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The aim was to compare the lipid profile of patients with GD treated with anti-thyroid drugs (ATDs) using a titration regimen versus a block and replace regimen. This is an 18-month prospective observational study. In this study were included 149 medically treated GD patients, aged+>+18 years. Pregnant women and patients treated with radioactive iodine therapy or partial/total thyroidectomy were excluded. Patients were divided into 2 subgroups: titration (A) and block and replace (B) therapy, according to the ATD regimen used. Thyroid and metabolic profile was measured at baseline and at least one visit during medical treatment. The whole group included 122 (81.87%) females (F) and 27 (18.12%) males (M), ratio F:M=4.5:1. As expected, at the time of diagnosis, thyrotoxic patients were with normal lipid profile. During medical treatment, in patients who achieved euthyroidism, the cholesterol levels increased as follows: in subgroup A: by 52.9 mg/dl (95% CI: 26.4-79.3), p<0.001 for total cholesterol (T-C), by 33.3 mg/dl (95% CI: 10.3-56.3), p=0.007 for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and by 11.44 mg/dl (95% CI: 3.08-19.79), p=0.009 for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); in subgroup B T-C increased by 45.1 mg/dl (95% CI: 22.2-68), p<0.001 and for LDL-C by 33.57 mg/dl (95% CI: 12.72-54.42), p=0.003. No statistically significant increase in triglyceride levels was determined. Medical treatment of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease increased cholesterol levels regardless of the ATD regimen used.
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Fermented foods have been a component of the human diet since ancient times, including live bacteria employed to restore gut health, contributing to the frontline of functional food progression. Human concern about the harmful consequences of possible contaminants has increased significantly as their toxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity have become more publicized. In order to take preventive measures, it is essential to correctly identify and define the implications of contaminants and toxins in human health and intestinal microbiota balance for preventing or diagnosing epidemics before they cause damage. The longer food chain that results from urbanization and underreporting of diseases makes it harder to correlate contaminated food to disease, which in turn presents challenges to improving food safety. This research aims to present the potential physical, chemical, and microbiological pollutants and toxins found in fermented products and their effects on human health. The scope tackles various categories of fermented foods, such as dairy products, alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, fermented meat products, traditional bakery products, and fermented cereals and vegetables. Furthermore, it examines specific control processes such as rigorous sanitation protocols, advanced packaging technologies, regulatory harmonization, and decontamination methodologies used to prevent the release of contaminants from fermented foods. Future viewpoints and opportunities are briefly mentioned in the conclusion.
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Alimentos Fermentados , Contaminação de Alimentos , Humanos , Alimentos Fermentados/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Microbiologia de AlimentosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: One-third of the world's population has anemia, contributing to higher morbidity and death and impaired neurological development. Conventional anemia treatment raises concerns about iron bioavailability and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects. This research aims to establish how iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) interact with probiotic cells and how they affect iron absorption, bioavailability, and microbiota variation. METHODS: Pointing to the study of the literature and developing a review and critical synthesis, a robust search methodology was utilized by the authors. The literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Information was collected between January 2017 and June 2022 using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) protocols for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We identified 122 compatible research articles. RESULTS: The research profile of the selected scientific articles revealed the efficacy of IONPs treatment carried by probiotics versus conventional treatment. Therefore, the authors employed content assessment on four topics to synthesize previous studies. The key subjects of the reviewed reports are the characteristics of the IONPs synthesis method, the evaluation of cell absorption and cytotoxicity of IONPs, and the transport of IONPs with probiotics in treating anemia. CONCLUSIONS: To ensure a sufficient iron level in the enterocyte, probiotics with the capacity to attach to the gut wall transport IONPs into the enterocyte, where the maghemite nanoparticles are released.
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Anemia , Probióticos , Humanos , Ferro , Nanopartículas Magnéticas de Óxido de FerroRESUMO
Prunus spinosa L. fruit, commonly known as blackthorn, is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, vitamins, minerals, and organic acids, which exhibit significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Notably, flavonoids such as catechin, epicatechin, and rutin have been reported to have protective effects against diabetes, while other flavonoids, including myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, exhibit antihypertensive activity. Solvent extraction methods are widely used for the extraction of phenolic compounds from plant sources, owing to their simplicity, efficacy, and broad applicability. Furthermore, modern extraction techniques, such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), have been employed to extract polyphenols from Prunus spinosa L. fruits. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the biologically active compounds found in blackthorn fruits, emphasizing their direct physiological effects on the human body. Additionally, the manuscript highlights the potential applications of blackthorn fruits in various industries, including the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and functional product sectors.
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Antioxidantes , Prunus , Humanos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/análise , Antocianinas/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Fenóis/farmacologia , Fenóis/análise , Flavonoides/análise , Frutas/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of regorafenib versus tamoxifen in platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer biological recurrence, defined by CA-125 increase without radiological (RECIST criteria) or symptomatic evidence of progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 116 patients with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer presenting an isolated increase of CA-125 were planned to be randomized. Regorafenib was administered orally at 160 or 120 mg daily, 3 weeks on/1 week off or tamoxifen at 40 mg daily, until disease progression or development of unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was Progression-Free Survival, assessed by progression according to RECIST 1.1 or death (by any cause). Secondary endpoints included Overall Survival, Best Response and CA-125 response rate. RESULTS: 68 patients were randomized. Median age was 67 years (range: 30-87). Primary site of cancer was ovarian for most patients (92.6%). Tumors were predominantly serous / (89.7%), high grade (83.6%) and initial FIGO staging was III for 69.6% of the patients. Most (79.4%) patients were included after the first line of platinum-based treatment. After a median follow-up of 32 months, there was no difference of progression-free survival (PFS) between regorafenib and tamoxifen groups (p = 0.72), with median PFS of 5.6 months (CI 90%: 3.84-7.52) for the tamoxifen arm and 4.6 months (CI 90%: 3.65-7.33) for the regorafenib arm. There was also no difference in term of overall survival, best response or CA-125 response, delay to next therapy. Regorafenib presented a less favorable safety profile than tamoxifen, with grade 3/4 events occurring for 90.9% of the patients compared to 54.3% for tamoxifen. The most frequent were cutaneous, digestive, and biological events. Notably, hand-foot syndrome occurred in 36.4% of these patients. CONCLUSION: Regorafenib presented an unfavorable toxicity profile compared to tamoxifen, with no superior efficacy in this population of patients.
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Antígeno Ca-125/sangue , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos de Fenilureia/uso terapêutico , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Tamoxifeno/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/mortalidade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Compostos de Fenilureia/administração & dosagem , Platina/uso terapêutico , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Critérios de Avaliação de Resposta em Tumores Sólidos , Tamoxifeno/administração & dosagem , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
It is known and accepted that the gut microbiota composition of an organism has an impact on its health. Many studies deal with this topic, the majority discussing gastrointestinal health. Adenomatous colon polyps have a high prevalence as colon cancer precursors, but in many cases, they are hard to diagnose in their early stages. Gut microbiota composition correlated with the presence of adenomatous colon polyps may be a noninvasive and efficient tool for diagnosis with a high impact on human wellbeing and favorable health care costs. This review is meant to analyze the gut microbiota correlated with the presence of adenomatous colon polyps as the first step for early diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment.
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Pólipos Adenomatosos/microbiologia , Neoplasias do Colo/diagnóstico , Pólipos do Colo/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Pólipos Adenomatosos/diagnóstico , Pólipos Adenomatosos/genética , Colo/microbiologia , Colo/patologia , Doenças do Colo/diagnóstico , Doenças do Colo/genética , Doenças do Colo/microbiologia , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/microbiologia , Pólipos do Colo/diagnóstico , Pólipos do Colo/genética , Colonoscopia , HumanosRESUMO
Probiotics are bacteria that can provide health benefits to consumers and are suitable to be added to a variety of foods. In this research, viability of immobilized Lactobacillus casei in alginate with or without sea buckthorn lipid extract were studied during heat treatment and with an in vitro gastrointestinal model. The characterization of the lipid extract was also done using the UV-Vis spectrometry (UV-Vis), high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection method (HPLC-PDA), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GS-MS) and Cryo scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM). During heat treatment, the entrapped probiotic cells proved high viability (>6 CFU log/g), even at temperatures above 50 °C. The rich in monounsaturated fatty acids sea buckthorn fraction improved the in vitro digestion passage regarding the probiotic viability. The survival of the probiotic cells was 15% higher after 2 h in the acidic medium of the simulated gastric fluid in the sample where L. casei was encapsulated with the sea buckthorn extract compared with the samples where no extract was added. Thus, this approach may be effective for the future development of probiotic-supplemented foods as foods with health welfare for the consumers.
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Hippophae/química , Lacticaseibacillus casei/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular , Suco Gástrico/microbiologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , ProbióticosRESUMO
Seven different types of natural polymers namely hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), starch BR-07, starch BR-08, dextrin and pullulan were used in order to develop the optimal formula for the entrapment of Bifidobacterium lactis 300B in Ca-alginate based granules. Laminar flow drip casting with Brace-Encapsulator was used in order to prepare the granules. The results showed that alginate/pullulan and alginate/HPMC formulation provide high protection for the bacterial strain used for encapsulation. These two formulations were further used to obtain freeze dried granules, for which the viability in time and at different temperatures was tested. The final results showed a higher viability than the level of the therapeutic minimum (>10(7) CFU/g) after 15 days of storage. Other parameters like entrapment efficiency, production rate, sphericity, flowability were also discussed.
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The effect of microfluidization treatment on the primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of soybean protein isolate (SPI) was investigated. The samples were treated with and without controlling the temperature and circulated in the system 1, 3, and 5 times at high pressure (137 MPa). Then, the treated samples were freeze-dried and reconstituted in water to check the impact of the microfluidization on two different states: powder and solution. Regarding the primary structure, the SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed that the protein bands remained unchanged when exposed to microfluidization treatment. When the temperature was controlled for the samples in their powder state, a significant decrease in the quantities of ß-sheet and random coil and a slight reduction in α-helix content was noticed. The observed decrease in ß-sheet and the increase in ß-turns in treated samples indicated that microfluidization may lead to protein unfolding, opening the hydrophobic regions. Additionally, a lower amount of α-helix suggests a higher protein flexibility. After reconstitution in water, a significant difference was observed only in α-helix, ß-sheet and ß-turn. Related to the tertiary structure, microfluidization increases the surface hydrophobicity. Among all the conditions tested, the samples where the temperature is controlled seem the most suitable.
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Manipulação de Alimentos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Pós , Proteínas de Soja , Proteínas de Soja/química , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Temperatura , Projetos Piloto , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Glycine max/química , Soluções , LiofilizaçãoRESUMO
Enterococci, known for their resilience, are commonly found in food, the environment, and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. In recent research, six strains of enterococcus were isolated from bat guano. These include Enterococcus mundtii SRBG1, Enterococcus gallinarum SRBG3, Enterococcus faecium SRBG2, Enterococcus casseliflavus EC1, and Enterococcus devriesei CAU 1344. Identification was done using 16S DNA analysis. Each strain underwent evaluation for its technological properties (such as tolerances to various NaCl concentrations and temperatures, as well as amylolytic, ß-galactosidase, lipolytic, and proteolytic activities, and EPS production) and selected probiotic properties (including safety profile, resistance to 0.3 percent bile salts and gastric juice with a pH of 2.5, lysozyme tolerance, and antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against four foodborne pathogens). The results were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis. This analysis revealed that E. mundtii SRBG1 and E. gallinarum SRBG3, followed by E. faecium SRBG2, were most closely associated with a broad range of technological characteristics and were subsequently used for fermenting skimmed milk. The rheological properties of the samples indicated a shear-thinning or non-Newtonian behavior. Furthermore, during storage of the fermented milk at 4 °C over periods of 1, 7, 14, and 21 days, there were no significant changes in bacterial count (at around 7 log10 CFU/mL) and pH when fermented with the three evaluated strains.
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Bioactive compounds extracted from plants can provide wide health benefits. However, some molecules have limited applications as pharmaceuticals due to their limited solubility, poor bioavailability, and low stability when exposed to environmental factors. Their integration in formulations that can deliver them to physiological targets while preserving their biological activity can enhance their usage in improving human health. This research provides a delivery system design to enhance the solubility, stability and to mask the bitter taste of salicin. Thus, a novel salicin-ß-cyclodextrin complex was prepared and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The analytical and computational methods provided clear and distinct evidence for inclusion of salicin within the ß-cyclodextrin cavity and brought important findings for the characterization of the inclusion complex. The present study showed that salicin and ß-cyclodextrin can form inclusion complexes, both in solution and in solid state, and that the inclusion of salicin in the cavity of ß-cyclodextrin leads to the improvement of its solubility and stability. Thus, the study communicates both qualitative and quantitative knowledge about the preparation of a new salicin-ß-cyclodextrin inclusion complex suggesting its potential applications in pharmaceutical industry and medical sciences, as formulations with better compliance for the patient, with increased bioavailability, and easier control of dosage.
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BACKGROUND: Given its availability and low price, glycerol derived from biodiesel industry has become an ideal feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals. A solution to reduce the negative environmental problems and the cost of biodiesel is to use crude glycerol as carbon source for microbial growth media in order to produce valuable organic chemicals. In the present paper, crude glycerol was used as carbon substrate for production of L (+)-lactic acid using pelletized fungus R. oryzae NRRL 395 on batch fermentation. More, the experiments were conducted on media supplemented with inorganic nutrients and lucerne green juice. RESULTS: Crude and pure glycerols were first used to produce the highest biomass yield of R. oryzae NRRL 395. An enhanced lactic acid production then followed up using fed-batch fermentation with crude glycerol, inorganic nutrients and lucerne green juice. The optimal crude glycerol concentration for cultivating R. oryzae NRRL 395 was 75 g l(-1), which resulted in a fungal biomass yield of 0.72 g g(-1) in trial without lucerne green juice addition and 0.83 g g(-1) in trial with lucerne green juice. The glycerol consumption rate was 1.04 g l(-1) h(-1) after 48 h in trial with crude glycerol 75 g l(-1) while in trial with crude glycerol 10 g l(-1) the lowest rate of 0.12 g l(-1) h(-1) was registered. The highest L (+)-lactic acid yield (3.72 g g(-1)) was obtained at the crude glycerol concentration of 75 g l(-1) and LGJ 25 g l(-1), and the concentration of lactic acid was approximately 48 g l(-1). CONCLUSIONS: This work introduced sustainable opportunities for L (+)-lactic acid production via R. oryzae NRRL 395 fermentation on biodiesel crude glycerol media. The results showed good fungal growth on crude glycerol at 75 g l(-1) concentration with lucerne green juice supplementation of 25 g l(-1). Lucerne green juice provided a good source of nutrients for crude glycerol fermentation, without needs for supplementation with inorganic nutrients. Crude glycerol and lucerne green juice ratio influence the L (+)-lactic acid production, increasing the lactate productivity with the concentration of crude glycerol.
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Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Rhizopus/citologia , Agregação Celular , Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Glicerol , Ácido Láctico/biossíntese , Ácido Láctico/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas/metabolismo , Rhizopus/metabolismo , Rhizopus/fisiologiaRESUMO
An increased number of clinicians are using magnification to facilitate their vision when carrying out dental examinations and treatments. The best instrument for this purpose is the microscope, which has proven to enhance quality, longevity and outcome of clinical work. Its use in some dental specialties (such as endodontics) is now well established, but there is also a role for this equipment in other branches of dentistry. To anticipate the contribution of magnification to dentistry in general, recent research and experimental data on the importance of magnification devices will be considered, from the perspectives of optical issues, diagnosing methods and treatment options. It will be shown that, while the microscope is vital to certain specialties (such as endodontics, periodontics, restorative dentistry and prosthodontics), it has little effect on others (orthodontics, for example). This synthesis of current researchattempts to shed light on the optimal magnification used in certain clinical situations, the distinctive benefits of loupes and microscopes for each dental branch, as well as their drawbacks.
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Amphiphilic Janus dendrimers are arrangements containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic units, capable of forming ordered aggregates by intermolecular noncovalent interactions between the dendrimer units. Compared to conventional dendrimers, these molecular self-assemblies possess particular and effective attributes i.e., the presence of different terminal groups, essential to design new elaborated materials. The present review will focus on the pharmaceutical and biomedical application of amphiphilic Janus dendrimers. Important information for the development of novel optimized pharmaceutical formulations, such as structural classification, synthetic pathways, properties and applications, will offer the complete characterization of this type of Janus dendrimers. This work will constitute an up-to-date background for dendrimer specialists involved in designing amphiphilic Janus dendrimer-based nanomaterials for future innovations in this promising field.
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The area of functional beverages made from plant-based or non-dairy milk is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world. The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris is a source of functional ingredients, with a large spectrum of healthy compounds, such as canthaxanthins, astaxanthins, peptides, and oleic acid. The study aimed to investigate the suitability of C. vulgaris biomass as a substrate for Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus development and fermentation in vegetal soy beverages and to evaluate the fermented product in terms of bacterial viability, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro bio-accessibility. During fermentation, a bacterial concentration of 8.74 log10 CFU/mL was found in the soy beverage with C. vulgaris and L. rhamnosus, and 8.71 log10 CFU/mL in beverage with C. vulgaris and L. fermentum. Polyphenol content and dietary antioxidant capacity significantly improved after fermentation soy drinks. On the other hand, through the digestibility of the beverages, the bacterial viability significantly decreased. To comprehend the components responsible for the efficient delivery of bacteria across the gastrointestinal tract, further investigation is required on probiotic encapsulation methods.
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Chlorella vulgaris , Glycine max , Pós , Antioxidantes , Bebidas Fermentadas , Fermentação , BactériasRESUMO
Irritable bowel syndrome is a typical gastrointestinal disease that causes bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, constipation, or alteration of the last two in adults and children. A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) is one of the potential treatment strategies to reduce abdominal symptoms and increase the quality of life. The present narrative review aims to present a general overview of current studies that have evaluated the efficacy of a low-FODMAP diet against other diets in gastrointestinal symptoms, nutrient intake in adults and children, and lifestyle quality. The research was performed using seven searchable databases, which included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to March 2023. In conclusion, there is significant evidence that the follow-up of a low-FODMAP diet might be a feasible first-line therapeutic strategy to reduce stomach discomfort, pain, bloating, and quality of life for patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
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Gastroenteropatias , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável , Humanos , Adulto , Criança , Dissacarídeos , Monossacarídeos , Qualidade de Vida , Dieta FODMAP , Revisões Sistemáticas como Assunto , Oligossacarídeos , Dieta , Gastroenteropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Flatulência , Dor Abdominal/etiologia , Dor Abdominal/tratamento farmacológico , Fermentação , Dieta com Restrição de CarboidratosRESUMO
Olive leaf was characterized by a high content of phenols and flavonoids (oleuropein, luteolin, and their derivatives), presenting functional and health-related properties. The chemical instability of phenolics through technological processes and their degradation in the digestive system may negatively impact them, leading to lower absorption. This study evaluates the phenolic profile of micro- and nano-encapsulated olive leaf extract in biscuits during the INFOGEST static in vitro digestion, aiming to enhance stability and sensorial properties. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and chromatography characterized the extract, while spray drying (maltodextrin-glucose) and nano-encapsulation (maltodextrin, whey protein isolate, and arabic gum) techniques were used with specific solutions. Encapsulated formulations underwent microscopy (TEM, SEM) and encapsulation efficiency analysis. Micro- and nano-encapsulation improved biscuit functionality by enhancing phenolic stability during digestion. However, the highest concentration adversely affected sensory and textural parameters. These findings contribute to developing functional food products enriched with bioactive compounds, providing improved health benefits while maintaining sensory attributes.
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Olea , Fenóis , Fenóis/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Olea/química , DigestãoRESUMO
Polyphenols are plant-based compounds famous for their positive impact on both human health and the quality of food products. The benefits of polyphenols are related to reducing cardiovascular diseases, cholesterol management, cancers, and neurological disorders in humans and increasing the shelf life, management of oxidation, and anti-microbial activity in food products. The bioavailability and bio-accessibility of polyphenols are of the highest importance to secure their impact on human and food health. This paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art approaches on how polyphenols can be made more accessible in food products to contribute to human health. For example, by using food processing methods including various technologies, such as chemical and biotechnological treatments. Food matrix design and simulation procedures, in combination with encapsulation of fractionated polyphenols utilizing enzymatic and fermentation methodology, may be the future technologies to tailor specific food products with the ability to ensure polyphenol release and availability in the most suitable parts of the human body (bowl, intestine, etc.). The development of such new procedures for utilizing polyphenols, combining novel methodologies with traditional food processing technologies, has the potential to contribute enormous benefits to the food industry and health sector, not only reducing food waste and food-borne illnesses but also to sustain human health.
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Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is a tropical tree native to Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan; it is cultivated for its nutritious leaves, pods, and seeds. This scientific study was conducted to outline the anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds from M. oleifera. The existing research has found that the plant is used in traditional medicine due to its bioactive compounds, including phytochemicals: flavonoids and polyphenols. The compounds are thought to exert their anti-inflammatory effects due to: (1) inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes: quercetin and kaempferol inhibit the pro-inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase); (2) regulation of cytokine production: isothiocyanates modulate signaling pathways involved in inflammation, such as the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathway; isothiocyanates inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α) and IL-1ß (interleukin-1ß); and (3) antioxidant activity: M. oleifera contains flavonoids, polyphenols, known to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. The review includes M. oleifera's effects on cardiovascular protection, anti-hypertensive activities, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This research could prove valuable for exploring the pharmacological potential of M. oleifera and contributing to the prospects of developing effective medicines for the benefit of human health.
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Moringa oleifera Lam. has gained a lot of attention due to its potential use as a functional food not only for human health but also for animal health. Its bioactive molecules include carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, fatty acids, essential amino acids, and functional peptides. Despite significant efforts to isolate and characterize bioactive metabolites with health functions, few effective metabolites are accessible. The current review aims to describe the main processes for extracting and encapsulating bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera for potential impact on food science and public health. Researchers have shown that different extraction techniques significantly impact the Moringa polysaccharides' molecular structure and biological activity. Encapsulation has been proposed to reduce oxidative stability and entrap active agents within a carrier material to deliver bioactive molecules into foods. Currently, polysaccharides and proteins, followed by lipids, are used for material encapsulation. Recent techniques include spray drying, cross-linking gelation, freeze-drying, nanoencapsulation, electrospinning, and electrospraying. Moreover, these encapsulations can overlap concerns regarding the Moringa oleifera compounds' cytotoxicity. Future studies should prioritize the effect of new encapsulation materials on Moringa extract and develop new techniques that consider both encapsulation cost and efficiency.