Visit to visit transition in TXNIP gene methylation and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study.

Our study aimed to investigate the association between the transition of the TXNIP gene methylation level and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study included 263 incident cases of T2DM and 263 matched non-T2DM participants. According to the methylation levels of five loci (CpG1-5; chr1:145441102-145442001) on the TXNIP gene, the participants were classified into four transition groups: maintained low, low to high, high to low, and maintained high methylation levels. Compared with individuals whose methylation level of CpG2-5 at the TXNIP gene was maintained low, individuals with maintained high methylation levels showed a 61-87% reduction in T2DM risk (66% for CpG2 [OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.80]; 77% for CpG3 [OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.78]; 87% for CpG4 [OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.56]; and 61% for CpG5 [OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.92]). Maintained high methylation levels of four loci of the TXNIP gene are associated with a reduction of T2DM incident risk in the current study. Our study suggests that preserving hypermethylation levels of the TXNIP gene may hold promise as a potential preventive measure against the onset of T2DM.

The role of mitochondrial DNA copy number in cardiometabolic disease: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: This study used a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization study to investigate the potential causal links between mtDNA copy number and cardiometabolic disease (obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, type 2 diabetes [T2DM], coronary artery disease [CAD], stroke, ischemic stroke, and heart failure). METHODS: Genetic associations with mtDNA copy number were obtained from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from the UK biobank (n = 395,718) and cardio-metabolic disease were from largest available GWAS summary statistics. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was conducted, with weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO as sensitivity analyses. We repeated this in the opposite direction using instruments for cardio-metabolic disease. RESULTS: Genetically predicted mtDNA copy number was not associated with risk of obesity (P = 0.148), hypertension (P = 0.515), dyslipidemia (P = 0.684), T2DM (P = 0.631), CAD (P = 0.199), stroke (P = 0.314), ischemic stroke (P = 0.633), and heart failure (P = 0.708). Regarding the reverse directions, we only found that genetically predicted dyslipidemia was associated with decreased levels of mtDNA copy number in the IVW analysis (ß= - 0.060, 95% CI - 0.044 to - 0.076; P = 2.416e-14) and there was suggestive of evidence for a potential causal association between CAD and mtDNA copy number (ß= - 0.021, 95% CI - 0.003 to - 0.039; P = 0.025). Sensitivity and replication analyses showed the stable findings. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this Mendelian randomization study did not support a causal effect of mtDNA copy number in the development of cardiometabolic disease, but found dyslipidemia and CAD can lead to reduced mtDNA copy number. These findings have implications for mtDNA copy number as a biomarker of dyslipidemia and CAD in clinical practice.

A gain-of-function mutation in BnaIAA13 disrupts vascular tissue and lateral root development in Brassica napus.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Plant vascular tissues are responsible for long-distance transport of water and nutrients and for providing mechanical support. The lateral roots absorb water and nutrients. The genetic basis of vascular tissue and lateral root development in rapeseed remains unknown. This study characterized an ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized rapeseed mutant, T16, which showed dwarf stature, reduced lateral roots, and leaf wilting. SEM observations showed that the internode cells were shortened. Observations of tissue sections revealed defects in vascular bundle development in the stems and petioles. Genetic analysis revealed that the phenotypes of T16 were controlled by a single semi-dominant nuclear gene. Map-based cloning and genetic complementarity identified BnaA03.IAA13 as the functional gene; a G-to-A mutation in the second exon changed glycine at position 79 to glutamic acid, disrupting the conserved degron motif VGWPP. Transcriptome analysis in roots and stems showed that auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways were disordered in T16. Evolutionary analysis showed that AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID is conserved during plant evolution. The heterozygote of T16 showed significantly reduced plant height while maintaining other agronomic traits. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of vascular tissue and lateral root development, and offer a new germplasm resource for rapeseed breeding.

Associations of body mass index trajectory, waist circumference trajectory, or both with type 2 diabetes mellitus risk in Chinese adults: The China-PAR project.

AIMS: To identify the trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and assess the associations of BMI trajectory, WC trajectory, or the two combined, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in Chinese adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was based on a prospective project-the Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China-PAR). A total of 54 434 participants (39.21% men) who were measured on at least two occasions were included. Three slowly increasing trajectory patterns were identified for BMI, and four for WC, by latent mixed modelling. A nine-category variable was derived by combining the WC trajectory (low, moderate, moderate-high/high) and the BMI trajectory (low, moderate, high). Logistic regression models were applied to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The risk of developing T2DM increased with elevated BMI or WC trajectory levels (all ptrend <0.001). The risks were 2.85 (2.59-3.14) for high BMI trajectory and 4.34 (3.78-4.99) for high WC trajectory versus low trajectory groups, respectively. The association was more pronounced among younger individuals (pinteraction <0.001). In the joint analysis, compared to participants with low WC and BMI trajectory, those with moderate-high/high WC combined with high BMI trajectory had the highest risk of T2DM (OR 3.96, 95% CI 3.48-4.50); even those who maintained moderate-high/high WC but low BMI trajectory showed a higher T2DM risk (OR 3.00, 95% CI 2.31-3.91). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that simultaneous dynamic and continuous monitoring of BMI and WC may contribute more than single measurements to predicting T2DM risk and determining preventive strategies.

Rabies vaccination adherence and associated factors among rabies-exposed patients in Shenzhen, China: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Adherence to post-exposure prophylaxis and post-exposure vaccination (PEV) is an important measure to prevent rabies. The purpose of this study was to explore the adherence to the vaccination protocol and its influencing factors among rabies-exposed patients in Shenzhen, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Shenzhen, China, to obtain epidemiological characteristics of patients; knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of rabies prevention; and medical records. A total of 326 patients requiring full rabies PEV were included in this study, and only 62% (202) completed the full course of vaccination according to the norms of the vaccination guidelines. After multifactor logistic regression, the factors influencing adherence to vaccination were as follows: age 31 to 40 years, time spent to reach the nearest rabies prevention clinic was >60 min, the time of injury was at night to early morning, the place of injury was a school/laboratory, the animal causing injury was a cat, the health status of the animal causing injury could not be determined, and patients with higher practice scores (all p<0.05). Understanding the factors influencing rabies vaccination adherence among rabies-exposed patients in urban areas of China and promote changes in patients' practice toward rabies prevention is essential for rabies elimination by 2030.

Examining the association of hysterectomy with and without oophorectomy on cardiovascular disease and all-cause, cardiovascular or cancer mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The associations between hysterectomy and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality remains unlcear and a meta-analysis with cohort studies is lacking. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies to investigate the relationship between hysterectomy and CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, heart failure, and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. We further explored the effect of oophorectomy on the association between hysterectomy and these health outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched up to 24 July 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA: Cohort studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. We used I2 to assess the heterogeneity between studies. MAIN RESULTS: Forty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis. Hysterectomy was significantly associated with an increased risk of CVD (pooled HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.09-1.13; n = 6; I2 = 0) and stroke (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04-1.14; n = 7; I2 = 52%), but with a decreased risk of cancer mortality (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.86-1.00; n = 4; I2 = 81%). No significant association was observed between hysterectomy and CHD (n = 10; I2 = 83%), all-cause mortality (n = 8; I2 = 81%) or cardiovascular mortality (n = 7; I2 = 89%). Hysterectomy with and without oophorectomy was significantly associated with CVD and stroke risk, but showed a larger effect size for hysterectomy with oophorectomy. A significantly increased risk of CHD was observed in the subgroup of hysterectomy with oophorectomy, but not for the subgroup of hysterectomy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Hysterectomy may increase the risk of CVD, CHD and stroke, but not all-cause, cardiovascular or cancer mortality. Hysterectomy with oophorectomy may have a higher risk of CVD, CHD and stroke than hysterectomy alone. However, the results on CHD and mortality related to hysterectomy should be interpreted cautiously because of the high level of heterogeneity and unstable subgroup analyses.

Association of traditional and novel obesity indicators with stroke risk: Findings from the Rural Chinese cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Few researchers have compared the effectiveness of traditional and novel obesity indicators in predicting stroke incidence. We aimed to evaluate the associations between six obesity indices and stroke risk, and to further identify the optimal indicator. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 14,539 individuals from the Rural Chinese Cohort Study were included in the analyses. We used the Cox proportional hazards regression models to evaluate the association between six obesity indices (including body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], conicity index [C-index], lipid accumulation product [LAP], visceral adiposity index [VAI], and Chinese visceral adiposity index [CVAI]) and stroke risk. Receiver operating characteristic curves were employed to compare their predictive ability on stroke risk. During a median follow-up period of 11.13 years, a total of 1257 cases of stroke occurred. In the multiple-adjusted Cox regression model, WC, BMI, C-index, and CVAI were positively associated with ischemic stroke (P < 0.01) rather than hemorrhagic stroke risk. Dose-response analyses showed a linear correlation of WC, BMI, C-index, and LAP (Poverall <0.05, and Pnonlinear >0.05), but a non-linear correlation of CVAI (Poverall <0.05, and Pnonlinear <0.05) with the risk of ischemic stroke. CVAI demonstrates the highest areas under the curves (AUC: 0.661, 95% CI: 0.653-0.668), indicating a superior predictive ability for ischemic stroke occurrence compared to other five indices (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: WC, BMI, C-index, LAP, and CVAI were all positively related to the risk of ischemic stroke, among which CVAI exhibited stronger predictive ability for ischemic stroke.

Associations of 24-hour movement behaviors with emotional and behavioral problems among Chinese adolescents.

PURPOSE: The role of adherence to the recommendations for 24-hour movement behaviors (24-HMB), including physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), and sleep duration (SLP), in relation to emotional and behavioral problems in Chinese adolescents remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate these associations and explore potential sex differences. METHODS: This school-based cross-sectional study included 15,071 Chinese adolescents with a mean age of 14.53 (SD: 1.65) years. Data on emotional and behavioral problems and 24-HMB (including PA, ST, and SLP) were collected. Analysis was performed using general linear mixed models, with additional sex-stratified analyses conducted. RESULTS: The number of 24-HMB recommendations met was negatively associated with total difficulties (ß estimate=-0.96, 95% CI: -1.07 to -0.85) and positively related to prosocial behavior (ß estimate = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.46) among adolescents. Compared with none of the recommendations met, meeting all recommendations (total difficulties: ß estimate=-2.98, 95% CI: -3.41 to -2.55; prosocial behaviors: ß estimate = 1.05, 95%CI: 0.87 to 1.24) demonstrated the strongest association with both difficulties and prosocial behaviors, followed by meeting recommendations for PA + ST (total difficulties: ß estimate=-2.15, 95% CI: -2.41 to -1.90; prosocial behaviors: ß estimate = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.09). These associations were consistently significant in both boys and girls. CONCLUSION: Adherence to more 24-HMB recommendations, particularly meeting all recommendations or combined PA + ST recommendations, could improve emotional and behavioral well-being among adolescent girls and boys. The significance of balanced movement behaviors for promoting adolescent mental health merits increased attention.

BnaCRCs with domestication preference positively correlate with the seed-setting rate of canola.

Canola (Brassica napus) is an important oil crop worldwide. The seed-setting rate (SS) is a critical factor in determining its yield, and the development of pistils affects pollination and seed sets. However, research on seed-setting defects has been limited owing to difficulties in the identification of phenotypes, mutations, and complex genetic mechanisms. In this study, we found a stigma defect (sd) mutant in B. napus, which had no nectary. The SS of sd mutants in the field was approximately 93.4% lower than that of the wild type. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy imaging of sd mutants showed a low density of stigma papillary cells and stigma papillary cell vacuoles that disappeared 16 h after flowering. Genetic analysis of segregated populations showed that two recessive nuclear genes are responsible for the mutant phenotype of sd. Based on re-sequencing and map-based cloning, we reduced the candidate sites on ChrA07 (BnaSSA07) and ChrC06 (BnaSSC06) to 30 and 67 kb, including six and eight predicted genes, respectively. Gene analyses showed that a pair of CRABS CLAW (CRC) homeologous genes at BnaSSA07 and BnaSSC06 were associated with the development of carpel and nectary. BnaSSA07.CRC and BnaSSC06.CRC candidate genes were found to be expressed in flower organs only, with significant differences in their expression in the pistils of the near-isogenic lines. DNA sequencing showed transposon insertions in the upstream region and intron of the candidate gene BnaSSA07.crc. We also found that BnaSSC06.crc exists widely in the natural population and we give possible reasons for its widespread existence.

Sugar intake and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort and cross-sectional studies.

Several epidemiological studies have investigated the association between sugar intake, the levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the risk of hypertension, but findings have been inconsistent. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to examine the associations between sugar intake, hypertension risk, and BP levels. Articles published up to February 2, 2021 were sourced through PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a fixed- or random-effects model. Restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate dose-response associations. Overall, 35 studies were included in the present meta-analysis (23 for hypertension and 12 for BP). Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) were positively associated with hypertension risk: 1.26 (95% CI, 1.15-1.37) and 1.10 (1.07-1.13) per 250-g/day increment, respectively. For SBP, only SSBs were significant with a pooled ß value of 0.24 mmHg (95% CI, 0.12-0.36) per 250 g increase. Fructose, sucrose, and added sugar, however, were shown to be associated with elevated DBP with 0.83 mmHg (0.07-1.59), 1.10 mmHg (0.12-2.08), and 5.15 mmHg (0.09-10.21), respectively. Current evidence supports the harmful effects of sugar intake for hypertension and BP level, especially SSBs, ASBs, and total sugar intake.

All-cause mortality risk with different metabolic abdominal obesity phenotypes: the Rural Chinese Cohort Study.

We aimed to investigate the association of metabolic obesity phenotypes with all-cause mortality risk in a rural Chinese population. This prospective cohort study enrolled 15 704 Chinese adults (38·86 % men) with a median age of 51·00 (interquartile range: 41·00-60·00) at baseline (2007-2008) and followed up during 2013-2014. Obesity was defined by waist circumference (WC: ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women) or waist-to-height ratio (WHtR: ≥ 0·5). The hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % CI for the risk of all-cause mortality related to metabolic obesity phenotypes were calculated using the Cox hazards regression model. During a median follow-up of 6·01 years, 864 deaths were identified. When obesity was defined by WC, the prevalence of participants with metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHNO), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) at baseline was 12·12 %, 2·80 %, 41·93 % and 43·15 %, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, alcohol drinking, smoking, physical activity and education, the risk of all-cause mortality was higher with both MUNO (HR = 1·20, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·26) and MUO (HR = 1·20, 95 % CI 1·13, 1·27) v. MHNO, but the risk was not statistically significant with MHO (HR = 0·99, 95 % CI 0·89, 1·10). This result remained consistent when stratified by sex. Defining obesity by WHtR gave similar results. MHO does not suggest a greater risk of all-cause mortality compared to MHNO, but participants with metabolic abnormality, with or without obesity, have a higher risk of all-cause mortality. These results should be cautiously interpreted as the representation of MHO is small.

Discovery of coumaric acid derivatives hinted by coastal marine source to seek for uric acid lowering agents.

In this work, a series of novel compounds Spartinin C1-C24 were screened, synthesised and evaluated for inhibiting xanthine oxidase thus lowering serum uric acid level. The backbones were derived from the components of coastal marine source Spartina alterniflora and marketed drugs. The top hits Spartinin C10 & C22 suggested high inhibition percentages (78.54 and 93.74) at 10 µM dosage, which were higher than the positive control Allopurinol. They were low cytotoxic onto human normal hepatocyte cells. Treatment with Spartinin C10 could lower the serum uric acid level to 440.0 µM in the hyperuricemic model mice (723.0 µM), comparable with Allopurinol (325.8 µM). Spartinin C10 was more appreciated than Allopurinol on other serum indexes. The preliminary pharmacokinetics evaluation indicated that the rapid absorption, metabolism and elimination of Spartinin C10 should be further improved. The discovery of pharmaceutical molecules from coastal marine source here might inspire the inter-disciplinary investigations on public health.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the NAC Gene Family in Kandelia obovata, a Typical Mangrove Plant.

The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) gene family, one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, acts as positive or negative regulators in plant response and adaption to various environmental stresses, including cold stress. Multiple reports on the functional characterization of NAC genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants are available. However, the function of the NAC genes in the typical woody mangrove (Kandelia obovata) remains poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive analysis of NAC genes in K. obovata was performed with a pluri-disciplinary approach including bioinformatic and molecular analyses. We retrieved a contracted NAC family with 68 genes from the K. obovata genome, which were unevenly distributed in the chromosomes and classified into ten classes. These KoNAC genes were differentially and preferentially expressed in different organs, among which, twelve up-regulated and one down-regulated KoNAC genes were identified. Several stress-related cis-regulatory elements, such as LTR (low-temperature response), STRE (stress response element), ABRE (abscisic acid response element), and WUN (wound-responsive element), were identified in the promoter regions of these 13 KoNAC genes. The expression patterns of five selected KoNAC genes (KoNAC6, KoNAC15, KoNAC20, KoNAC38, and KoNAC51) were confirmed by qRT-PCR under cold treatment. These results strongly implied the putative important roles of KoNAC genes in response to chilling and other stresses. Collectively, our findings provide valuable information for further investigations on the function of KoNAC genes.

Integrated analysis of probability of type 2 diabetes mellitus with polymorphisms and methylation of SLC30A8 gene: a nested case-control study.

To estimate the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and methylation of SLC30A8 gene and T2DM risk, and the interactions among SNPs, methylation, and environmental factors on T2DM risk. We genotyped 9 SNPs and tested methylation at 46 CpG loci of SLC30A8 in the baseline DNA of 290 T2DM cases and 290 matched controls nested in the Rural Chinese Cohort Study. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the associations between SNPs and SLC30A8 methylation and T2DM risk. Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction analysis was used to estimate the effect of interactions among SNPs, methylation, and environment on T2DM risk. Probability of T2DM was decreased with rs11558471 (GG vs. AA, OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.32, 0.96), with rs13266634 (TT vs. CC, OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.32, 0.94), with rs3802177 (AA vs. GG, OR = 0.54, 95%CI 0.31, 0.94), and its probability was increased with rs2466293 of SLC30A8 (GA vs. AA, OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.08-2.47). Its probability was also significantly associated with methylation of CG9 and CG45 (OR = 0.56 [95% CI 0.33-0.97] and 1.61 [95%CI 1.03--2.51]). T2DM probability was significantly associated with the interaction effect between rs2466293 and hypertension (p = 0.045). T2DM probability was also significantly associated with the combination effects of rs2466293 with BMI, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia, with the combination effects of hypertriglyceridemia with rs11558471, rs13266634, and methylation of CG45.

Comparison of six surrogate insulin resistance indexes for predicting the risk of incident stroke: The Rural Chinese Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Some cheap and easily used operated indexes of insulin resistance (IR) were currently available. We aimed to evaluate the association of six surrogate indexes of IR with incident stroke and to compare their predictive capacity. METHODS: We analysed data from 14,595 eligible study participants from the Rural Chinese Cohort Study. Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of incident stroke associated with the visceral adiposity index (VAI), the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), triglyceride-glucose (TyG), TyG-body mass index, and TyG-waist circumference. The receiver operator characteristic curve was used to compare the ability of the abovementioned IR indexes to predict stroke. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 6 years, 786 newly diagnosed stroke cases were identified. The levels of six surrogate indexes of IR were all significantly higher in the stroke population than in the non-stroke population (p < 0.001). Compared with quartile 1, the multivariable adjusted RRs (95% CIs) of incident stroke for quartile 4 were 2.01 (1.47-2.76), 1.62 (1.28, 2.04), 1.64 (1.28-2.09), and 1.92 (1.50-2.45) for CVAI, VAI, LAP, and TyG, respectively. Significant dose-response associations were also found between surrogate IR indexes and risk of stroke. The area under the curves|areas under the curves for CVAI (0.674) was significantly greater than for other indexes (TyG-WC:0.622, TyG:0.614, LAP:0.606, TyG-BMI:0.598, and VAI:0.577) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Six surrogate indexes of IR were independently associated with incident stroke. The CVAI may be the most suitable index for stroke prediction.

Association of Egg Consumption with Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported conflicting associations between egg consumption and the risk of all-cause or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, including ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality and stroke mortality. With accumulating evidence, up-to-date evidence about the association should be synthesized. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the association of the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality with egg consumption. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases through 3 November, 2021 for observational studies conducted in participants ≥18 y of age and which provided ORs, RRs, or HRs and 95% CIs for ≥3 egg consumption categories or for increased intake of egg addressing the associations of interest. A random-effects model was used to pool the reported risk estimates. Restricted cubic splines were used to examine the dose-response association. RESULTS: Twenty-four articles with 48 reports (25 for all-cause mortality, 11 for CVD mortality, 6 for IHD mortality, and 6 for stroke mortality) involving 11,890,695 participants were included. Intake of each 1-egg/d increment was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.10; P = 0.008), but the association was restricted to women, Americans, and studies with adjustments for hyperlipidemia. Egg consumption was linearly associated with CVD mortality only in participants >60 y of age, Americans, studies with follow-up duration ≥15 y, and studies with adjustments for hyperlipidemia (P ≤ 0.018). No significant association was found between egg consumption and IHD or stroke mortality (P ≥ 0.080). CONCLUSIONS: Egg consumption was linearly associated with a modestly increased risk of all-cause mortality and, in older participants, Americans, and studies with longer follow-up or adjustments for hyperlipidemia, CVD mortality. These findings suggest that it may be prudent to avoid high egg consumption.

Fried-food consumption and risk of overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension in adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Recent studies have reported conflicting associations of fried-food consumption and risk of overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension, and a meta-analysis is not available. We aimed to explore the association between fried-food consumption and risk of overweight/obesity, T2DM and hypertension in adults through a meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies published up to 17 June 2020. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by random-effects models. In comparing the highest to lowest fried-food intake, the pooled RRs (95% CIs) were 1.16 (1.07-1.25; I2 = 71.0%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001) for overweight/obesity (cohort: 1.19 [0.97-1.47], n = 2; cross-sectional: 1.14 [1.03-1.27], n = 9), 1.07 (0.90-1.27; 84.7%) for T2DM (cohort: 1.01 [0.89-1.15], n = 9; case-control: 2.33 [1.80-3.01], n = 1), and 1.20 (1.05-1.38; I2=91.8%) for hypertension (cohort: 1.06 [0.98-1.15], n = 8; cross-sectional: 2.16 [0.59-7.87], n = 3). Our meta-analysis indicates fried-food consumption is associated with increased risk of overweight/obesity and hypertension but not T2DM in adults, but the findings should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity and unstable subgroup analyses of this meta-analysis. More studies are warranted to investigate the total fried-food consumption and these health outcomes.

Discovery of derivatives from Spartina alterniflora-sourced moiety as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower uric acid.

In this work, hit compounds Spartinin F1-F20 sharing the Spartina alterniflora-sourced ferulic acid backbone were synthesized and evaluated on inhibiting xanthine oxidase and lowering uric acid level. The top hit Spartinin F2 exhibited inhibition percentages at 10 µM dosage as high as 84.48 (higher than that of the positive control allopurinol) and low cyto-toxicity. Spartinin F2 inferred potential efficiency in lowering the serum UA level (from 631.6 µM to 295.0 µM), which was comparable with allopurinol (to 309.2 µM). Spartinin F2 was also beneficial for other serum indexes. The bioavailability of Spartinin F2 was 63.71% from the preliminary pharmacokinetics test and the molecular docking simulation indicated that except for retaining the hydrogen bonds with the key residues such as THR 1010 and LYS 771, the introduction of the π-sulfur interactions via the sulfonate might also be beneficial for developing more potent XO inhibitors.

Older People Living with HIV Were Less Physically Active Than Their Uninfected Counterparts in China: A Matched-Sample Mediation Analysis.

The study compared the level of physical activity (PA) between older people living with HIV (PLWH) and their HIV-negative counterparts in China and tested the mediational roles of self-compassion, attitudes toward aging, and perceived stress in the between-group difference in PA. From December 2017 to August 2018, face-to-face interviews were conducted among 337 and 363 HIV-positive and -negative people aged ≥ 50 in Yongzhou City, Hunan, China. Path analysis was performed. The proportions of low, moderate, and high levels of PA in the HIV-positive and -negative groups were 18.9% versus 6.7%, 43.1% versus 32.0%, and 38.0% versus 61.3%, respectively, yielding a statistically significant difference. The path analysis showed that older PLWH reported less self-compassion and positive attitudes toward aging, which was in turn associated with more perceived stress and ultimately associated with less PA. Chinese older PLWH were more sedentary than their HIV-negative counterparts. Future PA interventions may modify the mediators.

The association between Chinese Visceral Adipose Index and coronary heart disease: A cohort study in China.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between Chinese visceral adipose index (CVAI) and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Chinese through a large cohort study. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study included 42,165 adults who were without CHD at baseline and who completed at least one annual follow-up between 2009 and 2016. We used the Cox proportional hazards model to estimate Hazard Ratios (HRs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for the association between CVAI and risk of CHD. During the median follow-up of 3.36 years (154,808 person years), 520 participants developed CHD, including 374 males and 146 females. Compared with the first quartile of CVAI, the risk of CHD was significantly increased in the fourth quartile of CVAI in multivariate model (HR [95% CI]: 9.92 [5.45, 18.04], P < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis by excluding incident CHD developed in the first two years of follow-up reinforced our results. Gender stratification analyses showed that the relationship between CVAI and CHD risk was higher in males than that in females. The restricted cubic spline showed a non-linear dose-response relationship between CVAI and CHD risk. In addition, CVAI was associated with CHD risk in the subgroups of participants without T2DM, without hypertension, and without fatty liver. CONCLUSION: CVAI was significantly associated with the risk of CHD. Individuals should keep CVAI at normal level to prevent CHD.