Feasibility and safety of stereoelectroencephalography in young children.

PURPOSE: Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is a diagnostic surgery that implants electrodes to identify areas of epileptic onset in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). SEEG is effective in identifying the epileptic zone; however, placement of electrodes in very young children has been considered contraindicated due to skull thinness. The goal of this study was to evaluate if SEEG is safe and accurate in young children with thin skulls. METHODS: Four children under the age of two years old with DRE underwent SEEG to locate the region of seizure onset. Presurgical planning and placement of electrodes were performed using ROSA One Brain. Preoperative electrode plans were merged with postoperative CT scans to determine accuracy. Euclidean distance between the planned and actual trajectories was calculated using a 3D coordinate system at both the entry and target points for each electrode. RESULTS: Sixty-three electrodes were placed among four patients. Mean skull thickness at electrode entry sites was 2.34 mm. The mean difference between the planned and actual entry points was 1.12 mm, and the mean difference between the planned and actual target points was 1.73 mm. No significant correlation was observed between planned and actual target points and skull thickness (Pearson R = - 0.170). No perioperative or postoperative complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that SEEG can be safe and accurate in children under two years of age despite thin skulls. SEEG should be considered for young children with DRE, and age and skull thickness are not definite contraindications to the surgery.

Application of Brain Injury Guidelines at a Pediatric Level 1 Trauma Center predicts reliability, safety, and improved resource utilization.

PURPOSE: Brain Injury Guidelines (BIG) have been established to guide management related to TBI in adults. Here, BIG criteria were applied to pediatric TBI patients to evaluate reliability, safety, and resource utilization. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on all pediatric TBI patients aged 18 years or younger from January 2012 to July 2023 at a Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center. The severity of TBI (BIG 1/2/3) was rated by review of initial cranial imaging by two independent observers. Inter-observer reliability was assessed. Predictions based on BIG criteria regarding repeat cranial imaging, ICU admission, and neurosurgical consultation were compared with observations from the cohort. Outcome data was collected, including neurosurgical intervention and mortality rate. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-nine patients were included with mean age of 5.3 years. Injury severity included 44 BIG 1 (12.2%), 170 BIG 2 (47.4%), and 145 BIG 3 injuries (40.4%). Inter-rater reliability was 96.4%. Neurosurgical consultation was obtained in all patients, though only predicted by guidelines in 40.4%. Repeat imaging was obtained in 166 BIG 1/2 patients, with an average of 1.3 CT scans and 0.8 MRIs/rapid MRIs per patient. ICU was utilized in 104 (77.6%) patients not recommended per BIG criteria. Ultimately, 37 patients, all BIG 3, required neurosurgical intervention; no neurosurgical interventions were required in those classified as BIG 1/2. CONCLUSIONS: BIG criteria can be applied to pediatric TBI with high inter-observer reliability and without formal neurosurgical training. Retrospective application of BIG predicted fewer imaging studies, ICU admissions, and neurosurgical consults without overlooking patients requiring neurosurgical intervention.

Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization in Pediatric Patients.

BACKGROUND: Middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization has been increasingly applied in adult populations for the treatment of chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH). There is a paucity of literature on the indications, safety, and outcomes of MMA embolization in the pediatric population. SUMMARY: A systematic literature review on pediatric patients undergoing MMA embolization was performed. We also report the case of successful bilateral MMA embolization for persistent subdural hematomas following resection of a juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma. Persistent bilateral subdural hematomas following resection of a large brain tumor resolved following MMA embolization in a 13-year-old male. Indications for MMA embolization in the pediatric literature included cSDH (6/13, 46.2%), treatment or preoperative embolization of arteriovenous fistula or arteriovenous malformation (3/13, 23.1%), preoperative embolization for tumor resection (1/13, 7.7%), or treatment of acute epidural hematoma (1/13, 7.7%). Embolic agents included microspheres or microparticles (2/13, 15.4%), Onyx (3/13, 23.1%), NBCA (3/13, 23.1%), or coils (4/13, 30.8%). KEY MESSAGES: Whereas MMA embolization has primarily been applied in the adult population for subdural hematoma in the setting of cardiac disease and anticoagulant use, we present a novel application of MMA embolization in the management of persistent subdural hematoma following resection of a large space-occupying lesion. A systematic review of MMA embolization in pediatric patients currently shows efficacy; a multi-institutional study is warranted to further refine indications, timing, and safety of the procedure.

Fetal ventriculomegaly: Diagnosis, treatment, and future directions.

Fetal ventriculomegaly (VM) refers to the enlargement of the cerebral ventricles in utero. It is associated with the postnatal diagnosis of hydrocephalus. VM is clinically diagnosed on ultrasound and is defined as an atrial diameter greater than 10 mm. Because of the anatomic detailed seen with advanced imaging, VM is often further characterized by fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fetal VM is a heterogeneous condition with various etiologies and a wide range of neurodevelopmental outcomes. These outcomes are heavily dependent on the presence or absence of associated anomalies and the direct cause of the ventriculomegaly rather than on the absolute degree of VM. In this review article, we discuss diagnosis, work-up, counseling, and management strategies as they relate to fetal VM. We then describe imaging-based research efforts aimed at using prenatal data to predict postnatal outcome. Finally, we review the early experience with fetal therapy such as in utero shunting, as well as the advances in prenatal diagnosis and fetal surgery that may begin to address the limitations of previous therapeutic efforts.

External validity of the chiari severity index and outcomes among pediatric chiari I patients treated with intra- or extra-Dural decompression.

INTRODUCTION: Chiari malformation type-1 (CM-1) may be treated by intradural (ID) or extradural (ED) posterior fossa decompression, although the optimal approach is debated. The Chiari Severity Index (CSI) is a pre-operative metric to predict patient-defined improvement after CM-1 surgery. In this study, we evaluate the results of ID versus ED decompression and assess the external validity of the CSI. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of pediatric CM-1 patients undergoing decompression at a single academic children's hospital. Characteristics of headache, syrinx, and myelopathy were collected to derive CSI grade. The primary outcome measure was pre-operative symptom resolution. The proportion of patients with favorable outcome was tabulated for each of the three CSI grades and compared to previously published results. RESULTS: From 2004 to 2014, 189 patients underwent ID (48%) or ED (52%) decompression at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). Follow-up ranged from 1 to 75 months. Rates of symptom resolution (58-64%) and reoperation (8%) were similar regardless of surgical approach. Although proportions of favorable outcomes differed between the CHOP and Washington University (WU) cohorts, the difference was not related to CSI grade (p = 0.63). Furthermore, there was no difference in the proportion of favorable outcomes between the two cohorts regardless of ID (p = 0.26) or ED approach (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Equivalent rates of symptom resolution and reoperation following ID and ED decompression support the ED approach as a first-line surgical option for pediatric CM-1 patients. In addition, our findings provide preliminary evidence supporting the generalizability of the CSI and its use in future comparative trials.

Myofascial Closure of Intradural Inclusion Cysts following in utero Myelomeningocele Repair.

Myelomeningocele is one of the most common congenital malformations. A randomized controlled trial, known as the Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS), demonstrated that closure during the fetal period can be performed relatively safely and be of significant benefit to patients. However, postnatally, patients can develop resultant symptoms from a tethered cord and inclusion cysts; this often requires surgical treatment. Repeat surgery in this population can be challenging due to the age of the patients, the extent of surgical exposure needed and the need for resection of dermal and epidermal tissues in the midline. We describe our approach for closure of these complex defects using lateral fasciocutaneous flaps with relaxing incisions made in the posterior axillary line, in order to minimize tension and maximize soft tissue coverage of the midline.

Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Cervical Paraspinal Interfascial Plane Block for Postoperative Pain after Pediatric Chiari Decompression.

BACKGROUND: Surgery for lesions of the posterior fossa is associated with significant postoperative pain in pediatric patients related to extensive manipulation of the suboccipital musculature and bone. In this study, we assess the preliminary safety, effect on neuromonitoring, and analgesic efficacy of applying a cervical paraspinal interfascial plane block in pediatric patients undergoing posterior fossa surgery. METHODS: In this prospective case series, we enrolled five patients aged 2-18 years undergoing surgery for symptomatic Chiari type I malformation. An ultrasound-guided cervical cervicis plane (CCeP) block was performed prior to the incision. A local anesthetic agent (bupivacaine) and a steroid adjuvant (dexamethasone) were injected into the fascial planes between the cervical semispinalis capitis and cervical semispinalis cervicis muscles at the level of the planned suboccipital decompression and C1 laminectomy. Motor-evoked and somatosensory-evoked potentials were monitored before and after the block. Patients were assessed for complications from the local injection in the intraoperative period and for pain in the postoperative period. RESULTS: No adverse events were noted intraoperatively, and there were no changes in neuromonitoring signals. Pain scores were low in the immediate postoperative period, and rescue medications were minimal. No complaints of incisional pain or need for narcotics were noted at the time of the 3-month postsurgical follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we demonstrate the preliminary safety and analgesic efficacy of a novel application of a CCeP block to pediatric patients undergoing suboccipital surgery. Larger studies are needed to further validate the use of this block in children.

Socioeconomic Disparities in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Transfer Patterns: An Analysis of Area Deprivation Index and Clinical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) poses a significant health burden, particularly among pediatric populations, leading to long-term cognitive, physical, and psychosocial impairments. Timely transfer to specialized trauma centers is crucial for optimal management, yet the influence of socioeconomic factors, such as the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), on transfer patterns remains understudied. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on pediatric TBI patients presenting to a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center between January 2012 and July 2023. Transfer status, distance, mode of transport, and clinical outcomes were analyzed in relation to ADI. Statistical analyses were performed using Student t-test and analysis of variance. RESULTS: Of 359 patients, 53.5% were transferred from outside hospitals, with higher ADI scores observed in transfer patients (P<0.01). Air transport was associated with greater distances traveled and higher ADI compared to ground ambulance (P<0.01). Despite similarities in injury severity, intensive care unit admission rates differed between transfer modes, with no significant impact on mortality. CONCLUSIONS: High ADI patients were more likely to be transferred, suggesting disparities in access to specialized care. Differences in transfer modes highlight the influence of socioeconomic factors on logistical aspects. While transfer did not independently impact outcomes, disparities in intensive care unit admission rates were observed, possibly influenced by injury severity. Integrating socioeconomic data into clinical decision-making processes can inform targeted interventions to optimize care delivery and improve outcomes for all pediatric TBI patients. Prospective, multicenter studies are warranted to further elucidate these relationships.

Response of brain oxygen to therapy correlates with long-term outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Brain oxygen (PbtO2) monitoring can help guide care of poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients. The relationship between PbtO2-directed therapy and long-term outcome is unclear. We hypothesized that responsiveness to PbtO2-directed interventions is associated with outcome. METHODS: Seventy-six aSAH patients who underwent PbtO2 monitoring were included. Long-term outcome [Glasgow Outcome Score-Extended (GOS-E) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS)] was ascertained using the social security death database and structured telephone interviews. Univariate and multivariate regression were used to identify variables that correlated with outcome. RESULTS: Data from 64 patients were analyzed (12 were lost to follow-up). There were 530 episodes of compromised PbtO2 (<20 mmHg) during a total of 7,174 h of monitor time treated with 1,052 interventions. Forty-two patients (66 %) survived to discharge. Median follow-up was 8.5 months (range 0.1-87). At most recent follow-up 35 (55 %) patients were alive, and 28 (44 %) had a favorable outcome (mRS ≤3). In multivariate ordinal regression analysis, only age and response to PbtO2-directed intervention correlated significantly with outcome. Increased age was associated with worse outcome (coeff. 0.8, 95 % CI 0.3-1.3, p = 0.003), and response to PbtO2-directed intervention was associated with improved outcome (coeff. -2.12, 95 % CI -4.0 to -0.26, p = 0.03). Patients with favorable outcomes had a 70 % mean rate of response to PbtO2-directed interventions whereas patients with poor outcomes had a 45 % response rate (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Response to PbtO2-directed intervention is associated with improved long-term functional outcome in aSAH patients.

Rare median and musculocutaneous nerve fusion with intraoperative electrical confirmation: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Nerve transfer is a surgical technique in which a redundant or expendable fascicle is transferred or coapted to an injured nerve distal to the site of injury for the purpose of reinnervation. Successful nerve transfer is dependent on correct intraoperative identification of donor and recipient nerves. OBSERVATIONS: An 8-year-old male was recommended for ulnar nerve fascicle to biceps branch of musculocutaneous nerve transfer to restore elbow flexion weakness after a demyelinating spinal cord injury. The biceps branch was identified approximately midway along the upper arm. Proximal musculocutaneous nerve stimulation induced hand movement and electromyography activity in the median nerve muscles. Neurolysis of the thickened proximal structure revealed fusion of the musculocutaneous and median nerves. Because of the proximity of the median and musculocutaneous nerves, median rather than ulnar nerve fascicles were used as donors for transfer. LESSONS: The authors provide the first reported intraoperative finding of an anatomical variant in which the musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve were fused in the upper arm, confirmed through intraoperative electrical stimulation. Surgeons should be aware of this rare anatomical variant to ensure correct nerve identification when performing nerve transfers in the proximal upper extremity.

Risk factors for posttraumatic hydrocephalus after decompressive hemicraniectomy in pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) play a significant role in pediatric mortality and morbidity. Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) is a treatment option for severe pediatric TBI (pTBI) not amenable to medical management of intracranial pressure. Posttraumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) is a known sequela of DHC that may lead to further injury and decreased capacity for recovery if not identified and treated. The goal of this study was to characterize risk factors for PTH after DHC in patients with pTBI by using the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). METHODS: The records collected in the KID from 2016 to 2019 were queried for patients with TBI using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes. Data defining demographics, complications, procedures, and outcomes were extracted. Multivariate regression was used to identify risk factors associated with PTH. The authors also investigated length of stay and hospital charges. RESULTS: Of 68,793 patients with pTBI, 848 (1.2%) patients underwent DHC. Prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) was required in 475 (56.0%) patients with pTBI undergoing DHC. Three hundred (35.4%) patients received an external ventricular drain (EVD) prior to DHC. PTH was seen in 105 (12.4%), and 50 (5.9%) received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. DHC before hospital day 2 was negatively associated with PTH (OR 0.464, 95% CI 0.267-0.804; p = 0.006), whereas PMV (OR 2.204, 95% CI 1.344-3.615; p = 0.002) and EVD placement prior to DHC (OR 6.362, 95% CI 3.667-11.037; p < 0.001) were positively associated with PTH. PMV (OR 7.919, 95% CI 2.793-22.454; p < 0.001), TBI with subdural hematoma (OR 2.606, 95% CI 1.119-6.072; p = 0.026), and EVD placement prior to DHC (OR 4.575, 95% CI 2.253-9.291; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion. The mean length of stay and total hospital charges were significantly increased in patients with PMV and in those with PTH. CONCLUSIONS: PMV, presence of subdural hematoma, and EVD placement prior to DHC are risk factors for PTH in patients with pTBI who underwent DHC. Higher healthcare resource utilization was seen in patients with PTH. Identifying risk factors for PTH may improve early diagnosis and efficient resource utilization.

Intraoperative Nerve Stimulation as an Approach for the Surgical Treatment of Genitofemoral Neuralgia.

BACKGROUND Genitofemoral neuralgia is a pain syndrome that involves injury to the genitofemoral nerve and is frequently iatrogenic. We report intraoperative nerve localization using ultrasound, nerve stimulation, and the cremasteric reflex in the surgical treatment of genitofemoral neuralgia. CASE REPORT A 49-year-old man with a history of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with cannulation sites in bilateral inguinal regions presented with right groin numbness and pain following decannulation. His symptoms corresponded to the distribution of the genitofemoral nerve. He had a Tinel's sign over the midpoint of his inguinal incision. A nerve block resulted in temporary resolution of his symptoms. Due to the presence of a pacemaker, peripheral nerve neuromodulation was contraindicated. He underwent external neurolysis and neurectomy of the right genitofemoral nerve. Following direct stimulation and ultrasound for localization, the nerve was further localized intraoperatively using nerve stimulation with monitoring for the presence of the cremasteric reflex. At his 1-month postoperative visit, his right medial thigh pain had resolved and his right testicular pain 50% improved; his residual pain continued to improve at last evaluation 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS We report the successful use of nerve stimulation and the cremasteric reflex to aid in identification of the genitofemoral nerve intraoperatively for the treatment of genitofemoral neuralgia.

Tumors of the brachial plexus region: A 15-year experience with emphasis on motor and pain outcomes and literature review.

Background: Brachial plexus region tumors are rare. In this study, we reviewed our experience with resection of tumors involving or adjacent to the brachial plexus to identify patterns in presentation and outcome. Methods: We report a retrospective case series of brachial plexus tumors operated on by a single surgeon at a single institution over 15 years. Outcome data were recorded from the most recent follow-up office visit. Findings were compared to a prior internal series and comparable series in the literature. Results: From 2001 to 2016, 103 consecutive brachial plexus tumors in 98 patients met inclusion criteria. Ninety percent of patients presented with a palpable mass, and 81% had deficits in sensation, motor function, or both. Mean follow-up time was 10 months. Serious complications were infrequent. For patients with a preoperative motor deficit, the rate of postoperative motor decline was 10%. For patients without a preoperative motor deficit, the rate of postoperative motor decline was 35%, which decreased to 27% at 6 months. There were no differences in motor outcome based on extent of resection, tumor pathology, or age. Conclusion: We present one of the largest recent series of tumors of the brachial plexus region. Although the rate of worsened postoperative motor function was higher in those without preoperative weakness, the motor deficit improves over time and is no worse than antigravity strength in the majority of cases. Our findings help guide patient counseling in regard to postoperative motor function.

Significant Mortality Associated With COVID-19 and Comorbid Cerebrovascular Disease: A Quantitative Systematic Review.

We report the first quantitative systematic review of cerebrovascular disease in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to provide occurrence rates and associated mortality. Through a comprehensive search of PubMed we identified 8 cohort studies, 5 case series, and 2 case reports of acute cerebrovascular disease in patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Our first meta-analysis utilizing the identified publications focused on comorbid cerebrovascular disease in recovered and deceased patients with COVID-19. We performed 3 additional meta-analyses of proportions to produce point estimates of the mortality and incidence of acute cerebrovascular disease in COVID-19 patients. Patient's with COVID-19 who died were 12.6 times more likely to have a history of cerebrovascular disease. We estimated an occurrence rate of 2.6% (95% confidence interval, 1.2-5.4%) for acute cerebrovascular disease among consecutively admitted patients with COVID-19. While for those with severe COVID-19' we estimated an occurrence rate of 6.5% (95% confidence interval, 4.4-9.6%). Our analysis estimated a rate of 35.5% for in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients with concomitant acute cerebrovascular disease. This was consistent with a mortality rate of 34.0% which we obtained through an individual patient analysis of 47 patients derived from all available case reports and case series. COVID-19 patients with either acute or chronic cerebrovascular disease have a high mortality rate with higher occurrence of cerebrovascular disease in patients with severe COVID-19.

Systematic review of outcome after ischemic stroke due to anterior circulation occlusion treated with intravenous, intra-arterial, or combined intravenous+intra-arterial thrombolysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The optimal approach to recanalization in acute ischemic stroke is unknown. We performed a literature review and meta-analysis comparing the relative efficacy of 6 reperfusion strategies: (1) 0.9 mg/kg intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator; (2) intra-arterial chemical thrombolysis; (3) intra-arterial mechanical thrombolysis; (4) intra-arterial combined chemical/mechanical thrombolysis; (5) 0.6 mg/kg intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator and intra-arterial thrombolysis; and (6) 0.9 mg/kg intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator and intra-arterial thrombolysis. METHODS: A literature search in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane database identified case series, observational studies, and treatment arms of randomized trials of anterior circulation arterial occlusion treated with thrombolytic therapy. Included studies had ≥10 subjects, mean time to treatment <6 hours, and treatment specific reporting of disability, death, and intracerebral hemorrhage. Multivariable metaregression evaluated the effects of treatment group on outcome at the same time as accounting for differences in baseline covariates. RESULTS: A total of 2986 abstracts were identified from which 54 studies (5019 subjects) were included. There were significant differences across groups in age (P=0.0008), baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (P=0.0002), and time to treatment initiation (P<0.0001). There were also differences in mean modified Rankin Scale (P<0.0001), mortality (P=0.0024), and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (P=0.0305). Differences in modified Rankin Scale were not significant in the metaregression and likely attributable to differences in baseline covariates between studies. CONCLUSIONS: This study found no evidence that one reperfusion strategy is superior with respect to efficacy or safety, supporting clinical equipoise between reperfusion strategies. Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator remains the standard of care for acute ischemic stroke. Randomized clinical trials are necessary to determine the efficacy of alternative reperfusion strategies. Participation in such trials is strongly recommended.

Can broad-range 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene polymerase chain reactions improve the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We aim to evaluate the accuracy of the broad-range 16S polymerase chain reaction test in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, using the Medical Subject Headings terms "polymerase chain reaction," "RNA, ribosomal, 16S," and "bacterial meningitis." For our primary analysis, we examined the 16S polymerase chain reaction in culture-proven bacterial meningitis. In ancillary observations, we included studies of culture-negative presumed bacterial meningitis, in which there was high clinical suspicion for bacterial meningitis despite negative cerebrospinal fluid culture results. We extracted information necessary to calculate sensitivity and specificity and used bivariate hierarchic modeling meta-analysis methods to obtain pooled statistics. We also estimated potential sources of error and bias such as between-study heterogeneity and publication bias. RESULTS: Fourteen of 299 studies met inclusion criteria for culture-proven bacterial meningitis; 448 (16.1%) of 2,780 subjects had positive cerebrospinal fluid culture results. Pooled analysis demonstrated a sensitivity of 92% (95% confidence interval [CI] 75% to 98%), specificity of 94% (95% CI 90% to 97%), positive likelihood ratio of 16.26 (95% CI 9.07 to 29.14), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.09 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.28) for culture-proven bacterial meningitis. The polymerase chain reaction test result was also positive in 30% of cases of culture-negative presumed bacterial meningitis. There was significant heterogeneity between studies. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis supports the role of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic tool in bacterial meningitis. With further refinements in technology, the polymerase chain reaction test has the potential to become a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in the emergency department.

Socioeconomic characteristics of pediatric traumatic brain injury patients.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) play a significant role in pediatric mortality and morbidity. Environment may play a role in the type, severity, and outcome of pediatric TBI (pTBI). Our objective was to characterize the impact of poor socioeconomic status (PSES) on the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of pTBI patients. METHODS: The Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) was queried from 2016 to 2019 for with TBI using International Classification of Disease, 10th revision (ICD 10) codes. Data defining demographics, complications, procedures, and outcomes was extracted. PSES was defined as Medicaid insurance and Q1 median income category. RESULTS: 26,417 patients had pTBI. 11,040 (41.8 %) of pTBI patients were on Medicaid insurance. 13,119 and 8165 (30.9 %) were in Q1 median income category. Land transport caused the majority of pTBI (41 %). Patients on Medicaid or Q1 median income were more likely to experience assault (OR 2.927, CI 95 % 2.455-3.491, p < 0.001 OR 2.033, CI 95 % 1.722-2.4000 p < 0.001 respectively). On propensity matched analysis, PSES was associated with increased mortality (OR 1.667, 95 % CI 1.322-2.100, p < 0.01), length of stay (LOS) (OR 1.369, 95 % CI 1.201-1.559, p < 0.01), and major complicated trauma (OR 1.354 95 % CI 1.090-1.682 p = 0.007). Total hospital charges were higher in pTBI patients on Medicaid ($112,101.52, +/- $203,716.35) versus non-Medicaid ($109,064.37 +/- $212,057.98) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: PSES is correlated with increased mortality, complications, and longer LOS. Healthcare coverage and clinical training should take these disparities into account to provide improved care and optimize healthcare resource utilization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Retrospective Database.

Lactate-to-pyruvate ratio as a marker of propofol infusion syndrome after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare but frequently fatal condition. It is characterized by cardiovascular collapse and metabolic derangement due to propofol exposure. The pathophysiology of PRIS is poorly understood, and its study has previously been limited to animal models and clinical observations. We present the first in vivo brain biochemical data in a patient with PRIS. METHODS: We report the case of a 37-year-old woman with PRIS following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who was monitored by cerebral microdialysis (CMD). A CMD catheter was inserted into the brain and provided near real-time monitoring of brain energy-related metabolites, including lactate and pyruvate, during the time period surrounding the diagnosis of PRIS. We recorded propofol exposure, clinical manifestations, and relevant laboratory measurements. RESULTS: CMD revealed a temporal association between propofol exposure and the cerebral lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (LPR). The LPR increased linearly after propofol was restarted following an off period, and the LPR decreased linearly after propofol was discontinued. Serum lactate correlated with clinical worsening after the onset of PRIS, whereas cerebral LPR correlated with propofol exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral LPR may be a sensitive marker of PRIS. Increases in LPR following propofol exposure should alert clinicians to the possibility of PRIS and might prompt early discontinuation of propofol thereby avoiding fatal complications.

Deep brain stimulation compared with bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity: a decision analysis study.

OBJECT: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the gold standard treatment for morbid obesity, although failure rates may be high, particularly in patients with a BMI > 50 kg/m(2). With improved understanding of the neuropsychiatric basis of obesity, deep brain stimulation (DBS) offers a less invasive and reversible alternative to available surgical treatments. In this decision analysis, the authors determined the success rate at which DBS would be equivalent to the two most common bariatric surgeries. METHODS: Medline searches were performed for studies of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), and DBS for movement disorders. Bariatric surgery was considered successful if postoperative excess weight loss exceeded 45% at 1-year follow-up. Using complication and success rates from the literature, the authors constructed a decision analysis model for treatment by LAGB, LRYGB, DBS, or no surgical treatment. A sensitivity analysis in which major parameters were systematically varied within their 95% CIs was used. RESULTS: Fifteen studies involving 3489 and 3306 cases of LAGB and LRYGB, respectively, and 45 studies involving 2937 cases treated with DBS were included. The operative successes were 0.30 (95% CI 0.247-0.358) for LAGB and 0.968 (95% CI 0.967-0.969) for LRYGB. Sensitivity analysis revealed utility of surgical complications in LRYGB, probability of surgical complications in DBS, and success rate of DBS as having the greatest influence on outcomes. At no values did LAGB result in superior outcomes compared with other treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Deep brain stimulation must achieve a success rate of 83% to be equivalent to bariatric surgery. This high-threshold success rate is probably due to the reported success rate of LRYGB, despite its higher complication rate (33.4%) compared with DBS (19.4%). The results support further research into the role of DBS for the treatment of obesity.