High tolerance of progressive elastic compression in peripheral arterial disease.

Background: Theoretically progressive compression stockings, which produce a higher compression at the calf than at the ankle level, improve venous return flow without exacerbating peripheral arterial insufficiency (PAD). We aimed to evaluate the short-term tolerance of elastic progressive compression stockings on peripheral arterial vascularisation in patients with symptomatic PAD and associated mild venous insufficiency. Patients and methods: Monocentric, prospective, open pilot study of 18 patients (acceptability study, 6 x 6 plan) evaluating the short-term tolerance of progressive compression stockings (18 ± 2 mmHg at calf and 8 ± 2 mmHg at ankle level) in patients with PAD (ankle brachial index ABI > 0.60 < 0.75) and chronic venous insufficiency (C1s-C4 stages of the CEAP classification). Day 15 tolerance was evaluated by a composite primary criteria comprising: no decrease > 15 % of ABI on each side, no decrease > 15 % of toe brachial index (TBI) on each side and no decrease > 25 % of the number of active plantar flexions performed while standing. Results: The proportion of men was 77.8 %, mean age was 77.3 ± 7.5 years and no patient were diabetic. At inclusion, the mean low ABI was 0.60 ± 0.04 and the mean high ABI was 0.77 ± 0.18. The mean low TBI was 0.32 ± 0.09 and the mean high TBI 0.46 ± 0.15. The mean number of active standing plantar flexions was 33.0 ± 5.0. The majority of the patients were classified in CEAP C2s and C3 classes (class 2: 16.7 %, class C2s: 27.8 %, class C3: 44.4 %, class C4: 5.6 % and class C4s: 5.6 %). Poor tolerance occurred in no patient. By day 30, no patient had worsening of their arterial and venous symptoms. No adverse events occurred during the study. Conclusions: These results suggest a high tolerance of progressive elastic stockings (18 ± 2 mmHg at calf and 8 ± 2 mmHg at ankle level) in symptomatic PAD.

A randomized double-blind trial of upward progressive versus degressive compressive stockings in patients with moderate to severe chronic venous insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: The present randomized double-blind multicenter study was designed to assess the efficacy of a progressive compressive stocking (new concept with maximal pressure at calf), compared to a degressive compressive stocking graded 30 mm Hg, evaluating the improvement of lower leg symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) in ambulatory patients with moderate to severe chronic venous disease. METHODS: Both gender outpatients presenting symptomatic moderate to severe CVI were eligible for a treatment by compressive stockings. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either degressive compressive stockings (30 mm Hg at ankle, 21 mm Hg at upper calf) or progressive compressive stockings (10 mm Hg at ankle, 23 mm Hg at upper calf). The primary outcome, evaluated after 3 months, was a composite success outcome, including improvement of pain or heavy legs without onset of either ulcer, deep or superficial vein thrombosis of the lower limbs, or pulmonary embolism. The ease of application of the compressive stockings reported by patients was one of secondary outcome. RESULTS: Overall, 401 patients (199 in the progressive compressive stocking group and 202 in the degressive compressive stocking group) were randomized by 44 angiologists in France. Among them, 66% were classified in the C3 CEAP category. The rate of success was significantly higher in the progressive compressive stocking group compared to the degressive compressive stocking group (70.0% vs 59.6%; relative risk, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.37; P = .03). This was mainly due to more frequent symptom improvement in the progressive compressive stocking group. The compressive stockings were considered easy to apply by 81.3% of patients in the progressive compressive stocking group vs 49.7% of patients in the degressive compressive stocking group (P < .0001). The rate of related serious adverse events was low and similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This trial has demonstrated that progressive compressive stockings are more effective than usual degressive compressive stockings in the improvement of pain and lower leg symptoms in patients with CVI. Moreover, progressive compressive stockings were easier to apply, raising no safety concern at 3 months.

Plastinated nasal model: a new concept of anatomically realistic cast.

BACKGROUND: For many years, researchers have been interested in investigating airflow and aerosol deposition in the nasal cavities. The nasal airways appear to be a complex geometrical system. Thus, in vitro experimental studies are frequently conducted with a more or less biomimetic nasal replica. AIM: This study is devoted to the development of an anatomically realistic nose model with bilateral nasal cavities, i.e. nasal anatomy, airway geometry and aerodynamic properties as close as possible to in vivo behaviour. METHODS: A specific plastination technique of cephalic extremities was developed by the Anatomy Laboratory at the Saint-Etienne University in the last 10 years. The plastinated models obtained were anatomically, geometrically and aerodynamically validated using several techniques (endoscopy, CT scans, acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry). RESULTS: Our plastination model exhibited a high level of anatomic quality, including a very good mucosa preservation. Aerodynamical and geometrical investigations highlighted a global behaviour of plastinated models perfectly in accordance with a nasal decongested healthy subject. CONCLUSIONS: The present plastination model provides a realistic cast of nasal airways, and may be a useful tool for nasal flow, drug delivery and aerosol deposition studies.

Mixed experimental and numerical approach for characterizing the biomechanical response of the human leg under elastic compression.

Elastic compression is the process of applying an elastic garment around the leg, supposedly for enhancing the venous flow. However, the response of internal tissues to the external pressure is still partially unknown. In order to improve the scientific knowledge about this topic, a slice of a human leg wearing an elastic garment is modeled by the finite-element method. The elastic properties of the tissues inside the leg are identified thanks to a dedicated approach based on image processing. After calibrating the model with magnetic resonance imaging scans of a volunteer, the pressure transmitted through the internal tissues of the leg is computed. Discrepancies of more than 35% are found from one location to another, showing that the same compression garment cannot be applied for treating deficiencies of the deep venous system or deficiencies of the large superficial veins. Moreover, it is shown that the internal morphology of the human leg plays an important role. Accordingly, the approach presented in this paper may provide useful information for adapting compression garments to the specificity of each patient.

Prospective radiological study concerning a series of patients suffering from conductive or mixed hearing loss due to superior semicircular canal dehiscence.

The aim of this study is to appreciate the incidence of patients with isolated conductive hearing loss with normal drum due to superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SCD). It is a prospective radiological study. Two hundred and seventy-two patients with a normal drum suffering from isolated unilateral or bilateral conductive or mixed hearing loss were included in a prospective radiological study. A high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) was performed in all the patients. Those who were found to have a unilateral or bilateral SCD underwent further etiological, clinical, audiologic evaluation. Ten patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss were found to have a unilateral or bilateral SCD. The disease was bilateral in five cases, and most often associated with a dehiscence of the tegmen tympani on both sides, supporting the theory of the congenital nature of the disease. There was no clear correlation between symptoms and the size of the SCD. Because patients were not suffering from incapacitating vestibular symptoms, they were not operated for surgical occlusion of the SCD, and were referred to a hearing aid specialist to improve hearing. Conductive or mixed hearing loss due to SCD is relatively frequent, justifying in our opinion that a systematic HRCT be carried out before surgery of any patient with conductive hearing loss.

Value of temporal bone density measurements in otosclerosis patients with normal-appearing computed tomographic scan.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies demonstrated that otosclerosis diagnosis benefits from temporal bone density measurements. We sought to assess bone density measurements of the fissula ante fenestram (FAF) in normal patients, in patients with otosclerosis, and in patients with cholesteatoma. We discuss the value of temporal bone density measurements in patients with otosclerosis who have a normal-appearing computed tomographic (CT) scan. METHODS: This was a prospective case-control study in which 219 temporal bones (123 adults, 18 to 84 years of age) were included between November 1, 2002, and April 30, 2004. All patients underwent a CT scan of the temporal bones. Axial views were obtained with density measurement of the FAF. RESULTS: The FAF density was significantly different (p < .0001) in the otosclerosis group (n = 119) compared to the control group (n = 100). There was no significant difference between the otosclerosis group with a normal-appearing CT scan and the control group (p = .64). CONCLUSIONS: From our results, it may be suggested that 1) temporal bone density measurements seem not to be strictly comparable between CT scan devices; and 2) temporal bone density measurements of the FAF did not allow the diagnosis of otosclerosis when the CT scan appeared normal.

Pathology of the ossicular chain: comparison between virtual endoscopy and 2D spiral CT-data.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the value of virtual endoscopy (VE) in the diagnosis of lesions of the ossicular chain and to compare virtual endoscopy and two-dimensional (2D) spiral computed tomography (CT) data. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: A university hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-eight patients with suspected ossicular chain lesions underwent a high-resolution CT of the temporal bone with both 2D data and VE before surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two views were chosen for VE. The CT data obtained (2D, VE, and both 2D and VE) were compared with the lesions noted during surgery. RESULTS: In the diagnosis of dislocation of the ossicles or prostheses, VE seemed to be a better technique than 2D CT. Views chosen for the VE proved to be ineffective for diagnosing epitympanic fixations. VE was not adapted to the study of otosclerosis. We found it necessary to use the data provided by the addition to 2D CT data in the diagnosis of ossicular lysis and minor aplasia. Radiologic analysis of the lesions of the long process of the incus and the incudostapedial joint was improved by performing both 2D CT and VE. VE reconstruction of the stapes proved to be difficult, especially in cases of inflammation of the middle ear. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the value of VE in the diagnosis of dislocation of the ossicles and ossicular prostheses. VE was less effective in diagnosing other pathologies of the ossicular chain.

Isolated congenital round window absence.

Absence of the round window as a congenital defect is a rare entity that causes a conductive hearing loss. To the best of our knowledge, isolated and nonsyndromal round window absence has only been reported 3 times; the diagnoses were made during surgery. We are reporting on another case that was diagnosed before operation by virtual endoscopy of the middle ear during a high-resolution computed tomography scan. Although this new technique requires further validation, it may be an alternative to surgery as a means of confirming this rare diagnosis.

[Booster study: comparative evaluation of a new concept of elastic stockings in mild venous insufficiency]. / Etude booster : évaluation comparative d'un nouveau concept de compression élastique dans l'insuffisance veineuse chronique légère et modérée.

BACKGROUND: Evaluate a new progressive concept of compression stockings in comparison with degressive compression stockings class 2 in patients with mild venous insufficiency without permanent oedema (class 1 of Porter's classification or C0s-C1s-C2s CEAP's classification). METHODS: The aim of this randomised, double-blind french, multicenter trial was to compare the efficacy and convenience of the new ES compared to conventional ES in patients with mild venous insufficiency for whom elastic compression by knee stockings was indicated. The primary endpoint was leg heaviness after 15 days of wearing ES. Secondary endpoints were discomfort and compliance. RESULTS: A total of 130 patients were included (progressive ES: 64; conventional ES: 66). Mean age was 43 years, 68% were women. Disappearance or major improvement of leg heaviness was observed in 73% of patients wearing progressive ES and 62.5% of those wearing conventional ES (difference = -10.5% [95% CI -26.7; +5.6]). This result met pre-specified statistical criteria for non-inferiority and was confirmed by per-protocol analysis. Ease of putting on ES and comfort were significantly better with progressive ES (p<0.0001), as was compliance (p=0.016). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: The Booster study is the first randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial evaluating a new concept of compression in mild venous insufficiency. The progressive ES is as efficient as degressive ES but it observance is better. This promising new concept deserves to be evaluated in other settings.