealed by Transcriptome Differentiation of Bisexual and Unisexual Flowers of Orchid Cymbidium tortisepalum.

Despite extensive research on orchid reproductive strategies, the genetic studies of sex differentiation in the orchid family are still lacking. In this study, we compared three sexual phenotypes of Cymbidium tortisepalum bisexual flowers as well as female and male unisexual mutants. Through comparative transcriptomes, we analyzed the sex-biased differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and gene co-expression networks of sex organs (gynostemium and ovary) among them, identified the candidate genes of sex differentiation, and validated their expression by qRT-PCR. The C. tortisepalum unisexual mutants with degenerated phenotypes were compared to the bisexual plants with respect to both the flower organs and plant morphologies. Totally, 12,145, 10,789, and 14,447 genes were uniquely expressed in the female, male, and hermaphrodite sex organs, respectively. A total of 4291 sex-biased DEGs were detected among them, with 871, 2867, and 1937 DEGs in the comparisons of bisexual vs. female, bisexual vs. male, and male vs. female flowers, respectively. Two co-expressed network modules, with 81 and 419 genes were tightly correlated with female sexual traits, while two others with 265 and 135 genes were highly correlated with male sexual traits. Two female-biased hub genes (CtSDR3b and CtSDR3b-like) nested in the female modules, the homologs of maize sex determinant tasselseed2, may control the feminization of C. tortisepalum. At the same time, two male-biased hub genes (CtYAB2 and CtYAB5) nested in the male modules, the homologs of grape sex determinant VviYABBY3, may control the androphany of C. tortisepalum. This study discovered the molecular regulation networks and proposed a model for orchid sex differentiation, therefore providing for the first time the genetic basis for the sex separation in the orchid family.

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of WRKY Gene Family in Melastoma dodecandrum.

WRKY is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants and plays an important role in plant growth and development as well as in abiotic and biological stresses. However, there is little information about the WRKY family in Melastoma dodecandrum. In this study, 126 WRKY members were identified in M. dodecandrum. According to phylogenetic analysis, they were divided into three major groups, and group II was further divided into five subgroups. MedWRKY genes were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Additionally, the gene structure and sequence composition were similar within the same group and differed between groups, suggesting their functional diversity. The promoter sequence analysis identified a number of cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development, stress response, and secondary metabolite synthesis in the WRKY gene family. The collinearity analysis showed that gene replication events were the main driving force of MedWRKY gene evolution. The transcriptome data and RT-qPCR analysis suggested that MedWRKY genes had higher expression in the roots and ripe fruit of M. dodecandrum. In short, this paper lays a foundation for further study of the functions and molecular mechanism of M. dodecandrum WRKY gene family.

The Genome-Level Survey of the WOX Gene Family in Melastoma dodecandrum Lour.

Though conserved in higher plants, the WOX transcription factors play crucial roles in plant growth and development of Melastoma dodecandrum Lour., which shows pioneer position in land ecosystem formation and produces nutritional fruits. Identifying the WOX family genes in M. dodecandrum is imperative for elucidating its growth and development mechanisms. However, the WOX genes in M. dodecandrum have not yet been characterized. In this study, by identification 22 WOX genes in M. dodecandrum based on current genome data, we classified family genes into three clades and nine types with homeodomains. We highlighted gene duplications of MedWOX4, which offered evidences of whole-genome duplication events. Promoter analysis illustrated that cis-regulatory elements related to light and stress responses and plant growth were enriched. Expression pattern and RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the majority of WOX genes exhibited expression in the stem. MedWOX13s displayed highest expression across various tissues. MedWOX4s displayed a specific expression in the stem. Collectively, our study provided foundations for elucidating WOX gene functions and further molecular design breeding in M. dodecandrum.

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of bHLH Transcription Factors Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Cymbidium ensifolium.

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors are widely distributed across eukaryotic kingdoms and participate in various physiological processes. To date, the bHLH family has been identified and functionally analyzed in many plants. However, systematic identification of bHLH transcription factors has yet to be reported in orchids. Here, 94 bHLH transcription factors were identified from the Cymbidium ensifolium genome and divided into 18 subfamilies. Most CebHLHs contain numerous cis-acting elements associated with abiotic stress responses and phytohormone responses. A total of 19 pairs of duplicated genes were found in the CebHLHs, of which 13 pairs were segmentally duplicated genes and six pairs were tandemly duplicated genes. Expression pattern analysis based on transcriptome data revealed that 84 CebHLHs were differentially expressed in four different color sepals, especially CebHLH13 and CebHLH75 of the S7 subfamily. The expression profiles of CebHLH13 and CebHLH75 in sepals, which are considered potential genes regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, were confirmed through the qRT-PCR technique. Furthermore, subcellular localization results showed that CebHLH13 and CebHLH75 were located in the nucleus. This research lays a foundation for further exploration of the mechanism of CebHLHs in flower color formation.

Identification, Molecular Characteristics, and Evolution of YABBY Gene Family in Melastoma dodecandrum.

The YABBY gene family plays an important role in plant growth and development, such as response to abiotic stress and lateral organ development. YABBY TFs are well studied in numerous plant species, but no study has performed a genome-wide investigation of the YABBY gene family in Melastoma dodecandrum. Therefore, a genome-wide comparative analysis of the YABBY gene family was performed to study their sequence structures, cis-acting elements, phylogenetics, expression, chromosome locations, collinearity analysis, protein interaction, and subcellular localization analysis. A total of nine YABBY genes were found, and they were further divided into four subgroups based on the phylogenetic tree. The genes in the same clade of phylogenetic tree had the same structure. The cis-element analysis showed that MdYABBY genes were involved in various biological processes, such as cell cycle regulation, meristem expression, responses to low temperature, and hormone signaling. MdYABBYs were unevenly distributed on chromosomes. The transcriptomic data and real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) expression pattern analyses showed that MdYABBY genes were involved in organ development and differentiation of M. dodecandrum, and some MdYABBYs in the subfamily may have function differentiation. The RT-qPCR analysis showed high expression of flower bud and medium flower. Moreover, all MdYABBYs were localized in the nucleus. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis for the functional analysis of YABBY genes in M. dodecandrum.

Bioinformatic Assessment and Expression Profiles of the AP2/ERF Superfamily in the Melastoma dodecandrum Genome.

AP2/ERF transcription factors play crucial roles in various biological activities, including plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stressors. However, limited research has been conducted on the AP2/ERF genes of Melastoma dodecandrum for breeding of this potential fruit crop. Leveraging the recently published whole genome sequence, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of this superfamily and explored the expression patterns of AP2/ERF genes at a genome-wide level. A significant number of genes, totaling 218, were discovered to possess the AP2 domain sequence and displayed notable structural variations among five subfamilies. An uneven distribution of these genes was observed on 12 pseudochromosomes as the result of gene expansion facilitated by segmental duplications. Analysis of cis-acting elements within promoter sites and 87.6% miRNA splicing genes predicted their involvement in multiple hormone responses and abiotic stresses through transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations. Transcriptome analysis combined with qRT-PCR results indicated that certain candidate genes are involved in tissue formation and the response to developmental changes induced by IAA hormones. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the evolution of ERF genes in angiosperms and lays a solid foundation for future breeding investigations aimed at improving fruit quality and enhancing adaptation to barren land environments.

Genome-Wide Analysis of WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox Gene Family in Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera).

WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) is a plant-specific transcription factor (TF), which plays an essential role in the regulation of plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. However, little information is available on the specific roles of WOX TFs in sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), which is a perennial aquatic plant with important edible, ornamental, and medicinal values. We identified 15 WOX TFs distributing on six chromosomes in the genome of N. nucifera. A total of 72 WOX genes from five species were divided into three clades and nine subclades based on the phylogenetic tree. NnWOXs in the same subclades had similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Cis-acting element analysis of the promoter regions of NnWOXs found many elements enriched in hormone induction, stress responses, and light responses, indicating their roles in growth and development. The Ka/Ks analysis showed that the WOX gene family had been intensely purified and selected in N. nucifera. The expression pattern analysis suggested that NnWOXs were involved in organ development and differentiation of N. nucifera. Furthermore, the protein-protein interaction analysis showed that NnWOXs might participate in the growth, development, and metabolic regulation of N. nucifera. Taken together, these findings laid a foundation for further analysis of NnWOX functions.

Saikosaponin A and Its Epimers Alleviate LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice.

The purpose of this work was to illustrate the effect of processing with vinegar on saikosaponins of Bupleurum chinense DC. (BC) and the protective effects of saikosaponin A (SSA), saikosaponin b1 (SSb1), saikosaponin b2 (SSb2), and saikosaponin D (SSD) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mice. We comprehensively evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects and potential mechanisms of SSA, SSb1, SSb2, and SSD through an LPS-induced ALI model using intratracheal injection. The results showed that SSA, SSb1, SSb2, and SSD significantly decreased pulmonary edema; reduced the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß in serum and lung tissues; alleviated pulmonary pathological damage; and decreased the levels of the IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß genes and the expression of NF-κB/TLR4-related proteins. Interestingly, they were similar in structure, but SSb2 had a better anti-inflammatory effect at the same dose, according to a principal component analysis. These findings indicated that it may not have been comprehensive to only use SSA and SSD as indicators to evaluate the quality of BC, especially as the contents of SSb1 and SSb2 in vinegar-processed BC were significantly increased.

OrchidBase 5.0: updates of the orchid genome knowledgebase.

Containing the largest number of species, the orchid family provides not only materials for studying plant evolution and environmental adaptation, but economically and culturally important ornamental plants for human society. Previously, we collected genome and transcriptome information of Dendrobium catenatum, Phalaenopsis equestris, and Apostasia shenzhenica which belong to two different subfamilies of Orchidaceae, and developed user-friendly tools to explore the orchid genetic sequences in the OrchidBase 4.0. The OrchidBase 4.0 offers the opportunity for plant science community to compare orchid genomes and transcriptomes and retrieve orchid sequences for further study.In the year 2022, two whole-genome sequences of Orchidoideae species, Platanthera zijinensis and Platanthera guangdongensis, were de novo sequenced, assembled and analyzed. In addition, systemic transcriptomes from these two species were also established. Therefore, we included these datasets to develop the new version of OrchidBase 5.0. In addition, three new functions including synteny, gene order, and miRNA information were also developed for orchid genome comparisons and miRNA characterization.OrchidBase 5.0 extended the genetic information to three orchid subfamilies (including five orchid species) and provided new tools for orchid researchers to analyze orchid genomes and transcriptomes. The online resources can be accessed at https://cosbi.ee.ncku.edu.tw/orchidbase5/.