RESUMO
Cancer-specific TERT promoter mutations have been linked to the reactivation of epigenetically silenced TERT gene by creating de novo binding motifs for E-Twenty-Six transcription factors, especially GABPA. How these mutations switch on TERT from epigenetically repressed states to expressed states have not been defined. Here, we revealed that EGFR activation induces ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation of argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) at Ser417 (S417), leading to interactions between ASL and GABPA at the mutant regions of TERT promoters. The ASL-generated fumarate inhibits KDM5C, leading to enhanced trimethylation of histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4me3), which in turn promotes the recruitment of c-Myc to TERT promoters for TERT expression. Expression of ASL S417A, which abrogates its binding with GABPA, results in reduced TERT expression, inhibited telomerase activity, shortened telomere length, and impaired brain tumor growth in mice. This study reveals an unrecognized mechanistic insight into epigenetically activation of mutant TERT promoters where GABPA-interacted ASL plays an instrumental role.
Assuntos
Glioblastoma , Telomerase , Animais , Camundongos , Argininossuccinato Liase/genética , Argininossuccinato Liase/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Receptores ErbB/genética , Fumaratos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Glioblastoma/genética , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Mutação , Telomerase/genética , Telomerase/metabolismo , Telômero/metabolismo , Encurtamento do Telômero , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras GenéticasRESUMO
Fumarate is an oncometabolite. However, the mechanism underlying fumarate-exerted tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, utilizing human type2 papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC2) as a model, we show that fumarate accumulates in cells deficient in fumarate hydratase (FH) and inhibits PTEN to activate PI3K/AKT signaling. Mechanistically, fumarate directly reacts with PTEN at cysteine 211 (C211) to form S-(2-succino)-cysteine. Succinated C211 occludes tethering of PTEN with the cellular membrane, thereby diminishing its inhibitory effect on the PI3K/AKT pathway. Functionally, re-expressing wild-type FH or PTEN C211S phenocopies an AKT inhibitor in suppressing tumor growth and sensitizing PRCC2 to sunitinib. Analysis of clinical specimens indicates that PTEN C211 succination levels are positively correlated with AKT activation in PRCC2. Collectively, these findings elucidate a non-metabolic, oncogenic role of fumarate in PRCC2 via direct post-translational modification of PTEN and further reveal potential stratification strategies for patients with FH loss by combinatorial AKTi and sunitinib therapy.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Papilar , Carcinoma de Células Renais , Fumaratos , Neoplasias Renais , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase , Carcinogênese , Carcinoma Papilar/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimologia , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/enzimologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renais/metabolismo , Cisteína/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Fumarato Hidratase/genética , Fumarato Hidratase/metabolismo , Fumaratos/farmacologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/enzimologia , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/metabolismo , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/antagonistas & inibidores , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Sunitinibe/farmacologiaRESUMO
Hypoxia, which occurs during tumor growth, triggers complex adaptive responses in which peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) plays a critical role in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. However, how PGC-1α is regulated in response to oxygen availability remains unclear. We demonstrated that lysine demethylase 3A (KDM3A) binds to PGC-1α and demethylates monomethylated lysine (K) 224 of PGC-1α under normoxic conditions. Hypoxic stimulation inhibits KDM3A, which has a high KM of oxygen for its activity, and enhances PGC-1α K224 monomethylation. This modification decreases PGC-1α's activity required for NRF1- and NRF2-dependent transcriptional regulation of TFAM, TFB1M, and TFB2M, resulting in reduced mitochondrial biogenesis. Expression of PGC-1α K224R mutant significantly increases mitochondrial biogenesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and tumor cell apoptosis under hypoxia and inhibits brain tumor growth in mice. This study revealed that PGC-1α monomethylation, which is dependent on oxygen availability-regulated KDM3A, plays a critical role in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/enzimologia , Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , Biogênese de Organelas , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Animais , Apoptose , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji/genética , Metilação , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Mitocôndrias/patologia , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/genética , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Carga Tumoral , Hipóxia Tumoral , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
The PTEN tumor suppressor is frequently mutated or deleted in cancer and regulates glucose metabolism through the PI3K-AKT pathway. However, whether PTEN directly regulates glycolysis in tumor cells is unclear. We demonstrate here that PTEN directly interacts with phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). PGK1 functions not only as a glycolytic enzyme but also as a protein kinase intermolecularly autophosphorylating itself at Y324 for activation. The protein phosphatase activity of PTEN dephosphorylates and inhibits autophosphorylated PGK1, thereby inhibiting glycolysis, ATP production, and brain tumor cell proliferation. In addition, knockin expression of a PGK1 Y324F mutant inhibits brain tumor formation. Analyses of human glioblastoma specimens reveals that PGK1 Y324 phosphorylation levels inversely correlate with PTEN expression status and are positively associated with poor prognosis in glioblastoma patients. This work highlights the instrumental role of PGK1 autophosphorylation in its activation and PTEN protein phosphatase activity in governing glycolysis and tumorigenesis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/enzimologia , Glioblastoma/enzimologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Glicólise , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/metabolismo , Fosfoglicerato Quinase/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/patologia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/genética , Fosfoglicerato Quinase/genética , Fosforilação , Prognóstico , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Tempo , Carga Tumoral , TirosinaRESUMO
Cancer cells increase lipogenesis for their proliferation and the activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) has a central role in this process. SREBPs are inhibited by a complex composed of INSIG proteins, SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and sterols in the endoplasmic reticulum. Regulation of the interaction between INSIG proteins and SCAP by sterol levels is critical for the dissociation of the SCAP-SREBP complex from the endoplasmic reticulum and the activation of SREBPs1,2. However, whether this protein interaction is regulated by a mechanism other than the abundance of sterol-and in particular, whether oncogenic signalling has a role-is unclear. Here we show that activated AKT in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells phosphorylates cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, at Ser90. Phosphorylated PCK1 translocates to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it uses GTP as a phosphate donor to phosphorylate INSIG1 at Ser207 and INSIG2 at Ser151. This phosphorylation reduces the binding of sterols to INSIG1 and INSIG2 and disrupts the interaction between INSIG proteins and SCAP, leading to the translocation of the SCAP-SREBP complex to the Golgi apparatus, the activation of SREBP proteins (SREBP1 or SREBP2) and the transcription of downstream lipogenesis-related genes, proliferation of tumour cells, and tumorigenesis in mice. In addition, phosphorylation of PCK1 at Ser90, INSIG1 at Ser207 and INSIG2 at Ser151 is not only positively correlated with the nuclear accumulation of SREBP1 in samples from patients with HCC, but also associated with poor HCC prognosis. Our findings highlight the importance of the protein kinase activity of PCK1 in the activation of SREBPs, lipogenesis and the development of HCC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Gluconeogênese , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Lipogênese , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Fosfoenolpiruvato Carboxiquinase (GTP)/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinogênese , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Proliferação de Células , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Complexo de Golgi/metabolismo , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/química , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Oxisteróis/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Prognóstico , Ligação Proteica , Transporte Proteico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 2/metabolismoRESUMO
DNA replication is initiated by assembly of the kinase cell division cycle 7 (CDC7) with its regulatory activation subunit, activator of S-phase kinase (ASK), to activate DNA helicase. However, the mechanism underlying regulation of CDC7-ASK complex is unclear. Here, we show that ADP generated from CDC7-mediated MCM phosphorylation binds to an allosteric region of CDC7, disrupts CDC7-ASK interaction, and inhibits CDC7-ASK activity in a feedback way. EGFR- and ERK-activated casein kinase 2α (CK2α) phosphorylates nuclear phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) 1 at S256, resulting in interaction of PGK1 with CDC7. CDC7-bound PGK1 converts ADP to ATP, thereby abrogating the inhibitory effect of ADP on CDC7-ASK activity, promoting the recruitment of DNA helicase to replication origins, DNA replication, cell proliferation, and brain tumorigenesis. These findings reveal an instrumental self-regulatory mechanism of CDC7-ASK activity by its kinase reaction product ADP and a nonglycolytic role for PGK1 in abrogating this negative feedback in promoting tumor development.
Assuntos
Difosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Caseína Quinase II/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/antagonistas & inibidores , Replicação do DNA , Fosfoglicerato Quinase/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Caseína Quinase II/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , DNA Helicases/genética , DNA Helicases/metabolismo , Feminino , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Fosfoglicerato Quinase/genética , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/fisiologia , Origem de ReplicaçãoRESUMO
EGFR activates phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), but the mechanism underlying this activation is not completely understood. We demonstrated here that EGFR activation resulted in lysine acetyltransferase 5 (KAT5)-mediated K395 acetylation of the platelet isoform of phosphofructokinase 1 (PFKP) and subsequent translocation of PFKP to the plasma membrane, where the PFKP was phosphorylated at Y64 by EGFR. Phosphorylated PFKP binds to the N-terminal SH2 domain of p85α, which is distinct from binding of Gab1 to the C-terminal SH2 domain of p85α, and recruited p85α to the plasma membrane resulting in PI3K activation. PI3K-dependent AKT activation results in enhanced phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK2) phosphorylation and production of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, which in turn promotes PFK1 activation. PFKP Y64 phosphorylation-enhanced PI3K/AKT-dependent PFK1 activation and GLUT1 expression promoted the Warburg effect, tumor cell proliferation, and brain tumorigenesis. These findings underscore the instrumental role of PFKP in PI3K activation and enhanced glycolysis through PI3K/AKT-dependent positive-feedback regulation.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/enzimologia , Glioblastoma/enzimologia , Glicólise , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Fosfofrutoquinase-1 Tipo C/metabolismo , Acetilação , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Classe Ia de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase , Ativação Enzimática , Receptores ErbB/genética , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Retroalimentação Fisiológica , Frutosedifosfatos/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/patologia , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 1/genética , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 1/metabolismo , Humanos , Lisina Acetiltransferase 5/genética , Lisina Acetiltransferase 5/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfofrutoquinase-1 Tipo C/genética , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/genética , Fosfofrutoquinase-2/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Domínios de Homologia de srcRESUMO
Autophagy is crucial for maintaining cell homeostasis. However, the precise mechanism underlying autophagy initiation remains to be defined. Here, we demonstrate that glutamine deprivation and hypoxia result in inhibition of mTOR-mediated acetyl-transferase ARD1 S228 phosphorylation, leading to ARD1-dependent phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) K388 acetylation and subsequent PGK1-mediated Beclin1 S30 phosphorylation. This phosphorylation enhances ATG14L-associated class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase VPS34 activity by increasing the binding of phosphatidylinositol to VPS34. ARD1-dependent PGK1 acetylation and PGK1-mediated Beclin1 S30 phosphorylation are required for glutamine deprivation- and hypoxia-induced autophagy and brain tumorigenesis. Furthermore, PGK1 K388 acetylation levels correlate with Beclin1 S30 phosphorylation levels and poor prognosis in glioblastoma patients. Our study unearths an important mechanism underlying cellular-stress-induced autophagy initiation in which the protein kinase activity of the metabolic enzyme PGK1 plays an instrumental role and reveals the significance of the mutual regulation of autophagy and cell metabolism in maintaining cell homeostasis.
Assuntos
Autofagossomos/enzimologia , Autofagia , Proteína Beclina-1/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/enzimologia , Glioblastoma/enzimologia , Fosfoglicerato Quinase/metabolismo , Acetilação , Animais , Autofagossomos/patologia , Proteína Beclina-1/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Classe III de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Classe III de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Feminino , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/patologia , Glutamina/deficiência , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos Nus , Acetiltransferase N-Terminal A/genética , Acetiltransferase N-Terminal A/metabolismo , Acetiltransferase N-Terminal E/genética , Acetiltransferase N-Terminal E/metabolismo , Fosfoglicerato Quinase/genética , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Interferência de RNA , Transdução de Sinais , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Transfecção , Carga Tumoral , Hipóxia TumoralRESUMO
Overcoming metabolic stress is a critical step in tumor growth. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) generated from glucose and acetate uptake is important for histone acetylation and gene expression. However, how acetyl-CoA is produced under nutritional stress is unclear. We demonstrate here that glucose deprivation results in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) phosphorylation at S659, which exposed the nuclear localization signal of ACSS2 for importin α5 binding and nuclear translocation. In the nucleus, ACSS2 binds to transcription factor EB and translocates to lysosomal and autophagy gene promoter regions, where ACSS2 incorporates acetate generated from histone acetylation turnover to locally produce acetyl-CoA for histone H3 acetylation in these regions and promote lysosomal biogenesis, autophagy, cell survival, and brain tumorigenesis. In addition, ACSS2 S659 phosphorylation positively correlates with AMPK activity in glioma specimens and grades of glioma malignancy. These results underscore the significance of nuclear ACSS2-mediated histone acetylation in maintaining cell homeostasis and tumor development.
Assuntos
Acetato-CoA Ligase/metabolismo , Autofagia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/enzimologia , Núcleo Celular/enzimologia , Glioblastoma/enzimologia , Histonas/metabolismo , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Biogênese de Organelas , Transcrição Gênica , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Acetato-CoA Ligase/genética , Acetilcoenzima A/metabolismo , Acetilação , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular , Animais , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Núcleo Celular/patologia , Sobrevivência Celular , Metabolismo Energético , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Fosforilação , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Ligação Proteica , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Interferência de RNA , Estresse Fisiológico , Transfecção , alfa Carioferinas/genética , alfa Carioferinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Fundamental studies on biomarkers as well as developed assays for their detection can provide valuable information facilitating clinical decisions. For patients with lung cancer, there are established circulating biomarkers such as serum progastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA21-1). There are also molecular biomarkers for targeted therapy such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene, KRAS gene, and BRAF gene. However, there is still an unmet need for biomarkers that can be used for early detection and predict treatment response and survival. In this review, we describe the lung cancer biomarkers that are currently being used in clinical practice. We also discuss emerging preclinical and clinical studies on new biomarkers such as omics-based biomarkers for their potential clinical use to detect, predict, or monitor subtypes of lung cancer. Additionally, between-method differences in tumor markers warrant further development and improvement of the standardization and harmonization for each assay.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Antígeno Carcinoembrionário , Queratina-19 , Fosfopiruvato Hidratase , PulmãoRESUMO
Trichoderma longibrachiatum UN32 is known for its efficient production of dendrobine-type total alkaloids (DTTAs). This study aimed to determine the optimal medium composition for the UN32 strain using response surface methodology. Key factors, including glucose, beef extract, and CoCl2, were selected through the Plackett-Burman design. Subsequently, a factorial optimization approach was employed using the steepest ascent design, and 17 trial sets were completed via the Box-Behnken design. The optimal medium composition was found to consist of 29.4 g/L of glucose, 17.3 g/L of beef extract, and 0.28 mmol/L of CoCl2. This optimized medium resulted in an impressive 80.8% increase in mycelial dry weight (reaching 12.303 g/L) and a substantial 76.4% boost in DTTA production (reaching 541.63 ± 46.95 µg). Furthermore, the fermentation process was scaled up to a 5-L bioreactor, leading to a DTTA production approximately 1.95 times than the control. Transcriptome analysis of strain UN32 in response to CoCl2 supplementation revealed significant changes in the expression of critical genes associated with the TCA cycle and L-valine, L-leucine, and L-isoleucine biosynthesis changed. These alterations resulted in a heightened influx of acetyl-CoA into DTTA production. Additionally, the expression of genes related to antioxidant enzymes was modified to maintain homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A potential mechanism for the accumulation of DTTAs based on ROS as a signal transduction was proposed. These findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms of DTTA biosynthesis, potentially offering a method to enhance the production of secondary metabolites in the UN32 strain. KEY POINTS: ⢠After the RSM optimization, there is a substantial increase of 80.8% in biomass production and a significant 76.4% rise in DTTA production. ⢠Transcriptome analysis revealed that the inclusion of CoCl2 supplements resulted in an enhanced influx of acetyl-CoA. ⢠Proposed a mechanism for the accumulation of DTTAs for the role of ROS as a signal transduction pathway.
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Animais , Bovinos , Meios de Cultura/metabolismo , Acetilcoenzima A/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Fermentação , GlucoseRESUMO
Dendrobium species, which are perennial herbs widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, are notable for their therapeutic properties attributed to various bioactive compounds, including dendrobine-type sesquiterpenoid alkaloids (DTSAs). The objective of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the biosynthesis of DTSAs, including their extraction from Dendrobium species and endophytes, elucidation of associated genes through genomic and transcriptomic sequencing in both Dendrobium spp. and endophytes, exploration of the biosynthetic pathways of DTSAs, and drawing conclusions and outlining future perspectives in this field. Alkaloids, predominantly nitrogen-containing compounds found in medicinal orchids, include over 140 types discovered across more than 50 species. DTSAs, identified in 37 picrotoxane alkaloids, have a distinctive five-membered nitrogen heterocyclic ring. This review highlights endophytic fungi as alternative sources of DTSAs, emphasizing their potential in pharmaceutical applications when plant-derived compounds are scarce or complex. Genomic and transcriptomic sequencing of Dendrobium spp. and their endophytes has identified key genes involved in DTSAs biosynthesis, elucidating pathways such as the mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways. Genes encoding enzymes, such as acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase and diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, are positively associated with dendrobine production. Despite significant advancements, the complexity of terpenoid biosynthesis in different subcellular compartments remains a challenge. Future research should focus on leveraging high-quality genomic data and omics technologies to further understand and manipulate the biosynthetic pathways of DTSAs and enhance their medicinal use.
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Vias Biossintéticas , Sesquiterpenos , Transcriptoma , Alcaloides/biossíntese , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Vias Biossintéticas/genética , Dendrobium/genética , Dendrobium/metabolismo , Dendrobium/enzimologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Genômica/métodos , Endófitos/metabolismo , Endófitos/genética , Endófitos/enzimologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The incidence of kidney disease caused by thyroid cancer is rising worldwide. Observational studies cannot recognize whether thyroid cancer is independently associated with kidney disease. We performed the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to genetically investigate the causality of thyroid cancer on immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). METHODS AND RESULTS: We explored the causal effect of thyroid cancer on IgAN by MR analysis. Fifty-two genetic loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms were related to thyroid cancer. The primary approach in this MR analysis was the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, and MRâEgger was the secondary method. Weighted mode and penalized weighted median were used to analyze the sensitivity. In this study, the random-effect IVW models showed the causal impact of genetically predicted thyroid cancer across the IgAN risk (OR, 1.191; 95% CI, 1.131-1.253, P < 0.001). Similar results were also obtained in the weighted mode method (OR, 1.048; 95% CI, 0.980-1.120, P = 0.179) and penalized weighted median (OR, 1.185; 95% CI, 1.110-1.264, P < 0.001). However, the MRâEgger method revealed that thyroid cancer decreased the risk of IgAN, but this difference was not significant (OR, 0.948; 95% CI, 0.855-1.051, P = 0.316). The leave-one-out sensitivity analysis did not reveal the driving influence of any individual SNP on the association between thyroid cancer and IgAN. CONCLUSION: The IVW model indicated a significant causality of thyroid cancer with IgAN. However, MRâEgger had a point estimation in the opposite direction. According to the MR principle, the evidence of this study did not support a stable significant causal association between thyroid cancer and IgAN. The results still need to be confirmed by future studies.
Assuntos
Glomerulonefrite por IGA , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Humanos , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana , Loci Gênicos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as an important legume plant can quickly produce adventitious roots (ARs) to form new plants by cutting. But the regulatory mechanism of AR formation in alfalfa remains unclear. RESULTS: To better understand the rooting process of alfalfa cuttings, plant materials from four stages, including initial separation stage (C stage), induction stage (Y stage), AR primordium formation stage (P stage) and AR maturation stage (S stage) were collected and used for RNA-Seq. Meanwhile, three candidate genes (SAUR, VAN3 and EGLC) were selected to explore their roles in AR formation. The numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of Y-vs-C (9,724) and P-vs-Y groups (6,836) were larger than that of S-vs-P group (150), indicating highly active in the early AR formation during the complicated development process. Pathways related to cell wall and sugar metabolism, root development, cell cycle, stem cell, and protease were identified, indicating that these genes were involved in AR production. A large number of hormone-related genes associated with the formation of alfalfa ARs have also been identified, in which auxin, ABA and brassinosteroids are thought to play key regulatory roles. Comparing with TF database, it was found that AP2/ERF-ERF, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, MYB, C2H2, bZIP, GRAS played a major regulatory role in the production of ARs of alfalfa. Furthermore, three identified genes showed significant promotion effect on AR formation. CONCLUSIONS: Stimulation of stem basal cells in alfalfa by cutting induced AR production through the regulation of various hormones, transcription factors and kinases. This study provides new insights of AR formation in alfalfa and enriches gene resources in crop planting and cultivation.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Medicago sativa , Medicago sativa/genética , Medicago sativa/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections cause cervical cancer and a fraction of head and neck cancer. To investigate whether HR-HPV infection might be also involved in the development of gastric cancer (GC), we developed a platform utilizing a rolling circle amplification (RCA)-based nested L1 polymerase chain reaction with Sanger sequencing to genotype the HPV DNA in cancer tissues of 361 GC and 89 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC). HPV transcriptional activity was determined by E6/E7 mRNA expression and a 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends was performed to identify HPV integration and expression of virus-host fusion transcripts. Ten of 361 GC, 2 of 89 OPSCC, and 1 of 22 normal adjacent tissues were HPV L1 DNA-positive. Five of the 10 HPV-positive GC were genotyped as HPV16 by sequencing and 1 of 2 GC with RCA/nested HPV16 E6/E7 DNA detection exhibited HPV16 E6/E7 mRNA. Two OPSCC displayed HPV16 L1 DNA and E6/E7 mRNA, of which 1 OPSCC tissue showed virus-host RNA fusion transcripts from an intron region of KIAA0825 gene. Together, our data reveal viral oncogene expression and/or integration in GC and OPSCC and a possible etiology role of HPV infections in gastric carcinogenesis.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/patologia , Papillomavirus Humano , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Proteínas E7 de Papillomavirus/genética , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/análise , Oncogenes , RNA Mensageiro/genética , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/análiseRESUMO
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most frequent subtype of thyroid cancer, but 20% of cases are indeterminate (i.e., cannot be accurately diagnosed) based on preoperative cytology, which might lead to surgical removal of a normal thyroid gland. To address this concern, we performed an in-depth analysis of the serum proteomes of 26 PTC patients and 23 healthy controls using antibody microarrays and data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS). We identified a total of 1091 serum proteins spanning 10-12 orders of magnitude. 166 differentially expressed proteins were identified that participate in complement activation, coagulation cascades, and platelet degranulation pathways. Furthermore, the analysis of serum proteomes before and after surgery indicated that the expression of proteins such as lactate dehydrogenase A and olfactory receptor family 52 subfamily B member 4, which participate in fibrin clot formation and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathways, were changed. Further analysis of the proteomes of PTC and neighboring tissues revealed integrin-mediated pathways with possible crosstalk between the tissue and circulating compartments. Among these cross-talk proteins, circulating fibronectin 1 (FN1), gelsolin (GSN) and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (GALE) were indicated as promising biomarkers for PTC identification and validated in an independent cohort. In differentiating between patients with benign nodules or PTC, FN1 produced the best ELISA result (sensitivity = 96.89%, specificity = 91.67%). Overall, our results present proteomic landscapes of PTC before and after surgery as well as the crosstalk between tissue and the circulatory system, which is valuable to understand PTC pathology and improve PTC diagnostics in the future.
Assuntos
Fibronectinas , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Humanos , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/diagnóstico , Proteoma , Proteômica , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
The cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are protein-serine/threonine kinases with crucial effects on the regulation of cell cycle and transcription. CDKs can be a hallmark of cancer since their excessive expression could lead to impaired cell proliferation. However, the selectivity profile of most developed CDK inhibitors is not enough, which have hindered the therapeutic use of CDK inhibitors. In this study, we propose a multitask deep learning framework called BiLAT based on SMILES representation for the prediction of the inhibitory activity of molecules on eight CDK subtypes (CDK1, 2, 4-9). The framework is mainly composed of an improved bidirectional long short-term memory module BiLSTM and the encode layer of the Transformer framework. Additionally, the data enhancement method of SMILES enumeration is applied to improve the performance of the model. Compared with baseline predictive models based on three conventional machine learning methods and two multitask deep learning algorithms, BiLAT achieves the best performance with the highest average AUC, ACC, F1-score, and MCC values of 0.938, 0.894, 0.911, and 0.715 for the test set. Moreover, we constructed a targeted external data set CDK-Dec for the CDK family, which mainly contains bait values screened by 3D similarity with active compounds. This dataset was utilized in the subsequent evaluation of our model. It is worth mentioning that the BiLAT model is interpretable and can be used by chemists to design and synthesize compounds with improved activity. To further verify the generalization ability of the multitask BiLAT model, we also conducted another evaluation on three public datasets (Tox21, ClinTox, and SIDER). Compared with several currently popular models, BiLAT shows the best performance on two datasets. These results indicate that BiLAT is an effective tool for accelerating drug discovery.
Assuntos
Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes , Neoplasias , Humanos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Ciclo Celular , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Algoritmos , Quinase 2 Dependente de CiclinaRESUMO
Histone modifications, such as the frequently occurring lysine succinylation, are central to the regulation of chromatin-based processes. However, the mechanism and functional consequences of histone succinylation are unknown. Here we show that the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) complex is localized in the nucleus in human cell lines and binds to lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A, also known as GCN5) in the promoter regions of genes. We show that succinyl-coenzyme A (succinyl-CoA) binds to KAT2A. The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of KAT2A in complex with succinyl-CoA at 2.3 Å resolution shows that succinyl-CoA binds to a deep cleft of KAT2A with the succinyl moiety pointing towards the end of a flexible loop 3, which adopts different structural conformations in succinyl-CoA-bound and acetyl-CoA-bound forms. Site-directed mutagenesis indicates that tyrosine 645 in this loop has an important role in the selective binding of succinyl-CoA over acetyl-CoA. KAT2A acts as a succinyltransferase and succinylates histone H3 on lysine 79, with a maximum frequency around the transcription start sites of genes. Preventing the α-KGDH complex from entering the nucleus, or expression of KAT2A(Tyr645Ala), reduces gene expression and inhibits tumour cell proliferation and tumour growth. These findings reveal an important mechanism of histone modification and demonstrate that local generation of succinyl-CoA by the nuclear α-KGDH complex coupled with the succinyltransferase activity of KAT2A is instrumental in histone succinylation, tumour cell proliferation, and tumour development.
Assuntos
Histona Acetiltransferases/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Complexo Cetoglutarato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Acetilcoenzima A/metabolismo , Acil Coenzima A/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Cristalografia por Raios X , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Histona Acetiltransferases/química , Histona Acetiltransferases/genética , Histonas/química , Humanos , Lisina/metabolismo , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Neoplasias/enzimologia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Sítio de Iniciação de Transcrição , Tirosina/genética , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Postnatal period is a critical transitional phase in the lives of mothers and newborn babies. In recent years the importance on promoting a positive experience of care following childbirth is increasingly emphasized. Yet published evidence of the methodological and psychometric quality of instruments to evaluate women's experience of comprehensive postnatal care is still lacking. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate a unique scale (the Chinese version of the Postnatal Care Experience Scale, PCES) to measure women's overall experience of care during postnatal periods. METHODS: The PCES instrument was developed and validated over three phases, including item development, scale development, and scale evaluation. The item pool of the PCES was generated through existing literature and in-depth semi-structured interviews, followed by assessment of content validity and rating of importance and feasibility of items through two-round Delphi surveys. Psychometric properties were examined in a convenience sample of 736 postpartum women. Both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to assess the construct validity of the developed PCES. The relationship between the total PCES score and the global item construct was estimated using Pearson product-moment coefficient. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and Spearman Brown coefficients. RESULTS: The content validity index of the Chinese version PCES was 0.867. Following item reduction analysis, this instrument consisted of 30 five-point Likert items. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin statistic was 0.964 and the chi-square value of the Bartlett spherical test was 11665.399 (P < .001). The scale explained 75.797% of the total variance and consisted of three subscales, including self-management, social support, and facility- and community-based care. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the total PCES score and the global item construct was 0.909. The CFA showed that the 3-factor model had suitable fitness for the data. Cronbach's alpha value and Spearman-Brown Split-half reliability for the total scale were 0.979 and 0.941, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed 30-item PCES is a psychometrically reliable and valid instrument that assesses women's overall experience of postnatal care. Future research should aim to use the PCES in various populations to obtain further evidence for its validity and reliability.