Surface acoustic wave manipulation of bioparticles.

The introduction of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) into lab-on-a-chip microfluidic systems has contributed to the development of a new cutting-edge technology-SAW-based micro/nano manipulation. Recently, the SAW technology has emerged as an important tool for manipulating micro/nano particles/cell populations by virtue of its simplicity, biocompatibility, non-invasiveness, scalability, and versatility. In custom-designed acoustic fields, this technology can be used to manipulate cells, bacteria, exosomes, and even worms precisely, and it has been used in applications such as biomedical and point-of-care diagnostic systems. In this review paper, we start by providing a comprehensive overview of the fundamental working principle and numerical simulation of SAW-based manipulation. Then, we introduce the recent advancements in the manipulation of organisms based on standing and traveling SAWs, including separation, concentration, and transport. At the end of the review, we discuss the current challenges to and future prospects of SAW-based manipulation. The conclusion is that the SAW technology will open up a new frontier in the microfluidics field and contribute significantly to the development of bioengineering research and applications.

Study on the Performance of Aniline Electrodeposited on MnO2 Nanowire as an Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Manganese dioxide is an ideal anode for sodium-ion batteries due to its rich crystal shapes. However, its low conductivity, low reversible discharge capacity, slow diffusion kinetics, and poor cyclic stability limit its potential for industrial application. The design of manganese dioxide (MnO2) with various morphologies, such as nanowires, nanorods, and nanoflowers, has proven effective in enhancing its electrochemical performance. Stacking nanowire structures is of interest as they increase the open space by forming an interconnected network, thus facilitating favorable diffusion pathways for sodium ions. Concurrently, the substantial increase in the electrolyte contact area efficiently mitigates the strain induced by the volume expansion associated with the repetitive migration and insertion of sodium ions. Based on previous research, this work presents the structural design of flexible MnO2/polyaniline (MnO2/PANI) nanowires assembled on carbon cloth (CC), an innovation in MnO2 modification. Compared to conventional MnO2 nanowires, the MnO2/PANI nanowires exhibit enhanced structural stability and improved dynamic performance, thereby marking a significant advancement in their material properties. This MnO2/PANI composite exhibits a rate capacity of approximately 200 mA h g-1 after 60 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g-1, and maintains a rate capacity of 182 mA h g-1 even after 200 cycles under the same current density. This study not only provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms governing energy storage in MnO2/PANI nanowires but also paves the way for their further development and optimization as anodes for sodium-ion batteries, thereby opening up fresh avenues for research and application.

Crystallization of smooth amorphous calcium phosphate microspheres to core-shell hydroxyapatite microspheres.

Calcium phosphates (Ca-P) represent a significant class of biological minerals found in natural hard tissues. Crystallization through phase transformation of a metastable precursor is an effective strategy to guide the growth of crystalline Ca-P with exceptional functionality. Despite extensive research on Ca-P, the exact process during the crystallization of amorphous particles to hydroxyapatite (HA) remains elusive. Herein, pure HA microspheres with a core-shell structure are crystallized via dissolution and re-crystallization of smooth amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) microspheres. The transformation is initiated with the increase of the hydrothermal treatment time in the presence of sodium trimetaphosphate and l-glutamic. The underlying mechanisms along with the kinetics of such transformation are explored. Nanocrystalline areas are formed on the smooth ACP microspheres and crystallization advances via nanometre-sized clusters formed by directional arrangement of nanocrystalline whiskers. Our findings shed light on a crucial but unclear stage in the genesis of HA crystals, specifically under the conditions of hydrothermal synthesis.

Initial solution pH value for the construction of a 3D hydroxyapatite via the trisodium citrate-assisted hydrothermal route.

In this study, a trisodium citrate (TSC)-assisted hydrothermal method is utilized to prepare three-dimensional hydroxyapatite (3D HA). Understanding the role of TSC in the preparation of 3D HA crystals may provide valuable methods to design advanced biomaterials. As one of the indexes of solution supersaturation, the initial pH (ipH) value can not only directly affect the nucleation rate, but also affect the growth of HA crystals. In this work, the effect of the ipH on the microstructure, particle size distribution, and specific surface area of the 3D HA is explored. Results showed that the morphology of 3D HA transformed from a bundle to a dumbbell ball and then a dumbbell with an increase in the ipH. A corresponding mechanism of such a structural evolution was proposed, providing inspiration for the fabrication of innovative 3D HA structures with enhanced biological functionality and performance.

Advancing overall water splitting via phase-engineered amorphous/crystalline interface: A novel strategy to accelerate proton-coupled electron transfer.

Traditional phase engineering enhances conductivity or activity by fully converting electrocatalytic materials into either a crystalline or an amorphous state, but this approach often faces limitations. Thus, a practical solution entails balancing the dynamic attributes of both phases to maximize an electrocatalyst's functionality is urgently needed. Herein, in this work, Co/Co2C crystals have been assembled on the amorphous N, S co-doped porous carbon (NSPC) through hydrothermal and calcination processes. The stable biphase structure and amorphous/crystalline (A/C) interface enhance conductivity and intrinsic activity. Moreover, the adsorption ability of water molecules and intermediates is improved significantly attributed to the rich oxygen-containing groups, unsaturated bonds, and defect sites of NSPC, which accelerates proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and overall water splitting. Consequently, A/C-Co/Co2C/NSPC (Co/Co2C/NSPC with amorphous/crystalline interface) exhibits outstanding behavior for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), requiring the overpotential of 240.0 mV and 70.0 mV to achieve 10 mA cm-2. Moreover, an electrolyzer assembled by A/C-Co/Co2C/NSPC-3 (anode) and A/C-Co/Co2C/NSPC-2 (cathode) demonstrates a low drive voltage of 1.54 V during overall water splitting process. Overall, this work has pioneered the coexistence of crystalline/amorphous phases in electrocatalysts and provided new insights into phase engineering.

Investigation of EDTA concentration on the size of carbonated flowerlike hydroxyapatite microspheres.

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is considered an effective crystal growth modifier for template-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) materials. In this work, flowerlike-carbonated HA (CHA) microspheres were synthesized using EDTA via a one-step hydrothermal route. The phase, functional groups, morphology and particle size distribution of the products were examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy as well as laser diffraction particle size analysis. Results show that the morphology of the products can be well controlled by adjusting the EDTA concentration. With an increase of the EDTA concentration, the particle size of flowerlike microspheres decreased from tens of microns down to a few microns. The underlying mechanism for the morphological transition of CHA microspheres with different concentrations of EDTA under hydrothermal conditions is proposed. This work provides a simple way to controllably fabricate CHA microspheres with various sizes using the same synthesis system for biomedical applications, such as cell carriers and drug delivery.

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction by a Co/Co3O4@N-doped carbon composite material derived from the pyrolysis of ZIF-67/poplar flowers.

Catalysts used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are crucial to fuel cells. However, the development of novel catalysts possessing high activity at a low cost is very challenging. Recently, extensive research has indicated that nitrogen-doped carbon materials, which include nonprecious metals as well as metal-based oxides, can be used as excellent candidates for the ORR. Here, Co/Co3O4@N-doped carbon (NC) with a low cost and highly stable performance is utilized as an ORR electrocatalyst through the pyrolysis of an easily prepared physical mixture containing a cobalt-based zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF-67 precursor) and biomass materials from poplar flowers. Compared with the pure ZIF-derived counterpart (Co@NC) and PL-bio-C, the as-synthesized electrocatalysts show significantly enhanced ORR activities. The essential roles of doped atoms (ZIF-67 precursor) in improving the ORR activities are discussed. Depending mainly on the formation of Co-Co3O4 active sites and abundant nitrogen-containing groups, the resulting Co/Co3O4@NC catalyst exhibits good electroactivity (onset and half-wave potentials: E onset = 0.94 V and E 1/2 = 0.85 V, respectively, and a small Tafel slope of 90 mV dec-1) compared to Co@NC and PL-bio-C and follows the 4-electron pathway with good stability and methanol resistance. The results of this study provide a reference for exploring cobalt-based N-doped biomass carbon for energy conversion and storage applications.

Co2O3/Co2N0.67 nanoparticles encased in honeycomb-like N, P, O-codoped carbon framework derived from corncob as efficient ORR electrocatalysts.

It is essential to develop cost-effective rechargeable metal-air batteries, with high activity, stability, and efficiency, that use non-precious metals (NPMs)-based cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. Here, by using earth-abundant corncob (CC) as the carbon source, Co(OH)2, NaH2PO4, and melamine as the precursors, and KOH as the chemical activator, CoNP@bio-C-a is obtained and comparative studies are carried out with three other types of CC-derived carbon-based catalytic materials, namely, bio-C, CoP@bio-C, and CoNP@bio-C. Depending mainly on the formation of Co2O3/Co2N0.67 active sites (as p-n heterojunctions) and N, P, O-containing functional groups, the resultant CoNP@bio-C-a catalyst exhibits best electrocatalytic activity among the four types of catalysts; via a 4-electron pathway, it has good stability and good methanol tolerance. In addition, its unique honeycomb-like porous structure, high graphitization degree, and abundant oxygen-containing groups contribute to its excellent ORR activity. This study provides insights for exploring the application of heteroatom-doped biomass-derived carbon catalysts.

Optimization of the Mechanical Properties and the Cytocompatibility for the PMMA Nanocomposites Reinforced with the Hydroxyapatite Nanofibers and the Magnesium Phosphate Nanosheets.

Commercial poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based cement is currently used in the field of orthopedics. However, it suffers from lack of bioactivity, mechanical weakness, and monomer toxicity. In this study, a PMMA-based cement nanocomposite reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanofibers and two-dimensional (2D) magnesium phosphate MgP nanosheets was synthesized and optimized in terms of mechanical property and cytocompatibility. The HA nanofibers and the MgP nanosheets were synthesized using a hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation method and tuning the crystallization of the sodium-magnesium-phosphate ternary system, respectively. Compressive strength and MTT assay tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical property and the cytocompatibility of the PMMA-HA-MgP nanocomposites prepared at different ratios of HA and MgP. To optimize the developed nanocomposites, the standard response surface methodology (RSM) design known as the central composite design (CCD) was employed. Two regression models generated by CCD were analyzed and compared with the experimental results, and good agreement was observed. Statistical analysis revealed the significance of both factors, namely, the HA nanofibers and the MgP nanosheets, in improving the compressive strength and cell viability of the PMMA-MgP-HA nanocomposite. Finally, it was demonstrated that the HA nanofibers of 7.5% wt and the MgP nanosheets of 6.12% wt result in the PMMA-HA-MgP nanocomposite with the optimum compressive strength and cell viability.

Three-dimensional TiNb2O7 anchored on carbon nanofiber core-shell arrays as an anode for high-rate lithium ion storage.

The control of structure and morphology in an electrode design for the development of large-power lithium ion batteries is crucial to create efficient transport pathways for ions and electrons. Herein, we report a powerful combinational strategy to build omnibearing conductive networks composed of titanium niobium oxide nanorods and carbon nanofibers (TNO/CNFs) via an electrostatic spinning method and a hydrothermal method into free-standing arrays with a three-dimensional heterostructure core/shell structure. TNO/CNF electrode exhibits significantly superior electrochemical performance and high-rate capability (241 mA h g-1 at 10C, and 208 mA h g-1 at 20C). The capacity of the TNO/CNF electrode is 257 mA h g-1 after 2000 cycles at 20C, which is much higher than that of the TNO electrode. In particular, the TNO/CNF electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 153.6 mA h g-1 with a capacity retention of 95% after 5000 cycles at ultrahigh current density. Superior electrochemical performances of the TNO/CNF electrode are attributed to the unique composite structure.

Novel PMMA bone cement nanocomposites containing magnesium phosphate nanosheets and hydroxyapatite nanofibers.

Lack of bioactivity and monomer toxicity are limiting factors of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement in orthopedic applications. Herein, we address these shortcomings by proposing two-dimensional magnesium phosphate (MgP) nanosheets and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanofibers as novel fillers in PMMA bone cement nanocomposites. Two-dimensional MgP nanosheets and one-dimensional HA nanofibers were synthesized by tuning the crystallization of the sodium-magnesium-phosphate ternary system and hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation, respectively. We show that MgP nanosheets exhibit antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (E. coli). In addition, HA nanofibers with high level of bioactivity are the proper choice to induce cell viability in the nanocomposite. Results indicate that the combination of both fillers can act as deformation locks enhancing the compressive strength of the nanocomposites. The synthesized nanocomposite possesses excellent bioactivity, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility potentially opening new paradigm in the design of next generation bone cement composites.