Drug-Induced Arrhythmias: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Many widely used medications may cause or exacerbate a variety of arrhythmias. Numerous antiarrhythmic agents, antimicrobial drugs, psychotropic medications, and methadone, as well as a growing list of drugs from other therapeutic classes (neurological drugs, anticancer agents, and many others), can prolong the QT interval and provoke torsades de pointes. Perhaps less familiar to clinicians is the fact that drugs can also trigger other arrhythmias, including bradyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, and Brugada syndrome. Some drug-induced arrhythmias (bradyarrhythmias, atrial tachycardia, atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia) are significant predominantly because of their symptoms; others (monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, Brugada syndrome, torsades de pointes) may result in serious consequences, including sudden cardiac death. Mechanisms of arrhythmias are well known for some medications but, in other instances, remain poorly understood. For some drug-induced arrhythmias, particularly torsades de pointes, risk factors are well defined. Modification of risk factors, when possible, is important for prevention and risk reduction. In patients with nonmodifiable risk factors who require a potentially arrhythmia-inducing drug, enhanced electrocardiographic and other monitoring strategies may be beneficial for early detection and treatment. Management of drug-induced arrhythmias includes discontinuation of the offending medication and following treatment guidelines for the specific arrhythmia. In overdose situations, targeted detoxification strategies may be needed. Awareness of drugs that may cause arrhythmias and knowledge of distinct arrhythmias that may be drug-induced are essential for clinicians. Consideration of the possibility that a patient's arrythmia could be drug-induced is important.

Guidance for Cardiac Electrophysiology During the COVID-19 Pandemic from the Heart Rhythm Society COVID-19 Task Force; Electrophysiology Section of the American College of Cardiology; and the Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that is wreaking havoc on the health and economy of much of human civilization. Electrophysiologists have been impacted personally and professionally by this global catastrophe. In this joint article from representatives of the Heart Rhythm Society, the American College of Cardiology, and the American Heart Association, we identify the potential risks of exposure to patients, allied healthcare staff, industry representatives, and hospital administrators. We also describe the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac arrhythmias and methods of triage based on acuity and patient comorbidities. We provide guidance for managing invasive and noninvasive electrophysiology procedures, clinic visits, and cardiac device interrogations. In addition, we discuss resource conservation and the role of telemedicine in remote patient care along with management strategies for affected patients.

Effect of Bicarbonate-Buffered Dialysate on Ventricular Arrhythmias in Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of sudden cardiac death in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) is largely unknown, though there is evidence to suggest that metabolic alkalosis induced by HD with a high-bicarbonate dialysate/prescription may play a role. METHODS: We investigated the effects of metabolic alkalosis induced by HD with an acetate-containing bicarbonate-buffered dialysate on frequency of ventricular arrhythmia in 47 patients with ESRD on chronic HD using 48-h Holter monitoring in 3 phases: intra-HD, post-HD day 1, and post-HD day 2. Serum levels of bicarbonate, calcium, and potassium along with hemodynamics were measured pre-HD, post-HD, 20-h post-HD, and 44-h post-HD. Correlations were performed to verify the association between bicarbonate prescription and change in serum bicarbonate levels post-HD and to determine if the HD-induced change in serum bicarbonate level (metabolic alkalosis) had any direct association with ambient ventricular arrhythmia (premature ventricular contractions per hour) or indirect associations with ambient ventricular arrhythmia by affecting electrolytes or hemodynamics that are known to increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmia. RESULTS: Mean pre-HD serum bicarbonate level was 21.3 mEq/L. Dialysate bicarbonate prescription (mean of 36.4 mEq/L) correlated with changes in serum bicarbonate levels immediately post-HD 26.7 mEq/L (r = 0.46, p < 0.01), 20-h post-HD 25.2 mEq/L (r = 0.38), and 44-h post-HD 23.2 mEq/L (r = 0.35, p = 0.01). No statistically significant correlations were found between the post-HD change in serum bicarbonate levels (metabolic alkalosis) with ambient ventricular arrhythmia, changes in serum calcium, potassium, or hemodynamics in any phase. CONCLUSIONS: High-bicarbonate dialysate prescription is associated with metabolic alkalosis following the HD procedure. A mild metabolic alkalosis induced by HD with an acetate-containing bicarbonate-buffered dialysate solution had no direct association with ambient ventricular arrhythmia on Holter monitoring and was not associated with changes in hemodynamics or changes in serum total calcium or potassium levels. This study helps to provide guidance for the safe use of high bicarbonate dialysate/prescription in patients with ESRD on HD.

Management of Anesthesia for Procedures in the Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory.

The complexity of cardiac electrophysiology procedures has increased significantly over the past three decades. Anesthesia requirements of these procedures can be different based on patient- and procedure-specific factors. This manuscript outlines various anesthesia strategies for cardiac implantable electronic devices and electrophysiology procedures including pre-procedural, procedural and post-procedural management. A team-based approach with collaboration between cardiac electrophysiologists and anesthesiologists is required with careful pre-procedural and intra-procedural planning. Given the recent advances in electrophysiology, there is a need for specialized cardiac electrophysiology anesthesia care to improve the efficacy and safety of the procedures.

Antithrombotic Therapy for Patients Undergoing Cardiac Electrophysiological and Interventional Procedures: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

Electrophysiological and interventional procedures have been increasingly used to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients experiencing cardiovascular diseases. Although antithrombotic therapies are critical to reduce the risk of stroke or other thromboembolic events, they can nonetheless increase the bleeding hazard. This is even more true in an aging population undergoing cardiac procedures in which the combination of oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet therapies would further increase the hemorrhagic risk. Hence, the timing, dose, and combination of antithrombotic therapies should be carefully chosen in each case. However, the maze of society guidelines and consensus documents published so far have progressively led to a hazier scenario in this setting. Aim of this review is to provide-in a single document-a quick, evidenced-based practical summary of the antithrombotic approaches used in different cardiac electrophysiology and interventional procedures to guide the busy clinician and the cardiac proceduralist in their everyday practice.

Surviving sudden cardiac arrest-successes, challenges, and opportunities.

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the most common cause of death in the world. This manuscript highlights the various challenges in prevention and early management of SCA and also discusses the current state of SCA awareness. The manuscript also outlines the various national and international initiatives in improving SCA awareness and their impact on improving outcomes in SCA. Various campaigns have strived for widespread dissemination of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and advocated for broader public access defibrillator availability. Finally, the manuscript describes future directions including harnessing technology with voice command and artificial intelligence to allow lay person deliver effective CPR, to improve EMS response times, and to allow wider CPR knowledge dissemination in schools and places of employment. Future research should be focused on optimizing SCA outcomes among vulnerable populations and minorities. Advancements in resuscitation science and use of big data for improvement of EMS services will improve outcomes in SCA.

Guidance for cardiac electrophysiology during the COVID-19 pandemic from the Heart Rhythm Society COVID-19 Task Force; Electrophysiology Section of the American College of Cardiology; and the Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that is wreaking havoc on the health and economy of much of human civilization. Electrophysiologists have been impacted personally and professionally by this global catastrophe. In this joint article from representatives of the Heart Rhythm Society, the American College of Cardiology, and the American Heart Association, we identify the potential risks of exposure to patients, allied healthcare staff, industry representatives, and hospital administrators. We also describe the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac arrhythmias and methods of triage based on acuity and patient comorbidities. We provide guidance for managing invasive and noninvasive electrophysiology procedures, clinic visits, and cardiac device interrogations. In addition, we discuss resource conservation and the role of telemedicine in remote patient care along with management strategies for affected patients.

Antithrombotic Strategies in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The choice of appropriate antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) should be approached prudently. Careful consideration is necessary, balancing the ischemic and bleeding risk. Traditionally, triple antithrombotic therapy comprising of aspirin, a P2Y12 inhibitor, and an oral anticoagulant is associated with high bleeding rates. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent trials have evaluated the safety and effectiveness of dual antithrombotic therapy in AF patients undergoing PCI. These studies have shown a significant reduction in bleeding with no increase in ischemic events. Clopidogrel is the preferred P2Y12 agent in the dual antithrombotic regimens. The novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC) rivaroxaban and dabigatran have been evaluated as part of dual antithrombotic therapy and are preferred options for oral anticoagulation in AF patients undergoing PCI. Studies are in progress to evaluate the role of alternate NOACs in this clinical scenario. This review explores the contemporary management of antithrombotic therapy in AF patients undergoing PCI.

A New Educational Framework to Improve Lifelong Learning for Cardiologists.

Lifelong learning is essential for the practicing cardiologist. Present lifelong learning mechanisms are stagnant and at risk for not meeting the needs of currently practicing cardiologists. With the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease, growing complexity of patient care, and ongoing pressures of nonclinical responsibilities, educational programming must evolve to meet the demands of the contemporary cardiovascular professional. A paradigm shift, replete with modern and practical educational tools, is needed in the lifelong learning armamentarium. Emerging evidence of novel educational strategies in graduate medical education supports the promise of broader application of these tools to different stages of professional life. In this commentary from the Fellows-in-Training Section Leadership Council, the authors propose 3 novel educational tools-personalized learning, adaptive learning, and the flipped classroom-to improve lifelong learning to meet the educational needs of fellows-in-training to practicing cardiologists alike.

Temporal Trends, Complications, and Predictors of Outcomes Among Nonagenarians Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking Program.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine temporal trends, in-laboratory complications, mortality, and predictors of mortality among nonagenarians undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: Nonagenarians (patients 90 years of age or older) undergoing PCI are often underrepresented in clinical trials, and their management remains challenging and controversial. METHODS: All veterans undergoing PCI with data recorded in the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking program from 2005 to 2014 were evaluated. Temporal trends in the use of PCI, occurrence of in-laboratory complications, and 30-day and 1-year mortality were assessed. Using a frailty model, predictors of 30-day and 1-year mortality in nonagenarians were evaluated. RESULTS: Among all veterans undergoing PCI (n = 67,148) between 2005 and 2014, 274 (0.4%) were nonagenarians. The proportion of nonagenarians increased from 0.25% in 2008 to 0.58% in 2014. Compared with younger patients, nonagenarians had a greater risk for acute cardiogenic shock post-procedure (0.73% vs. 0.12%; p = 0.04) and no reflow (2.9% vs. 1.0%; p = 0.02). Unadjusted (10.6% vs. 1.4%; p < 0.0001) and adjusted 30-day mortality (odds ratio: 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42 to 3.22) and unadjusted (16.3% vs. 4.2%; p < 0.0001) and adjusted 1-year mortality (odds ratio: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.27 to 2.62) were higher among PCI patients who were nonagenarians. The National Cardiovascular Data Registry risk score was highly predictive of both 30-day (hazard ratio: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.86 to 2.82) and 1-year (hazard ratio: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.90) mortality among nonagenarians. CONCLUSIONS: Nonagenarians were a small but growing population with worse 30-day and 1-year mortality. The National Cardiovascular Data Registry risk score was a strong predictor of mortality in these patients.

The Supply and Demand of the Cardiovascular Workforce: Striking the Right Balance.

As the burden of cardiovascular disease in the United States continues to increase, uncertainty remains on how well-equipped the cardiovascular workforce is to meet the challenges that lie ahead. In a time when health care is rapidly shifting, numerous factors affect the supply and demand of the cardiovascular workforce. This Council Commentary critically examines several factors that influence the cardiovascular workforce. These include current workforce demographics and projections, evolving health care and practice environments, and the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease. Finally, we propose 3 strategies to optimize the workforce. These focus on cardiovascular disease prevention, the effective utilization of the cardiovascular care team, and alterations to the training pathway for cardiologists.

Efficacy of Intravenous Magnesium in Facilitating Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Low serum magnesium (Mg) levels are associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation. Some studies have shown a benefit of Mg in facilitating pharmacological cardioversion. The role of an intravenous infusion of Mg alone in facilitating electric cardioversion is not clear. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we enrolled patients with atrial fibrillation who were scheduled for electric cardioversion. Patients were randomized to receive Mg or placebo before cardioversion using a step-up protocol with 75, 100, 150, and 200 J biphasic shocks. Patients with hypokalemia, hypermagnesemia, or postcardiac surgery atrial fibrillation were excluded. Patients on antiarrhythmic drugs were included as long as they were at steady state. All patients were monitored for 1 hour post procedure for the maintenance of sinus rhythm. A total of 261 patients (69% male, mean age 65.5±11.1 years) were randomized (132 and 129 patients receiving Mg and placebo, respectively). Baseline characteristics were similar between both the groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the success rate of cardioversion between the 2 groups (86.4% versus 86.0%; P=0.94), cumulative amount of energy required for successful cardioversion (123.3±55.5 versus 129.5±52.6 J; P=0.40), or the number of shocks required to convert to sinus rhythm (2.25±1.24 versus 2.41±1.22, P=0.31). No adverse events were noted in either group. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing electric cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation, Mg infusion does not increase the rate of successful cardioversion. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION: URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01597557.

Management of atrial fibrillation: What is new in the 2014 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline?

Recently, the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, and the Heart Rhythm Society published an updated guideline on the management of atrial fibrillation (AF). This document is a complete revision of the 2006 guideline. Prominent changes in the 2014 guideline include the use of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for risk stratification of stroke, recommendations on when and how to use newer oral anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis, downgrading of the use of aspirin for thromboprophylaxis of moderate-risk patients, and the use of catheter ablation in selected patients as first-line therapy for paroxysmal AF. In regard to rate control, the 2014 guideline reverts back to a previous recommendation for stricter targets for mean and maximum heart rate on therapy. The current guideline incorporates many recent trials in updating existing recommendations from the 2006 guideline. The 2014 guideline will be a vital tool in guiding physicians in the management of AF.

Contemporary approach to electrical and pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.

In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), a rhythm-control strategy may be adopted when there are unacceptable symptoms from AF, failure of rate control, and/or the presence of comorbidities, such as heart failure, that may improve with restoration of sinus rhythm. When a rhythm-control strategy is chosen and the patient is in persistent AF, cardioversion will be necessary to convert the rhythm to sinus. Patients with AF present for > 48 hours must be effectively anticoagulated both prior to and after cardioversion. With newer oral anticoagulants, achieving effective anticoagulation is faster and more reliable, with no requirement for blood test monitoring. Cardioversion can be accomplished either electrically or pharmacologically, and in some cases, electrical cardioversion may be facilitated pharmacologically. Electrical cardioversion has a higher success rate compared with pharmacological cardioversion in the short-term. Pharmacological cardioversion is usually accomplished with intravenous ibutilide, oral flecainide or propafenone, or intravenous amiodarone. Oral amiodarone and dofetilide also result in chemical cardioversion in some patients over a longer period of time. Long-term success in the maintenance of sinus rhythm post-cardioversion can be increased with the use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Alternatively, when AF is recurrent and symptomatic despite the use of antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation is a reasonable option for many patients. Cardioversion may be incorporated into the management approach of persistent AF when the primary therapeutic option chosen is catheter ablation.