Pregnancy in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma: a case-based discussion.

Although adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) during pregnancy is rare, a retrospective review of a case series at our hospital revealed that almost one third of our patients were women in childbearing age. Given that the age of maternity is increasing, dealing with a tumor diagnosis during pregnancy and the need for fertility planning in cancer survivors is likely to become more frequent.We thus carried out a case-based discussion regarding: i) diagnosing and treating an ACC during pregnancy; ii) patients conceiving while on mitotane; iii) ACC survivors with a maternal desire.In each of these cases, it is important to provide patients with sufficient information, to offer medical advice and psychological support, to personalize treatments in accordance with the wishes of the patient and her relatives, and to collaborate with other specialists since a multidisciplinary expert team is required to manage each case individually.

Albumin/Mitotane Interaction Affects Drug Activity in Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells: Smoke and Mirrors on Mitotane Effect with Possible Implications for Patients' Management.

BACKGROUND: Mitotane is the only drug approved for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Although it has been used for many years, its mechanism of action remains elusive. H295R cells are, in ACC, an essential tool to evaluate drug mechanisms, although they often lead to conflicting results. METHODS: Using different in vitro biomolecular technologies and biochemical/biophysical experiments, we evaluated how the presence of "confounding factors" in culture media and patient sera could reduce the pharmacological effect of mitotane and its metabolites. RESULTS: We discovered that albumin, the most abundant protein in the blood, was able to bind mitotane. This interaction altered the effect of the drug by blocking its biological activity. This blocking effect was independent of the albumin source or methodology used and altered the assessment of drug sensitivity of the cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we have for the first time demonstrated that albumin does not only act as an inert drug carrier when mitotane or its metabolites are present. Indeed, our experiments clearly indicated that both albumin and human serum were able to suppress the pharmacological effect of mitotane in vitro. These experiments could represent a first step towards the individualization of mitotane treatment in this rare tumor.

Long-term cardiometabolic outcome in patients with pituitary adenoma diagnosed in chilhood and adolescence.

PURPOSE: Pituitary adenomas (PAs) rarely occur in childhood and adolescence. Management of PAs in this critical age can be particularly challenging considering the auxological sequelae and potential long-term cardiometabolic consequences. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with PA aged < 18years at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up, focusing on the prevalence of cardio-metabolic comorbidities and the impact of different therapeutic strategies. METHODS: Clinical data at diagnosis and at last follow-up visit (mean 10.3 ± 9.2 years) of 101 patients aged < 18 years with PA, referred to our University Hospital from 1990 to 2017, were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: At diagnosis, 11.9% of patients presented with pituitary hormone deficiencies, whose number was positively correlated with pituitary tumor diameter (p < 0.001). At diagnosis, 26.7% of patients were overweight and 15.8% were obese. In patients with hypercortisolism or GH excess the prevalence of obesity was more than 2-fold greater than in general population. No correlation was found between pituitary tumor size and BMI. At baseline, the greater the number of pituitary hormone deficits, the higher BMI (p = 0.039). In prolactinoma patients still on medical therapy at last visit, BMI was higher than at baseline. CONCLUSION: We found an increased prevalence of overweight/obesity only in pediatric and adolescent patients with GH- or ACTH-secreting PA. Regarding cardio-metabolic comorbidities other than obesity/overweight, we have not found anything worth of mention. The remission of hypercortisolism positively impacted on BMI, while medical therapy in patients with prolactinoma seemed unable to avoid weight gain, suggesting a careful metabolic management of these patients.

Levoketoconazole improves clinical signs and symptoms and patient-reported outcomes in patients with Cushing's syndrome.

PURPOSE: The efficacy of levoketoconazole in treating hypercortisolism was demonstrated in an open-label phase 3 study (SONICS) of adults with endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) and baseline mean urinary free cortisol (mUFC) ≥ 1.5× ULN. Clinical signs and symptoms and patient-reported outcomes from the SONICS trial were evaluated in the current manuscript. METHODS: Patients titrated to an individualized therapeutic dose entered a 6-month maintenance phase. Secondary endpoints included investigator-graded clinical signs and symptoms of CS during the maintenance phase, and patient-reported quality of life (CushingQoL questionnaire) and depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory II [BDI-II]). RESULTS: Of 94 enrolled patients, 77 entered the maintenance phase following individualized dose titration. Significant mean improvements from baseline were noted at end of maintenance (Month 6) for acne, hirsutism (females only), and peripheral edema. These improvements were observed as early as Day 1 of maintenance for hirsutism (mean baseline score, 7.8; ∆ - 1.9; P < 0.0001), end of Month 1 for acne (mean baseline score, 2.8; ∆ - 1.2; P = 0.0481), and Month 4 for peripheral edema (mean baseline score, 1.0; ∆ - 0.5; P = 0.0052). Significant mean improvements from baseline were observed by Month 3 of maintenance for CushingQoL (mean baseline score, 44.3; ∆ + 6.9; P = 0.0018) and at Month 6 for BDI-II (mean baseline score, 17.1; ∆ - 4.3; P = 0.0043) scores. No significant mean improvement was identified in a composite score of 7 other clinical signs and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with levoketoconazole was associated with sustained, meaningful improvements in QoL, depression, and certain clinical signs and symptoms characteristic of CS. ClinialTrials.gov identifier: NCT01838551.

Oligometastatic adrenocortical carcinoma: the role of image-guided thermal ablation.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of image-guided ablation of liver and lung metastases from adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). METHODS: Patients with oligometastatic ACC (liver and lung metastases) who underwent image-guided ablation were retrospectively included in the study. Complete ablation (CA) at the first contrast-enhanced CT control, local tumor progression (LTP), local tumor progression-free survival (LTPFS), liver disease-free survival (LDFS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Correlation between outcomes and other prognostic factors (including Ki67, hormonal secretion, and progression-free survival after primary tumor resection (PR-PFS)) was also analyzed. Kaplan-Meier methods, log-rank tests, and Spearman correlation models were applied. RESULTS: Thirty-two ACC metastases (4 lung and 28 liver) from 16 patients (10 females; mean age 41 years) were treated with RFA or MWA. A single major adverse event was observed (intrahepatic hematoma with subsequent right hemothorax). One patient (2 lesions) was lost to follow-up. CA was obtained in 97% (29/30). During follow-up, LTP was registered in 7/29 cases (24.1%), with a median LTPFS of 21 months (± 12.6). Metastasis size was significantly higher in case of LTP (20 mm vs. 34.5 mm; p = 0.009) and was an independent predictive factor of local tumor control with an AUC of 0.934 (p = 0.0009). Hepatic progression was observed in 66% of the cases, with a median LDFS of 25 months. Median OS was 48.6 months. PR-PFS and hormonal secretion were independent predictors of OS (p < 0.001 and p = 0.045, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Image-guided ablation achieves adequate local tumor control of ACC liver and lung metastases, providing a safe and effective treatment option in the multidisciplinary management of the oligometastatic ACC. KEY POINTS: • Image-guided ablation allows adequate local tumor control in the oligometastatic adrenocortical carcinoma setting. • After percutaneous thermal ablation, complete ablation was achieved in 29 out of 30 lesions (97%). • Lesion size together with primary resection disease-free survival and hormonal secretion play a significant role in determining outcomes.

Long-Term Consequences of Cushing Syndrome: A Systematic Literature Review.

It is held that the condition of endogenous chronic hypersecretion of cortisol (Cushing syndrome, CS), causes several comorbidities, including cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, musculoskeletal alterations, as well as cognitive and mood impairment. Therefore, CS has an adverse impact on the quality of life and life expectancy of affected patients. What remains unclear is whether disease remission may induce a normalization of the associated comorbid conditions. In order to retrieve updated information on this issue, we conducted a systematic search using the Pubmed and Embase databases to identify scientific papers published from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2022. The initial search identified 1907 potentially eligible records. Papers were screened for eligibility and a total of 79 were included and classified by the main topic (cardiometabolic risk, thromboembolic disease, bone impairment, muscle damage, mood disturbances and quality of life, cognitive impairment, and mortality). Although the limited patient numbers in many studies preclude definitive conclusions, most recent evidence supports the persistence of increased morbidity and mortality even after long-term remission. It is conceivable that the degree of normalization of the associated comorbid conditions depends on individual factors and characteristics of the conditions. These findings highlight the need for early recognition and effective management of patients with CS, which should include active treatment of the related comorbid conditions. In addition, it is important to maintain a surveillance strategy in all patients with CS, even many years after disease remission, and to actively pursue specific treatment of comorbid conditions beyond cortisol normalization.

Serendipitous Adrenal Hyperplasia in Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department for Suspected SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Linked to Increased Mortality.

BACKGROUND: Few data are available on adrenal morphology in patients with acute diseases, although it is known that endogenous glucocorticoids are essential for survival under stress conditions and that an adequate response is driven by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess adrenal morphology in patients with acute disease compared with patients with non-acute disease. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included: 402 patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) for suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection (March-May, 2020) [main cohort]; 200 patients admitted to the ED for acute conditions (December 2018-February 2019) [control group A]; 200 outpatients who underwent radiological evaluation of non-acute conditions (January-February 2019) [control group B]. Chest and/or abdominal CT scans were reviewed to identify adrenal nodules or hyperplasia. RESULTS: In the main cohort, altered adrenal morphology was found in 24.9% of the patients (15.4% adrenal hyperplasia; 9.5% adrenal nodules). The frequency of adrenal hyperplasia was higher both in the main cohort (15.4%) and control group A (15.5%) compared to control group B (8.5%; p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). In the main cohort, 14.9% patients died within 30 d. According to a multivariate analysis, adrenal hyperplasia was an independent risk factor for mortality (p = 0.04), as were older age (p <0.001) and active cancer (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The notable frequency of adrenal hyperplasia in patients with acute diseases suggests an exaggerated activation of the HPA axis due to stressful conditions. The increased risk of short-term mortality found in patients with adrenal hyperplasia suggests that it may be a possible hallmark of worse prognosis.

Germline NGS targeted analysis in adult patients with sporadic adrenocortical carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer that arises sporadically or due to hereditary syndromes. Data on germline variants (GVs) in sporadic ACC are limited. Our aim was to characterize GVs of genes potentially related to adrenal diseases in 150 adult patients with sporadic ACC. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of stage I-IV ACC patients with sporadic ACC from two reference centers for ACC in Italy. Patients were included in the analysis if they had confirmed diagnosis of ACC, a frozen peripheral blood sample and complete clinical and follow-up data. Next generation sequencing technology was used to analyze the prevalence of GVs in a custom panel of 17 genes belonging to either cancer-predisposition genes or adrenocortical-differentiation genes categories. RESULTS: We identified 18 GVs based on their frequency, enrichment and predicted functional characteristics. We found six pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) variants in ARMC5, CTNNB1, MSH2, PDE11A and TP53 genes; and twelve variants lacking evidence of pathogenicity. New unique P/LP variants were identified in TP53 (p.G105D) and, for the first time, in ARMC5 (p.P731R). The presence of P/LP GVs was associated with reduced survival outcomes and had a significant and independent impact on both progression-free survival and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: GVs were present in 6.7 % of patients with sporadic ACC, and we identified novel variants of ARMC5 and TP53. These findings may improve understanding of ACC pathogenesis and enable genetic counseling of patients and their families.

Are comorbidities of patients with adrenal incidentaloma tied to sex?

Background: A recent cross-sectional study showed that both comorbidities and mortality in patients with adrenal incidentaloma (AI) are tied to sex. However, few longitudinal studies evaluated the development of arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and bone impairment in patients with AI. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of sex in the development of these comorbidities during long-term follow-up. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 189 patients (120 females, 69 males) with AI, from four referral centers in Italy and Croatia. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities and cortisol after 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (1-mg DST) were assessed at baseline and at last follow-up visit (LFUV). Median follow-up was 52 (Interquartile Range 25-86) months. Results: The rates of arterial hypertension and hyperglycemia increased over time both in females (65.8% at baseline versus 77.8% at LFUV, p=0.002; 23.7% at baseline versus 39.6% at LFUV, p<0.001; respectively) and males (58.0% at baseline versus 69.1% at LFUV, p=0.035; 33.8% at baseline versus 54.0% at LFUV, p<0.001; respectively). Patients were stratified in two groups using 1.8 µg/dl as cut-off of cortisol following 1-mg DST: non-functional adrenal tumors (NFAT) and tumors with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS). In the NFAT group (99 patients, females 62.6%), at baseline, we did not observe any difference in clinical characteristics and comorbidities between males and females. At LFUV, males showed a higher frequency of hyperglycemia than females (57.6% versus 33.9%, p=0.03). In the MACS group (89 patients, females 64.0%), at baseline, the prevalence of hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia was similar between sexes, despite females were younger (60, IQR 55-69 versus 67.5, IQR 61-73, years; p=0.01). Moreover, females presented higher rates of bone impairment (89.3% versus 54.5%, p=0.02) than males. At LFUV, a similar sex-related pattern was observed. Conclusion: Patients with AI frequently develop arterial hypertension and hyperglycemia and should be periodically checked for these comorbidities, regardless of sex. In patients with MACS, the lack of difference between sexes in the frequency of cardiometabolic comorbidities despite that females are younger, and the higher frequency of bone impairment in females, suggest a sex-specific effect of cortisol.

The Value of Local Therapies in Advanced Adrenocortical Carcinoma.

International guidelines recommend local therapies (LTs) such as local thermal ablation (LTA; radiofrequency, microwave, cryoablation), transarterial (chemo)embolisation (TA(C)E), and transarterial radioembolisation (TARE) as therapeutic options for advanced adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). However, the evidence for these recommendations is scarce. We retrospectively analysed patients receiving LTs for advanced ACC. Time to progression of the treated lesion (tTTP) was the primary endpoint. The secondary endpoints were best objective response, overall progression-free survival, overall survival, adverse events, and the establishment of predictive factors by multivariate Cox analyses. A total of 132 tumoural lesions in 66 patients were treated with LTA (n = 84), TA(C)E (n = 40), and TARE (n = 8). Complete response was achieved in 27 lesions (20.5%; all of them achieved by LTA), partial response in 27 (20.5%), and stable disease in 38 (28.8%). For the LTA group, the median tTTP was not reached, whereas it was reached 8.3 months after TA(C)E and 8.2 months after TARE (p < 0.001). The median time interval from primary diagnosis to LT was >47 months. Fewer than four prior therapies and mitotane plasma levels of >14 mg/L positively influenced the tTTP. In summary, this is one of the largest studies on LTs in advanced ACC, and it demonstrates a very high local disease control rate. Thus, it clearly supports the guideline recommendations for LTs in these patients.

Assessment of prognostic factors in pediatric adrenocortical tumors: the modified pediatric S-GRAS score in an international multicenter cohort-a work from the ENSAT-PACT working group.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric adrenocortical carcinoma (pACC) is rare, and prognostic stratification remains challenging. We aimed to confirm the prognostic value of the previously published pediatric scoring system (pS-GRAS) in an international multicenter cohort. DESIGN: Analysis of pS-GRAS items of pACC from 6 countries in collaboration of ENSAT-PACT, GPOH-MET, and IC-PACT. METHODS: We received patient data of the pS-GRAS items including survival information from 9 centers. PS-GRAS score was calculated as a sum of tumor stage (1 = 0; 2-3 = 1; 4 = 2 points), grade (Ki67 index: 0%-9% = 0; 10%-19% = 1; ≥20% = 2 points), resection status (R0 = 0; RX/R1/R2 = 1 point), age (<4 years = 0; ≥4 years = 1 point), and hormone production (androgen production = 0; glucocorticoid-/mixed-/no-hormone production = 1 point) generating 8 scores and 4 groups (1: 0-2, 2: 3-4, 3: 5, 4: 6-7). Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). RESULTS: We included 268 patients with median age of 4 years. The analysis of the pS-GRAS score showed a significantly favorable prognosis in patients with a lower scoring compared to higher scoring groups (5-year OS: Group 1 98%; group 2 87% [hazard ratio {HR} of death 3.6, 95% CI of HR 1.6-8.2]; group 3 43% [HR of death 2.8, 95% CI 1.9-4.4]; group 4: OS 18% [HR of death 2.1, 95% CI 1.7-2.7]). In the multivariable analysis, age (HR of death 3.5, 95% CI 1.8-7.0), resection status (HR of death 5.5, 95% CI 2.7-11.1), tumor stage (HR of death 1.9, 95% CI of HR 1.2-3.0), and Ki67 index (HR of death 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.4) remained strong independent outcome predictors. Especially infants < 4 years showed more often low-risk constellations with a better OS for all tumor stages. CONCLUSION: In an international multicenter study, we confirmed that the pS-GRAS score is strongly associated with overall survival among patients with pACC. Age, resection status, stage, and Ki67 index are important parameters for risk stratification.

International consensus on mitotane treatment in pediatric patients with adrenal cortical tumors: indications, therapy, and management of adverse effects.

OBJECTIVE: Mitotane is an important cornerstone in the treatment of pediatric adrenal cortical tumors (pACC), but experience with the drug in the pediatric age group is still limited and current practice is not guided by robust evidence. Therefore, we have compiled international consensus statements from pACC experts on mitotane indications, therapy, and management of adverse effects. METHODS: A Delphi method with 3 rounds of questionnaires within the pACC expert consortium of the international network groups European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors pediatric working group (ENSAT-PACT) and International Consortium of pediatric adrenocortical tumors (ICPACT) was used to create 21 final consensus statements. RESULTS: We divided the statements into 4 groups: environment, indications, therapy, and adverse effects. We reached a clear consensus for mitotane treatment for advanced pACC with stages III and IV and with incomplete resection/tumor spillage. For stage II patients, mitotane is not generally indicated. The timing of initiating mitotane therapy depends on the clinical condition of the patient and the setting of the planned therapy. We recommend a starting dose of 50 mg/kg/d (1500 mg/m²/d) which can be increased up to 4000 mg/m2/d. Blood levels should range between 14 and 20 mg/L. Duration of mitotane treatment depends on the clinical risk profile and tolerability. Mitotane treatment causes adrenal insufficiency in virtually all patients requiring glucocorticoid replacement shortly after beginning. As the spectrum of adverse effects of mitotane is wide-ranging and can be life-threatening, frequent clinical and neurological examinations (every 2-4 weeks), along with evaluation and assessment of laboratory values, are required. CONCLUSIONS: The Delphi method enabled us to propose an expert consensus statement, which may guide clinicians, further adapted by local norms and the individual patient setting. In order to generate evidence, well-constructed studies should be the focus of future efforts.

Intratumour microbiota modulates adrenocortical cancer responsiveness to mitotane.

The infiltrating microbiota represents a novel cellular component of the solid tumour microenvironment that can influence tumour progression and response to therapy. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive endocrine malignancy for which mitotane (MTT) treatment represents the first-line therapy, though its efficacy is limited to a therapeutic window level (14-20 mg/L). Novel markers able to predict those patients who would benefit from MTT therapy are urgently needed to improve patient's management. The aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of intratumoural bacterial microbiota DNA in 26 human ACC tissues vs 9 healthy adrenals; moreover, the association between the relative bacterial composition profile, the tumour mass characteristics and MTT ability to reach high circulating levels in the early phase of treatment, were explored. We found the presence of bacterial DNA in all adrenal samples from both tumours and healthy cortex specimens, documenting significant differences in the microbial composition between malignancy and normal adrenals: in detail, the ACC tissues were characterised by a higher abundance of the Proteobacteria phylum (especially the Pseudomonas and Serratia genera). In addition, the Proteobacteria's low abundance was negatively associated with tumour size, Ki67 and cortisol secretion. MTT levels reached higher levels at 9 months in ACC patients with high abundance of Proteobacteria, Pseudomonas and Serratia and with low abundance of Bacteroidota, Firmicutes and Streptococcus. These findings are the first indication that human ACCs are characterised by infiltrating bacteria and their specific abundance profile seems to influence the increase in circulating MTT levels at 9 months.

The management of postoperative disease recurrence in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma: a retrospective study in 106 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The management of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) recurrences remains controversial, and we present herein our experience with postoperative ACC recurrences. DESIGN AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis in a single reference center of 106 patients with ACC recurrence. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 45 months, the median recurrence-free survival (RFS) 12 months (IQR 6-23), and the median overall survival (OS) 45 months (IQR 29-75). ACC recurrences occurred as a unique lesion (group A) in 35.8%, multiple lesions in a single organ (group B) in 20.8%, and affecting multiple organs (group C) in 43.4% of patients. Baseline characteristics of patients stratified by the type of recurrence did not differ between them, except RFS, which was significantly longer in group A. Locoregional treatments were used in 100% of patients of group A, 68.2% in group B, and 26.1% in group C. After treatment of recurrence, 60.4% of patients became free of disease attaining a second RFS of 15 months (IQR 6-64). Margin status RX and R1, percent increase in Ki67, and recurrence in multiple organs were associated with an increased risk of mortality, while adjuvant mitotane treatment and longer time to first recurrence were associated with reduced risk. Recurrence in multiple organs and systemic treatment of recurrence had a negative impact on survival from the treatment of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that patients with ACC have a better prognosis when the disease recurs as a single lesion and supports the use of locoregional treatments to treat disease recurrence.

New Findings on Presentation and Outcome of Patients With Adrenocortical Cancer: Results From a National Cohort Study.

CONTEXT: Because of the rarity of adrenocortical cancer (ACC), only a few population-based studies are available, and they reported limited details in the characterization of patients and their treatment. OBJECTIVE: To describe in a nationwide cohort the presentation of patients with ACC, treatment strategies, and potential prognostic factors. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 512 patients with ACC, diagnosed in 12 referral centers in Italy from January 1990 to June 2018. RESULTS: ACC diagnosed as incidentalomas accounted for overall 38.1% of cases, with a frequency that increases with age and with less aggressive pathological features than symptomatic tumors. Women (60.2%) were younger than men and had smaller tumors, which more frequently secreted hormones. Surgery was mainly done with an open approach (72%), and after surgical resection, 62.7% of patients started adjuvant mitotane therapy. Recurrence after tumor resection occurred in 56.2% of patients. In patients with localized disease, cortisol secretion, ENSAT stage III, Ki67%, and Weiss score were associated with an increased risk of recurrence, whereas margin-free resection, open surgery, and adjuvant mitotane treatment were associated with reduced risk. Death occurred in 38.1% of patients and recurrence-free survival (RFS) predicted overall survival (OS). In localized disease, age, cortisol secretion, Ki67%, ENSAT stage III, and recurrence were associated with increased risk of mortality. ACCs presenting as adrenal incidentalomas showed prolonged RFS and OS. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that ACC is a sex-related disease and demonstrates that an incidental presentation is associated with a better outcome. Given the correlation between RFS and OS, RFS may be used as a surrogate endpoint in clinical studies.

Italian Guidelines for the Management of Non-Functioning Benign and Locally Symptomatic Thyroid Nodules.

AIM: This guideline (GL) is aimed at providing a reference for the management of non-functioning, benign thyroid nodules causing local symptoms in adults outside of pregnancy. METHODS: This GL has been developed following the methods described in the Manual of the National Guideline System. For each question, the panel appointed by Associazione Medici Endocrinology (AME) identified potentially relevant outcomes, which were then rated for their impact on therapeutic choices. Only outcomes classified as "critical" and "important" were considered in the systematic review of evidence and only those classified as "critical" were considered in the formulation of recommendations. RESULTS: The present GL contains recommendations about the respective roles of surgery and minimally invasive treatments for the management of benign symptomatic thyroid nodules. We suggest hemithyroidectomy plus isthmectomy as the first-choice surgical treatment, provided that clinically significant disease is not present in the contralateral thyroid lobe. Total thyroidectomy should be considered for patients with clinically significant disease in the contralateral thyroid lobe. We suggest considering thermo-ablation as an alternative option to surgery for patients with a symptomatic, solid, benign, single, or dominant thyroid nodule. These recommendations apply to outpatients, either in primary care or when referred to specialists. CONCLUSION: The present GL is directed to endocrinologists, surgeons, and interventional radiologists working in hospitals, in territorial services, or private practice, general practitioners, and patients. The available data suggest that the implementation of this GL recommendations will result in the progressive reduction of surgical procedures for benign thyroid nodular disease, with a decreased number of admissions to surgical departments for non-malignant conditions and more rapid access to patients with thyroid cancer. Importantly, a reduction of indirect costs due to long-term replacement therapy and the management of surgical complications may also be speculated.

Adjuvant mitotane versus surveillance in low-grade, localised adrenocortical carcinoma (ADIUVO): an international, multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial and observational study.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant treatment with mitotane is commonly used after resection of adrenocortical carcinoma; however, treatment remains controversial, particularly if risk of recurrence is not high. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of adjuvant mitotane compared with surveillance alone following complete tumour resection in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma considered to be at low to intermediate risk of recurrence. METHODS: ADIUVO was a multicentre, open-label, parallel, randomised, phase 3 trial done in 23 centres across seven countries. Patients aged 18 years or older with adrenocortical carcinoma and low to intermediate risk of recurrence (R0, stage I-III, and Ki67 ≤10%) were randomly assigned to adjuvant oral mitotane two or three times daily (the dose was adjusted by the local investigator with the target of reaching and maintaining plasma mitotane concentrations of 14-20 mg/L) for 2 years or surveillance alone. All consecutive patients at 14 study centres fulfilling the eligibility criteria of the ADIUVO trial who refused randomisation and agreed on data collection via the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors adrenocortical carcinoma registry were included prospectively in the ADIUVO Observational study. The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival, defined as the time from randomisation to the first radiological evidence of recurrence or death from any cause (whichever occurred first), assessed in all randomly assigned patients by intention to treat. Overall survival, defined as time from the date of randomisation to the date of death from any cause, was a secondary endpoint analysed by intention to treat in all randomly assigned patients. Safety was assessed in all patients who adhered to the assigned regimen, which was defined by taking at least one tablet of mitotane in the mitotane group and no mitotane at all in the surveillance group. The ADIUVO trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00777244, and is now complete. FINDINGS: Between Oct 23, 2008, and Dec 27, 2018, 45 patients were randomly assigned to mitotane and 46 to surveillance alone. Because the study was discontinued prematurely, 5-year recurrence-free and overall survival are reported instead of recurrence-free and overall survival as defined in the protocol. 5-year recurrence-free survival was 79% (95% CI 67-94) in the mitotane group and 75% (63-90) in the surveillance group (hazard ratio 0·74 [95% CI 0·30-1·85]). Two people in the mitotane group and five people in the surveillance group died, and 5-year overall survival was not significantly different (95% [95% CI 89-100] in the mitotane group and 86% [74-100] in the surveillance group). All 42 patients who received mitotane had adverse events, and eight (19%) discontinued treatment. There were no grade 4 adverse events or treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION: Adjuvant mitotane might not be indicated in patients with low-grade, localised adrenocortical carcinoma considering the relatively good prognosis of these patients, and no significant improvement in recurrence-free survival and treatment-associated toxicity in the mitotane group. However, the study was discontinued prematurely due to slow recruitment and cannot rule out an efficacy of treatment. FUNDING: AIFA, ENSAT Cancer Health F2-2010-259735 programme, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Cancer Research UK, and the French Ministry of Health.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance in a Sample of Adult ADHD Outpatients.

Background: High prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) was found in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Insulin Resistance (IR) seems to mediate MS role in developing cardiometabolic consequences. Aims: To investigate the prevalence of MS, and the role of MS components and IR surrogate indexes in determining MS in adult ADHD outpatients. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, MS, defined according to the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III), and IR surrogate indexes were assessed on a consecutive sample of adult ADHD outpatients. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of each ATP III component and IR surrogate index in determining MS. Results: Seventeen out of 158 patients (10.8%, 95%CI = 0.064/0.167) fulfilled the ATP-III criteria for MS. A comprehensive comparison with prevalence in the reference population was hindered by the lack of patients over 60 in the study sample, however under this age no significant differences were found. Among MS components, blood triglycerides level (OR = 1.02, 95%CI=1.01/1.03, p = 0.001) was the main predictor for MS, followed by diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.08, 95%CI=1.01/1.16, p = 0.024) and waist circumference (OR = 1.06, 95%CI=1.01/1.13, p = 0.029). Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP, OR = 1.0006, 95%CI=1.0003/1.0009, p < 0.001) outperformed Triglyceride-Waist Circumference (TG-WC, OR=1.03, 95%CI=1.01/1.04, p < 0.001) in predicting MS. Conclusions: More attention should be paid not only to MS but also to each ATP III component of MS and LAP in ADHD patients both at first assessment and during follow-up process.

Sex-Based Evaluation of Lipid Profile in Postoperative Adjuvant Mitotane Treatment for Adrenocortical Carcinoma.

Background: A wide interindividual variability in mitotane concentrations and treatment-related dyslipidemia have been reported. Here, we aimed to underline the sex-related differences in the lipid profile in patients that underwent radical surgery of adrenocortical carcinoma during treatment with adjuvant mitotane. Methods: A chromatographic method was used to quantify the drug in plasma collected from adult patients with complete tumor resection, also considering active metabolite o,p'-DDE. Results: We observed different lipid profiles between males and females and between pre- and post-menopausal women. Considering the mitotane-related effects on lipid levels, we observed that higher drug concentrations were correlated with higher HDL in all the considered groups (p < 0.001), with total cholesterol both in males (p = 0.005) and females (p = 0.036), with triglycerides in postmenopausal females (p = 0.002) and with LDL in male patients (p < 0.001). Increases in o,p'-DDE were positively correlated with HDL levels in all the groups (p < 0.001) and negatively with LDL in all the groups (males p = 0.008, pre- and post-menopausal females p < 0.001), with total cholesterol in pre- (p = 0.016) and post-menopausal women (p = 0.01) and with triglycerides in premenopausal females (p = 0.005). Conclusions: This is the first study designed to evaluate sex differences in lipoprotein and lipid levels during mitotane adjuvant treatment; the results suggest that a gender and personalized approach could be useful to prevent and manage alterations in the lipid profile.