Plasma dosage of ghrelin, IGF-1, GLP- 1 and leptin related to gastric emptying and esophageal pH-impedance in children with obesity.

PURPOSE: The main aim of the study was to assess the relationship between leptin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) blood levels and gastric motility in children with obesity compared to healthy children. Secondary aims were to assess the possible association between these hormones and obesity, reflux impedance parameters, reflux symptoms, other GI disorders, and quality-of-life scores within the same groups. METHODS: Children with obesity plus GERD symptoms and 2 control groups of children with obesity without GERD and healthy lean children aged 4-17 years underwent an auxological evaluation, an assessment of gastro-intestinal symptoms and quality of life, hormonal dosages, and an evaluation of gastric emptying time (GET) through 13C-octanoic acid breath test. RESULTS: No significant association was found between hormones and gastric motility. Leptin and ghrelin levels were significantly associated with obesity parameters. No significant differences were found between GET and hormones of the patients with obesity, either with or without GERD. CONCLUSION: Although we found an association between auxological parameters and both leptin and ghrelin levels, this association did not imply an effect on the upper GI motility. Therefore, our hypothesis that alterations of these hormones in children with obesity could affect gastric emptying, triggering GERD, was not supported by our data.

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome.

UNLABELLED: Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare condition characterized by multiple venous malformations involving the skin and internal organs. The gastrointestinal tract is always involved and intestinal haemorrhage is the most frequent clinical manifestation associated with iron deficiency anaemia. We describe a 10-year-old girl who, since birth, presented numerous venous malformations all over her body and a lymphangioma in the right leg. At the age of 5 years, she also had a severe episode of gastric bleeding requiring a blood transfusion. From this episode, she is suffering from chronic anaemia and this is the reason for admission into our hospital. The endoscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract revealed multiple giant venous malformations in the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and in all visible sections of the colon. Endoscopy is the gold standard technique for the diagnosis of BRBNS with GI lesions and also allows immediate therapeutic measures such as argon plasma coagulation, laser photocoagulation, sclerotherapy or band ligation. In addition, pharmacological treatments based on corticosteroids, interferon alfa, vincristine or octreotide have been described for BRBNS. CONCLUSION: Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome is a congenital cutaneous and gastrointestinal haemangiomatosis. Its morbidity and mortality depends on involvement of visceral organs and particularly on GI bleeding. The treatment is based on pharmacological or surgical therapy. Overall, the most important step is the follow-up to the presence and the evolution of GI lesions and the possible bleeding.

Sequential incremental doses of bisacodyl increase the diagnostic accuracy of colonic manometry.

BACKGROUND: Colonic manometry is the standard diagnostic modality for evaluating colonic motility in children. Intraluminal bisacodyl is routinely used to trigger high-amplitude propagating contractions (HAPCs), a feature of normal colonic motility. Usually, only a single dose (0.2 mg/kg) is suggested. We retrospectively explored whether the use of an additional higher (0.4 mg/kg) dose of bisacodyl increases the yield of colonic manometry. METHODS: In 103 children (median age: 8.8 years, range 3.2-15.7 years) with a diagnosis of slow transit constipation, colonic motility was recorded for 1 h before and 1 h after each of two incremental doses of bisacodyl (low, L, dose: 0.2 mg/kg, max 10 mg; high, H, dose: 0.4 mg/kg, max 20 mg) and the characteristics of HAPCs analyzed. KEY RESULTS: High-amplitude propagating contractions were seen in 85 children. H dose significantly increased the proportion of patients with fully propagated HAPCs (H dose: 57/103 [55%], L dose: 27/103 [26%], p < 0.001), paralleling the significant decrease in the proportion with partially propagated HAPCs (H dose: 29/103 [28%], L dose: 47/103 [46%], p < 0.01). Mean HAPC number significantly increased throughout the colon at H compared to L dose (7.2 ± 5.05 vs 5.6 ± 5.1, p < 0.05). Finally, the proportion of patients with normal pressure wave morphology of HAPCs significantly increased with higher dose (H dose: 55/85 [65%], L dose: 27/85 [32%], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS & INTERFERENCES: An additional higher dose of bisacodyl during colonic manometry improves colonic neuromuscular function suggesting its use might improve interpretation and decision making in children with slow transit constipation.

GER and GERD in children: to treat or not to treat?

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a normal physiologic process, consisting in the passage of gastric contents into the esophagus. It occurs several times per day in healthy infants, children, and adults. In contrast, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is present when the reflux of gastric contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications. Distinguishing GER from GERD may often be tricky. The diagnosis of GERD has to be inferred by performing tests showing excessive frequency or duration of reflux events, esophagitis, or a clear association of symptoms and signs with reflux events in the absence of alternative diagnoses. Only in older children and adolescents with typical reflux symtoms, a time-limited trial of acid suppressive treatment may be useful as diagnostic test. A proper differential diagnosis between GER, GERD and other possible conditions mimicking reflux is crucial in order to target the treatment, avoiding the overuse of acid suppressive medications which currently represents a major source of concern. In this review we went through the evidence-based possible strategies to manage both psychologic GER and GERD.

The association of coeliac disease in childhood with functional gastrointestinal disorders: a prospective study in patients fulfilling Rome III criteria.

BACKGROUND: An association between coeliac disease (CD) and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) has at present only been demonstrated in adults. AIMS: To assess the prevalence of FGIDs at 1 year and the role of psychological aspects on the development of FGIDs in CD children. METHODS: One-hundred consecutive CD children (36M and 64F) were followed up for 1 year. Fifty-six children (25M and 31F) represented the control group. All children and/or their parents completed validated questionnaires for GI symptoms, depression, and anxiety. GI symptoms at diagnosis and after 1 year of gluten-free diet (GFD) were compared. RESULTS: Twenty-three/82 (28%) CD patients followed up prospectively, on GFD from at least 1 year, fulfilled the Rome III criteria for FGIDs compared with 5/56 (8.9%) controls (P = 0.008; χ² = 6.8; OR: 3.97; 95% CI: 1.40-11.21). Children complaining with GI symptoms alone [21/52 (40.3%)] more likely fulfilled Rome III criteria for FGIDs after 1 year of GFD than children with extra-intestinal symptoms (P = 0.045). CD children with FGDIs presented significantly higher anxiety and depression compared to CD children without FGIDs and controls (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that children with CD on a GFD for a year have a much higher prevalence of functional GI symptoms than do controls. Whether the risk is due to the residua of a chronic inflammatory process, and/or due to psychological factors remains to be further tested.

[Pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders: a questionnaire on pediatric gastrointestinal symptoms based on Rome III criteria]. / Disordini funzionali gastrointestinali in età pediatrica: questionario sui sintomi gastrointestinali in accordo ai criteri di Roma III.

Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs) are defined as a variable combination of chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms, age dependent, not explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities. Recurrent gastrointestinal disorders, especially abdominal pain, are one of the most common reasons for medical consultation among children and adolescents. A population-based study demonstrated that 28-46% of school age children complain of abdominal pain each week. Only in 10% of the cases an organic cause can be identified, while most of the children and adolescents who present these symptoms have a functional disorder without any evidence of disease. FGIDs significantly influence the quality of life of affected children and have a big social impact related to socialization, school absences and could have long-term psychological implications. A complete understanding of the pathophysiology of FGIDs remains elusive. FGIDs are a multifactorial condition and diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms appear to contribute to them, including altered motility, visceral hyperalgesia, brain-gut disturbances, genetic and environmental factors, and psychosocial upsets, among others. In 2006 the new version of the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms (QPGS) based on Rome III Criteria (QPGS-RIII) was created, in order to validate such criteria and to facilitate the diagnosis of FGDIs in children and adolescents. The Italian translation of the QPGS-RIII has been realized by our research group to spread a valid and universal method to screen the children potentially affected by FGDIs.