[Significance of residual hyperplastic cells after radical prostatectomy. A literature review]. / Trascendencia de células hiperplásicas residuales a la prostatectomía radical. Revisión de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: Radical prostatectomy represents a standard surgical treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. Classically pathologist and urologist worried about positive surgical margin, but not to the presence of surgery residual hyperplastic cells able to generate prostate specific antigen (PSA) and difficult the follow up of the patients that underwent surgery. We reviewed the literature looking for the incidence, the potential etiology and the influence of these hyperplastic cells in the biochemical evolution of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The information for this review was compiled by searching the Pubmed database. We used "Mesh", Prostatectomy" and "Prostatic Neoplasms" and "Prostate-Specific Antigen" terms, and we added "biochemical failure" and/or "hyperplasic cells" and/or "benign cells". Furthermore, we select the work in English, Spanish and German, review articles that referenced this work and include the series with more than 50 patients, letters to the editor, editorials and overall reviews. CONCLUSIONS: Benign hyperplasic cells left behind after radical prostatectomy are frequent and probably under-rated. The influence of those cells in the biochemical outcome is a controversial issue. Positive margins for benign cells can come from apex or neck of the bladder, where the prostatic capsule is not well defined, but no from dorso-lateral area, this would imply a technical mistake. We recommend the inspection of the specimen by the surgeon, after prostatectomy in order to detect apex integrity, cranial and dorso-lateral capsule.

[A preliminar mathematical model for patients with a previous negative prostate biopsy]. / Desarrollo de un Modelo Matemático preliminar para la detección de cancer de próstata en los pacientes con biopsias prostáticas de repetición.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: It is usual to identify patients with a negative prostate biopsy who are still at risk of prostate cancer. We try to analyse if the classical variables used in the prostate cancer screening are useful for those patients with a previous negative prostate biopsy, and if there is a possibility for making a nomogram witch would help us in the decision to repeat the biopsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 179 patients with at least 1 initial negative biopsy. At each biopsy session we recorded: Patient age, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), free PSA/total PSA, PSA slope, digital rectal examination, prostate volume, PSA density, cancer suspicion in previous transrectal ultrasounds findings, number of negative cores previously obtained, history of precarcinomatous lesions and time between biopsies. Through Logistic regression analysis we determined the association of each variable a positive biopsy. A nomogram was constructed using all variables and discrimination was calculated as the concordance index. RESULTS: Overall 46% of patients had cancer at the repeated biopsy session. In the univariate analysis: Age, digital rectal examination, prostate volume, PSA density, cancer suspicion in ultrasounds findings, and precarcinomatous lesions were associated with repeat positive biopsy for cancer (all p <0.05). In the multivariate study, age, digital rectal examination, prostate volume and history of precarcinomatous lesions were associated with repeat positive biopsy. A nomogram was constructed that had a concordance index of 0.80.

[Renal traumatism: diagnostic protocol and therapeutic indications]. / Traumatismos renales: protocolo diagnóstico e indicaciones terapéuticas.

Review of 158 cases of renal traumatism attended ar the Urology Service of "La Fe" Hospital from 1984 to 1995. We analyze the indications of radiological study of the polytraumatized patient, the different classifications of renal traumatism and the changes produced in the diagnosis protocol, after substituting urography and arteriography for ultrasonography and CT in the Urgencies Area. We explain the treatment, complications and evolution of the patients in our series. 153 of the cases are closed traumatism and 5 of them are penetrating. Following the Chatelain's classification, 78.5% of the reviewed cases can be describes as traumatism grades I and II and in all the instances a conservative treatment was followed. Grades III and Iv (18.3%) were mostly treated surgically (82.7%) with 20.8% of complications that were solved conservatively except for one case, which required surgery. Every penetrating traumatism was dealt surgically and we practised nephrectomy in one of them (20%). We finally suggest, as the best moment for the reconstructive surgery, the period between the 3rd and the 10th day after the traumatism, due to the high rate of nephrectomy on the previous days and the technical difficulties which the haematoma fibrosis conveys on the subsequent.

Risk estimation of multiple recurrence and progression of non muscle invasive bladder carcinoma using new mathematical models.

OBJECTIVE: To apply new mathematical models according to Non Muscle Invasive Bladder Carcinoma (NMIBC) biological characteristics and enabling an accurate risk estimation of multiple recurrences and tumor progression. The classical Cox model is not valid for the assessment of this kind of events becausethe time betweenrecurrencesin the same patientmay be stronglycorrelated. These new models for risk estimation of recurrence/progression lead to individualized monitoring and treatment plan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 960 patients with primary NMIBC were enrolled. The median follow-up was 48.1 (3-160) months. Results obtained were validated in 240 patients from other center. Transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) and random bladder biopsy were performed. Subsequently, adjuvant localized chemotherapy was performed. The variables analyzed were: number and tumor size, age, chemotherapy and histopathology. The endpoints were time to recurrence and time to progression. Cox model and its extensions were used as joint frailty model for multiple recurrence and progression. Model accuracy was calculated using Harrell's concordance index (c-index). RESULTS: 468 (48.8%) patients developed at least one tumor recurrence and tumor progression was reported in 52 (5.4%) patients. Variables for multiple-recurrence risk are: age, grade, number, size, treatment and the number of prior recurrences. All these together with age, stage and grade are the variables for progression risk. Concordance index was 0.64 and 0.85 for multiple recurrence and progression respectively. CONCLUSION: the high concordance reported besides to the validation process in external source, allow accurate multi-recurrence/progression risk estimation. As consequence, it is possible to schedule a follow-up and treatment individualized plan in new and recurrent NMCB cases.

[Prognostic value of venous tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma]. / Análisis del valor pronóstico de la trombosis tumoral venosa en el adenocarcinoma renal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of venous tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 167 patients with renal cell carcinoma and stage pT3 who underwent radical nephrectomy and extended lymphadenectomy from July 1969 to May 2008 was conducted. Patients with any kind of venous involvement were selected for the analysis (73 patients; 43.7%). The Kaplan Meier survival curves and log-rank test for comparisons were used for the survival analysis. Multivariate analysis was done by Cox regression. RESULTS: Lymph node involvement was present in 30 patients (41.1%) and metastatic disease in 9 patients (12.3%). The most frequent histologic renal cell carcinoma subtype was 50 (68.5%) conventional carcinoma, followed by nondifferentiated in 11 (15.5%), and chromophobe in 9 (12.3%). High grade tumors (Furhman 3-4) were present in 57% of the cases. Venous thrombus level extended to renal vein in 61 patients (83.6%), to inferior vena cava in 9 patients (12.3%) and to the cardiac right atrium in 3 cases (4.1%). The survival analysis showed worse survival in those patients with venous tumor thrombosis (p=.001) and with vein wall invasion (p=.0042), but not in function on the level of the thrombus (p=.12). The multivariate analysis identified the Furhman grade and venous tumor thrombosis as independent survival prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, venous tumor thrombosis, together with the Furhman nuclear grade, is an independent survival prognostic factor. However, neither cephalic extension of the thrombus nor the invasion of the vein wall showed independent prognostic value.

Ureteral avulsion as a complication of ureteroscopy.

PURPOSE: Report and review the literature on ureteral avulsion as a rare complication of ureteroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 3 cases of ureteral avulsion in a series of 4,645 ureteroscopic procedures performed from January 1990 to December 2001. We especially report the different managements for this complication. RESULTS: Due to the different extent of the injury, each patient was treated in a particular way, including a patient managed by means of an endourological approach. CONCLUSIONS: When performing ureteroscopy or using Dormia baskets, one should always bear in mind the possibility of serious complications, including ureteral avulsion or perforation. The use of an extremely careful technique of ureteral insertion, the mandatory placement of a safety guidewire, and a working guidewire, all minimize the risk of untoward events.

Ureteral avulsion as a complication of ureteroscopy

PURPOSE: Report and review the literature on ureteral avulsion as a rare complication of ureteroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 3 cases of ureteral avulsion in a series of 4,645 ureteroscopic procedures performed from January 1990 to December 2001. We especially report the different managements for this complication. RESULTS: Due to the different extent of the injury, each patient was treated in a particular way, including a patient managed by means of an endourological approach. CONCLUSIONS: When performing ureteroscopy or using Dormia baskets, one should always bear in mind the possibility of serious complications, including ureteral avulsion or perforation. The use of an extremely careful technique of ureteral insertion, the mandatory placement of a safety guidewire, and a working guidewire, all minimize the risk of untoward events