RESUMO
Co-inhibitory immune receptors can contribute to T cell dysfunction in patients with cancer1,2. Blocking antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) partially reverse this effect and are becoming standard of care in an increasing number of malignancies3. However, many of the other axes by which tumours become inhospitable to T cells are not fully understood. Here we report that V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) engages and suppresses T cells selectively at acidic pH such as that found in tumour microenvironments. Multiple histidine residues along the rim of the VISTA extracellular domain mediate binding to the adhesion and co-inhibitory receptor P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). Antibodies engineered to selectively bind and block this interaction in acidic environments were sufficient to reverse VISTA-mediated immune suppression in vivo. These findings identify a mechanism by which VISTA may engender resistance to anti-tumour immune responses, as well as an unexpectedly determinative role for pH in immune co-receptor engagement.
Assuntos
Antígenos B7/química , Antígenos B7/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Bloqueadores/imunologia , Anticorpos Bloqueadores/farmacologia , Antígenos B7/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígenos B7/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Epitopos de Linfócito B/química , Epitopos de Linfócito B/imunologia , Feminino , Histidina/metabolismo , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Ligantes , Masculino , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Domínios Proteicos , Linfócitos T/citologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
Identification of antibodies targeting diverse functional epitopes on an antigen is highly crucial for discovering effective therapeutic candidates. Employing a traditional stepwise antibody "screening funnel" as well as prioritizing affinity-based selections over epitope-based selections, result in lead antibody panels lacking epitope diversity. In the present study, we employed an array-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) platform to perform high-throughput epitope binning analysis on a large number of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated in the early drug discovery process. The mAb panel contained clones from different antibody generation techniques and diverse transgenic mouse strains. The epitope binning results were analyzed in unique ways using various visualizations in the form of dendrograms and network plots, which assisted in determining diversity and redundancy in the mAb sample set. The binning data were further integrated with affinity information to evaluate the performance of seven different transgenic mouse strains. The combination of epitope binning results with binding kinetics and sequence analysis provided an effective and efficient way of selecting high affinity antibodies representing a diverse set of sequence families and epitopes.